Chapter 2: Body Coordination Answer Exercise 1 1. body coordination 2. (a) Nervous system 3. (a) constant 4.

(b) Endocrine system (b) detect (c) function

Nervous System

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system s

brain

Spinal cord

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

The control centre of the nervous system

Nerves from the brain

Nerves from the spinal cord

Link receptor and effector with the central nervous system Exercise 2 1. (a) & (b)

dendrite

Flow of impulse

muscles

Cell body

Axon

(c) neurone

2. Part of neurone Nucleus Dendrite Axon Myelin Sheath 3. Function Control the activities of the neurone Receive and transmit nerve impulses transmit nerve impulses Protect the axon

Neurone

Function Transmit impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

Relay neurone Transmit impulses from receptors to central nervous system

Sensory neurone Transmit impulses from central nervous system to effector 2

Motor neurone Exercise 3 1. Stimulus Receptor Sensory neurone

Central nervous system

Response

Effector motor neurone.

2. (a) (i) sensory (ii) sensory organs (b) (i) muscle (ii) glands (c) central nervous system 3. (a) A rapid and automatic reaction. (b) (i) Knee jerk

(iii) detect stimulus

(ii) Withdrawal of hand from a hot object.

(c) For protection in critical situations. (d) Stimulus Receptor Part of the central nervous system involved Effector Response (e) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Heat, pain receptors sensory, spinal cord relay , motor motor, muscles muscles , contract and relax withdrawn from the hot object. Muscles in the arm Withdrawal of hand from the hot object Pain receptors in the finger Spinal cord Heat

Exercise 4

Found in: Muscle Tendon Ligament

Sensitive to: Cells involve: Receptor cells Pressure Movement Stretching

Importance: Exercise 5 1. cerebrum Coordinate movement Maintain balance

cerebellum Medulla oblongata 4

2. Part of brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata 3. (a) Voluntary action Reading Raising your hand Running Climbing a tree Skipping (b) Voluntary action Can be controlled Cerebrum 4. (a) Hard blow/ pressure (b) Stroke (c) Infection 5. Part of brain injured Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Effect Loss of memory, Sight and hearing, Paralysis Lose coordination Cannot maintain balance Death/Can be fatal Aspect Ability to control the action by the conscious mind Part of brain that control the action Involuntary action Cannot be controlled Medulla oblongata Involuntary action Heartbeat Blinking of the eye Digestion Blood circulation Dilation of pupil Function Control voluntary action (i) Control movement (ii) Maintain balance Control involuntary action

Exercise 6 1. (a) endocrine , hormones (b) (i) ductless (ii) blood stream 2.

(iii) target organs

A B

A : Pituitary gland B : Thyroid gland

C D E

C : Adrenal gland D : Pancreas E : Ovary

3. Endocrine gland Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Adrenal Testis Ovary Location Base of the cerebrum In the neck Behind the stomach On top of each kidney In the scrotum Each side of the uterus Function of hormone Controls growth and other endocrine glands. Controls rate of metabolism Controls blood sugar level Increase heartbeat and breathing rate Controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in male. Controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in female.

4. 6

Endocrine gland Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Testis Ovary

Effect of under secretion Dwarfism Low metabolic rate Goiter Low capacity to overcome stress High blood sugar level Underdevelopment of male secondary sexual characteristic Menstrual problem over secretion Gigantism High metabolic rate Fatigue Low blood sugar level Masculinisation in women Highly feminine

Exercise 7 1. Nervous coordination Hormonal coordination

Similarities
(i) Can sense changes in the environment. (ii) Control and regulate activities in the body.

Differences
Aspect
Nerve impulses Electrical and chemical Rapid Effector Means of control Nature of message Speed of transmission Destination of message 7 Hormones Chemical Slow Target organ

Localised Short lived

Area affected Duration of effect

Widespread Long lasting

2.

Stimulus

Eyes detect stimulus

Send nervous impulse to the brain

Brain interpret message and send new impulse send impulse

Adrenal glands

Body muscles

Effect: Pupils dilate Breathing rate increase Heartbeat increase Blood pressure increase Glucose level increase. Energy production increase 8 Response

Exercise 8 1. misuse, doctors , non-medical 2. Type of drug Example Effect on body coordination Will increase : Heartbeat (i) Amphetamine Stimulants (ii) Nicotine Breathing rate Blood pressure Blood sugar level (i) Opium Depressants (ii) Heroine (i) LSD (ii) Marijuana Hallucinogens Slow down: nerve impulses reaction to stimuli Can cause: hallucination Impair muscular coordination. erratic behaviour.

Exercise 9 1. alcohol 2. (a) Beer (b) Wine (c) Spirit

3. Slows down transmission of impulse

Depressant

Effect of alcohol on body coordination

Impairs judgement

Slower reaction time.

Impairs functioning of the brain

4. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Cirrhosis brain, stomach/ liver Foetal Alcohol Syndrome mouth, throat, Oesophagus, stomach.

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