Classification of singlephase induction motor (Starting methods of 1 induction motor)

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 Single-phase induction motors are classified and named according to the method employed to make them self-starting. (1) Split-phase induction motor : ( started by two phase motor action through the use of an auxiliary or starting winding) (i) Resistance-start split-phase induction motor (2) Capacitor motors : ( started by two phase motor action through the use of an auxiliary and a capacitor) (i) Capacitor-start induction run motor (ii) Capacitor run induction motor (iii) Capacitor-start and Capacitor run induction motor (3) Shaded-pole induction motor :(started by the motion of the magnetic field produced by means of shading coil around A portion of the pole structure)
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Resistance-start split-phase induction motor (temporarily split-phase)

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Centrifugal switch- operation It is connected in series with the auxiliary winding and mounted on the rotor shaft. When the motor started and reaches 75% of synchronous speed, CFS is mechanically opened and in running condition auxiliary winding remains cutout from the circuit. Therefore, the motor runs only with main winding.

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The basic Centrifugal Switch

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Characteristics
1.Starting torque 1.5 times to 2 times the full load torque. 2. Starting current 6 to 8 times the full load current. 3. Operating power factor 0.55 to .65. 4. Efficiency 60-65% 5.Power rating-(1/20 to 1/2kW) 6. Speed range- 2875 rpm to 700 rpm

Applications
It has low starting current and moderate starting torque. It is used for easily started loads and typical applications include fans, saws, washing machines, grinders, blowers centrifugal pumps, oil burners, domestic refrigerators etc.
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In the case of split-phase motors that are hermetically sealed in refrigeration units, instead of internally-mounted CFS, an electromagnetic relay is used. As shown in fig., the relay coil is connected in series with main winding and the pair of contacts which are normally open, is included in the starting winding. During starting period, Im is large relay contacts close, thereby allowing Is to flow and the motor starts as usual. After motor reaches 75% of full load speed, Im drops to a value that is low enough to cause the contacts to open.

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Reversal of direction of rotation

may be reversed by reversing the line connections of either the main winding or the starting winding only when it is at rest. If reversal is attempted under running conditions, nothing will happen because under normal operating conditions the starting switch (CFS or RELAY) is in open position and the motor is running as a pure 1 induction motor and developing torque in the direction of rotation.

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Capacitor start, induction run motor

(temporarily split-phase)

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Torque-speed characteristics

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Characteristics
1.Starting torque- 3.5 to 4.5 times the full load torque 2. -varies from 30 to 80-Starting torque can be improved 3. Power factor varies from 0.65 to 0.75 4. Efficiency 65 to 70% 5. Power rating 1/10 to 3/4 kW
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Requirements of capacitor
Electrolytic capacitors are used as starting capacitors ,value around 50F to a few hundred micro-farads. Capacitor designed for extremely short time duty service and is guaranteed for not more than 20 periods of operation/hr, each period not to exceed 3 seconds.
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Reversal of direction of rotation

It may be reversed by reversing the connections of one of the windings. The motor is first brought to rest for this purpose.

Applications
This motor has high starting torque and therefore is used for hard start loads such as pumps, compressors, refrigeration units, conveyors, certain machine tools etc.
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Capacitor run induction motor (permanent split-phase OR single value capacitor motor)

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Phasor diagram

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Torque-speed characteristics

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Characteristics 1.Starting torque-0.5 to 0.8 times the full load torque. 2.Higher power factor-0.8 t0 0.95 3. Efficiency -55 to 65% 4.Smaller full load current 5.Power rating 1/20 to 3/4 HP

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Requirements of capacitor
Oil-filled or pyranol-insulated foil-paper capacitors are used as running capacitors. Low value of capacitance(2 to 20F) when compared to the start capacitor. This type is especially designed for continuous duty rating.

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Reversal of direction of rotation

It may be reversed by reversing the connections of one of the winding. Reversing operation can be done under running condition is possible.

Applications
It is used for both easy and hard to start loads. Such motors are widely used in table and ceiling fans, air circulators, hand blowers and other portable tools etc. Because of the simplicity of reversal, such motors are often used to operate devices such as induction regulators, rheostats, furnace valve control and arc welding control.
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Construction of ceiling fan starting winding Squirrel cage rotor

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Main winding

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Capacitor start-capacitor run motor (Two value capacitor motor)

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Phasor diagram

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Torque-speed characteristics

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Characteristics
1.Starting torque 3 to 3.5 times the full load torque. 2. Efficiency 60% approx. 3. Power factor-0.9 approx. 4. Power rating- 1/8 to 3/4 HP 5. Pull out torque- up to 260% of rated torque
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Reversal of direction of rotation

The direction of rotation of motor may be reversed by interchanging the connections to the supply of either the main winding or auxiliary winding.

Applications
It combines the advantages of capacitor start and permanent-capacitors and is used for hard to start loads such as compressors, refrigerators, pumps, conveyors etc. These motors are often employed requiring a quite operating motor such as in hospitals, studios etc.
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Shaded-pole induction motor

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Main winding

Shaft

Rotor

Shading band
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Stator core
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Theory of operation
Small motors requiring only small starting torque may be made self-starting by using low resistance copper bands called shading bands. The emf induced in the shading band causes a current to flow in the band. This current opposes the change of flux to which it is due and thus there is a time lag between the fluxes in the shaded and unshaded portion of the pole. The flux in the shaded portion of the pole lags the flux in the other portion. The results is like a rotating field moving in the direction from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole and a starting torque is produced.
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Torque speed characteristics

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Characteristics
1.Low starting torque 0.4 to 0.8 times the full load torque. 2. Efficiency-35% approx. 3. Powerfactor-0.45 approx. 4. Pull out torque- 15% of full load torque. 5.Power rating-1/300 to 1/20 HP (2.5W to 40W)
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Reversal of direction of rotation

The direction of rotation depends upon the position of the shading coil on the pole. i.e., unless the machine is constructed so that the shading coil can be shifted to the other side of pole, the direction of rotation of such a machine cannot be reversed.
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Applications Because of their poor starting torque, low power factor and poor efficiency such motors are only suitable for low power applications such as for toys, portable fans , electric clocks, hair dryers, slide projectors, humidifiers, small business machines such as photo copying machines, vending machines, advertising displays etc.
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