MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S71-17

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS

Report 2

ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE O F RIFLE.GAP D A M TO PROJECT RULISON UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATION

bv
J. E. Ahlberg, J. Fowler, L W. Heller
........ ... .... .
*,

......-

. -

......

->-w-J*: -

..

June

1972

s~omsoredby Office, Chief of Engineers,

Conducted by

U. S. Army

U. S. A m y Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Soils and Pavements Laboratory Vicksburg, Mississippi
APPROVED FOR WBLlC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

List

o f Associated Reports
are:

Previous reports

under Engineering Study 540

.\
v ,

,
0 1

.
P,

,
,

"A Comparative Summary o f Current Earth Dam Analysis Methods for Earthquake Response," issued by Office, Chief o f Engineers, a s Inclosure 1 to Engineer . Jeihnical Letter No. 1110-2-77, 9 December 1969.
-

r i

- .

%A

'.

../.
. a 3

+c_Eaithquake Studies for Earth and Rock-fill Dams," issued by Office, Chief of Engineers, as Engineer Technical L e t t e r NO. 11 10-2-79, 12 January 1970. "Motion o f R i f l e Gap Dam, Rifle, Colorado; Proiect Rulison Underground Nuclear Detonation," published by the Waterways Experiment Station as Miscellaneous Paper 5-70-1, January 1970. "Earthquake Resistance of Earth and R o c k - f i l l Dams; Report 1, Discussions by Professors H. B. Seed and R. V. Whitman," published by the Waterways Experiment Station as Miscellaneous Paper 5-7 1-17, h a y 1971.

Destroy t h i s report when n o longer needed. D o not return i t to t h e originator.

T h e findings in this report are n o t to be construed as an o f f i c i a l Department of the Army p o s i t i o n unless s o designated by other authorized documents.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S-71-17

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS

Report 2

ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE OF RIFLE GAP DAM TO PROJECT RULISON UNDERGROUNDNUCLEAR DETONATION

by

J. E. Ahlberg, J. Fowler, L W. Heller

June
Sponsored by

1972

Office, Chief of Engineers,

U. S. Army

Conducted by

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Soils and Pavements Laboratory Vicksburg, Mississippi

ARYV-YRC

VICKSOUIQ.

YtSm.

APPROVED FOR PUBUC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

T H E CONTENTS OF T H I S REPORT ARE NOT T O BE USED FOR ADVERTISING, P U B L I C A T I O N , OR PROMOTIONAL PURPOSES. C I T A T I O N O F TRADE
.

NAMES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN O F F I C I A L ENDORSEMENT OR APPROVAL O F T H E USE OF SUCH COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.

iii

F O R E W O R D This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s an a n a l y s i s o f t h e motion of R i f l e Gap Dam during t h e underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n , P r o J e c t RULISON. This analy-.

S. A r v

s i s was made f o r t h e O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers ( O C E ) , by t h e U.

Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n (WES) d u r i n g f i - s c a l y e a r 1971 under Engineering Study 540, " ~ a r t h q u a k eR e s i s t a n c e o f Earth and Rockf i l l Dams." Engineers of . t h e S o i l s and Pavements Laboratory, WES, a c t i v e l y engaged i n d i r e c t i n g t h e work .and r e p o r t p r e p a r a t i o n were Messrs and SP5 W.
C . Moss.

. S . J.

Johnson, R . W . Cunny, J. Fowler, D r . L. W . H e l l e r , 1 L T J . E. Ahlberg, The work was under t h e g e n e r a l s u p e r v i s i o n o f This r e p o r t was

M r . J. P. Sale, Chief, S o i l s and Pavements Laboratory.

D r . Heller

prepared by 1LT Ahlberg w i t h minor c o n t r i b u t i o n s by M r . Fowler and

Director o f WES d u r i n g t h e a n a l y s i s and t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t was COL E r n e s t D . P e i x o t t o , CE, and Technical D i r e c t o r was

M r . F. R . Brown.

This page intentionally left blank

CONTENTS
Page

.. ......... ... .............. CONVERSION FACTORS, B R I T I S H TO M E T R I C U N I T S O F MEASUREMENT. . . .

FOREWORD. PART I PART PART PART

ix
1

. . .. . . . . . I1: F I E L D OBSERVATIONS. . . . . I1I : MATERIAL P R O P E R T I E S . . . . IV : CALCULATIONS. . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . .

-.
INTRODUCTION

O n e - D i m e n s i o n a l A n a l y s e s of T w o - D i m e n s i o n a l A n a l y s e s o f E m b a n k m e n t a n d Foundation P A R T V: COMPARISONS OF OBSERVED AND CALCULATED R E S P O N S E S

. .. .. . . ..... .. ..... .. ..... .. ....... Foundation. . . .

... . . ... . . . . .... .... .... . . .

.

.. .. PART .. .. Two-Dimens ional A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . PART V I I : CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE C I T E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T A B L E S 1-4 P L A T E S 1-40 A P P E N D I X A: P L A T E S A1-A12 A P P E N D I X B: PLATES ~ 1 - B 6 A P P E N D I X C: PLATES ~ 1 - C 8 A P P E N D I X D: S E I S M I C F I E L D STUDY OBSERVED MOTIONS

. ... .. . .. . .. ... ...... ...... VI: DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . one-~imensional Analysis. . . . . . .

Method. One-Dimens ional A n a l y s i s . Two-Dimensional Analysis'.

......
... ... ... ... . . . ... ... . . . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

. .

.. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . ... ...

.3

5 8

1 1

ACCEIXRATION R E S P O N S E S P E C T R A FROM ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

ACCELERATION R E S P O N S E S P E C T R A FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

This page intentionally left blank

CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

~ritish u n i t s o f measurement u s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t c a n be c o n v e r t e d t o m e t r i c u n i t s as f o l l o w s : Multiply inches feet miles

'

By 2.54

To O b t a i n centimeters meters

(u. S.
,

statute)

.kilometers kilograms newtons p e r s q u a r e c e n t i m e t e r k i l o n e w t ons p e r s q u a r e m e t e r kilograms p e r cubic meter c e n t i m e t e r s p e r second m e t e r s p e r seco'nd

pounds pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h kips per square f o o t pounds p e r c u b i c f o o t .inches per second f e e t p e r second

This page intentionally left blank

SUMMARY
The motion of R i f l e Gap D a m w a s measured i n September 1969 d u r i n g t h e P r o j e c t 'RULISON underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n . The observed response was t h e n compared w i t h t h e response computed i n a mathematical model. Observed and computed responses were s i m i l a r . From t h i s s t u d y it appears t h a t t h e mathematical models used a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e design and a n a l y s i s of s o i l s t r u c t u r e s , a t l e a s t f o r ground motion i n t e n s i t i e s comparable t o t h o s e observed a t R i f l e Gap Dam.

This page intentionally left blank

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL D A M S O PROJECT ANALYSIS O F RESPONSE O F RIFLE G A P DAM T RULISON U N D E R G R O U N D N U C L E A R DETONATION

PART I : INTRODUCTION

1. The U. S. A r m y Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n (WES) was r e q u e s t e d by t h e O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers ( O C E ) ,t o measure and t o ana l y z e t h e response of R i f l e Gap Dam t o ground motions g e n e r a t e d by t h e P r o j e c t RULISON d e t o n a t i o n because it was thought t h a t t h e s e motions would be s i m i l a r t o t h o s e g e n e r a t e d by e a r t h q u a k e s . The o b j e c t i v e of

t h i s study was t o determine t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of seismic d e s i g n procedures i n designing Corps of Engineers ( C E ) e a r t h and r o c k - f i l l dams t o w i t h s t a n d earthquake l o a d i n g s . 2. P r o j e c t RULISON, p a r t of t h e PLOWSHARE program o f t h e Atomic

Energy Commission ( A E C ) , was one o f a s e r i e s o f d e t o n a t i o n s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g s t i m u l a t i o n of t h e p r o d u c t i o n of n a t u r a l gas by t h e u s e of nuc l e a r explosives. The A u s t r a l O i l Company conducted t h i s experiment as

a p r i v a t e commercial v e n t u r e w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e AEC, which was

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s a f e t y a n d t h e d e t o n a t i o n of t h e n u c l e a r d e v i c e .

3.

The W E S instrumented R i f l e Gap Dam w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e Other dams i n s t r u m e n t e d f o r

owner, t h e Bureau of Reclamation (BU Rec).

ground motion measurements d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON were Harvey Gap D a m , instrumented by t h e National Ocean Survey and analyzed by t h e Environmental Research Corporation f o r t h e AEC analyzed by t h e Bu Rec.

and Vega Dam, i n s t r u m e n t e d and

The a n a l y s i s o f R i f l e Gap Dam i n c l u d e s an as-

sessment of t h e geology and e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s i t e and t h e dam, c a l c u l a t i o n s of t h e expected s u r f a c e motions u s i n g a v a i l a b l e p r o c e d u r e s , and a comparison of c a l c u l a t e d responses o f t h e dam with measured r e sponses r e s u l t i n g from P r o j e c t RULISON.

4.

Ground zero ( G Z ) f o r P r o j e c t RULISON was l o c a t e d southwest of

R i f l e , Colorado, a t a depth of 8442.5 f t . * The n u c l e a r d e v i c e was deton a t e d a t 3:00 p.m. MST, 1 0 Septeniber 1 9 6 9 , and had a d e s i g n y i e l d of 40 k t .

5.
plate .l)

R i f l e Gap Dam,. a n e a r t h - f i l l s t r u c t u r e , w a s completed i n 1966

and i s l o c a t e d n o r t h of R i f l e , Colorado, 1 8 . 5 m i l e s from RULISON GZ ( s e e

S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e dam a r e p r e s e n t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 1.

The

dam h a s a c r e s t l e n g t h of 1500 f%, maximum h e i g h t of 120 ft. sand, g r a v e l , and c o b b l e s . r e s e r v o i r l e v e l was

a maximum b a s e width o f 800 f t , and a The

The dam c o n s i s t s o f a m i x t u r e o f c l a y , s i l t , A c r o s s s e c t i o n i s shown i n p l a t e 2 .

41 ft below t h e c r e s t d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON.

Two

Bu Rec b o r i n g s ( s e e b o r i n g l o g s i n p l a t e 3 and l o c a t i o n s i n p l a t e 4 ) ind i c a t e t h a t t h e f o u n d a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a r e a l l u v i a l s o i l s c o n s i s t i n g of i n t e r b e d d e d c l a y s , s i l t s , s a n d s , and g r a v e l s t o d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n 100 f t . Bedrock was not reached i n t h e s e b o r i n g s .

A~ assumed p r o f i l e

o f t h e foundation s o i l s i s shown i n p l a t e 5 .

The method used t o produce,

t h e assumed p r o f i l e i s d i s c u s s e d i n paragraph 1 1 .

A t a b l e o f f a c t o r s f o r c o n v e r t i n g B r i t i s h u n i t s o f measurement t o m e t r i c u n i t s i s p r e s e n t e d on page i x .

PART 11:
: ,

FIELD OBSERVATIONS

6.

The observed motions o f R i f l e Gap D a m d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON The i n s t r u m e n t s used f o r t h e measurements

are r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 2.
t i o n transducers (PAT), p l a t e 4,

c o n s i s t e d of p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y t r a n s d u c e r s (PVT) and p a r t i c l e a c c e l e r a and t h e measurements were recorded by o . s c i l l o The l o c a t i o n s o f t h i s equipment are shown i n graphs and t a p e r e c o r d e r s .

and a l i s t of equipment i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 along w i t h peak obHistories of the first

s e r v e d motions.

6 s e c ' o f observed motion and reTransverse ( p a r a l l e l t o

sponse s p e c t r a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix A f o r v e r t i c a l and r a d i a l (norm a l t o c r e s t o f dam) components o f motion.

c r e s t o f dam) motions are r e p o r t e d by ~ o w l e r , ' b u t a r e not a n a l y z e d herein.

7.

There i s e x c e l l e n t agreement between t h e v e l o c i t y h i s t o r i e s

observed a t l o c a t i o n

6 ( p l a t e ~ l land ) those calculated a t location 5

( p l a t e s A9 and A10) by t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r i e s .

A1 Comparison o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d v e i o c i t y h i s t o r i e s a t l o c a t i o n 1 ( ~ l a t e s
a n d ~ 2 i )n t h e r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n s w i t h t h o s e observed at l o c a t i o n 7 ( p l a t e A12) i n d i c a t e s remarkably good agreement, even though l o c a t i o n s 1 and 7 were a p p r o x i m a t e l y 200 f t a p a r t along t h e c r e s t o f t h e dam. However, r a d i a l components o f l o c a t i o n s 1 and 7 do i n d i c a t e a cons i d e r a b l e phase s h i f t .

8.

L o c a t i o n 4 w a s i n t h e g a t e chamber, l o c a t e d i n t h e l e f t 'abut-

ment o f t h e dam.

The motion observed a t t h i s l o c a t i o n i s assumed t o be

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of bedrock motion i n t h e v a l l e y , and motions f o r t h e first

6 s e c were u s e d f o r i n p u t i n t h e a n a l y s e s , d e s c r i b e d l a t e r .
9.
The Bu Rec t o o k p r e s h o t and p o s t s h o t survey readings from s e t '

t l e m e n t markers on t h e dam and found t h a t no permanent displacements occ u r r e d as a result of P r o j e c t RULISON. 0 The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n

and embankment were d e t e r r d n e d d u r i n g a W E S seismic f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n ( ~ ~ ~ e n Dd ) i xP l a t e

.

..

6 shows t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y a s a f u n c t i o n o f

d e p t h f o r t h e f o u n d a t i o n p r o f i l e o b t a i n e d from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y

t e s t d a t a , and s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s o b t a i n e d from t h e Rayleigh wave

d i s p e r s i o n d a t a a r e shown i n p l a t e 7.

Curro ( ~ p p e n d i x D ) suggested t h a t

the' v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave velocity data b e used as a lower bound and t h e maximum Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t y data be. used a s an upper bound f o r t h e material property description.

PART 1 1 1 :

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

1 1 .

The foundation s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s ( ~ p p e n d i x D ) and This was accomplished with

B u Rec b o r i n g s DH21 and DH22 ( p l a t e 3 ) were combined t o produce t h e a s sumed foundation p r o f i l e shown i n p l a t e 5. c a l of a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s . some d i f f i c u l t y due t o t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f t h e s e s o i l s , which i s t y p i Location 5 w i l l be used a s t h e l o c a t i o n f o r

which t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n a r e compared. However, no b o r i n g s were made a t t h i s l o c a t i o n and b o r i n g s DH21 Seismic mea-

and DH22 a r e over 500 f t and 400 f t away, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

'

surements were made o v e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a a t t h e downstream t o e of

D) t h e dam. ( ~ p p e n d i x
12.

The s h e a r moduli were determined from t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y

d a t a using t h e following equation:

2 G = vsp

where
G = s h e a r modulus

= s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y

P = mass d e n s i t y
These moduli a r e compared i n p l a t e 8 w i t h t h e s h e a r moduli computed from

3 Hardin ' s e q u a t i o n :

where
G

max

= s h e a r modulus ( a t low s t r a i n amplitudes p e r c e n t ), p s i

'

, i .e.

c0.25

10

-4

e = void r a t i o

OCR = o v e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n r a t i o ( 1 . 0 assumed)
k = v a r i a b l e t h a t i s a function o f t h e p l a s t i c i t y index
'

a 0 = mean p r i n c i p a l e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , p s i ( h o r i z o n t a l normal s t r e s s e s were assumed e q u a l )

^ '

- _ _ _ _-_

_ _ .

__.

_
&

._.
-

__-.
-

.A

._

__.. - .
A_

_---

- - .--. -.

--..---

---.--.--

A .

A.

-.--

--.&

. .

---

The s h e a r moduli c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g e q u a t i o n 2 compare f a v o r a b l y with t h o s e o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e v i b r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e e x c e p t a t t h e bedrockalluvium i n t e r f a c e .

.

Thus, t h e p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n

5 c a l c u l a t e d from t h e v i b r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e w e r e m o d i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o
e q u a t i o n 2 and w e r e used t o e s t i m a t e s h e a r modulus d i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e dam, where it was n o t measured. This m o d i f i c a t i o n i s necessary because

t h e weight of t h e dam w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e modulus as compared w i t h t h a t measured i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n away from t h e dam. Confining p r e s s u r e s w e r e o b t a i n e d from a s t a t i c f i n i t e element code (FESS shown i n p l a t e 9 . 13. T e s t d a t a from t h e Bu Rec showed t h a t t h e enibankment mateu n i t w e i g h t o f 119.6 p c f and an average moisThe s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e o b t a i n e d
A Poisson's r a t i o

4 1 ) developed a t WES.

A p l o t o f s h e a r modulus v e r s u s

depth o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n d i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e dam i s

r i a l s had a n a v e r a g e d*

t u r e c o n t e n t of 12.6 p e r c e n t .

using t h e v i b r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e i s , shown i n p l a t e 1 0 .

of 0.4 w a s assumed f o r t h e dam a n d t h e f o u n d a t i o n m a t e r i a l .

14.

The s h e a r moduli and damping v a l u e s u s e d

in

t h e f i n a l re-

sponse c a l c u l a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d by m o d i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e computed s h e a r strain level.

.4

The s h e a r moduli .and damping c u r v e s a r e shown i n The s h e a r moduli a s d e t e r m i n e d from

1 and 1 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r s a n d and i n p l a t e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 , replates 1

spectively, for saturated clays. 10

f i e l d d a t a o r e q u a t i o n 2 were assumed t o b e a t a s h e a r s t r a i n o f

-4 p e r c e n t .
15. The depth t o b e d r o c k , measured ' u s i n g s e i s m i c t e c h n i q u e s , The b e d r o c k p r o f i l e v a r i e d conFor t h e two-

ix ). ranged from 80 t o 120 ft ( ~ p ~ e n d D

s i d e r a b l y , and d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s were u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s e s .

dimensional ( 2 ~ a ) n a l y s e s , a h o r i z o n t a l bedrock p r o f i l e w a s assumed f o r reasons o f s i m p l i f i c a t i o n and l a c k o f s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n on d e p t h o f bedrock u n d e r t h e embankment.

16.

The fundamental p e r i o d of t h e s t r u c t u r e w a s computed u s i n g

Arnbrasey' s e q u a t i o n :

'
C

T = fundamental p e r i o d o f t h e dam, sec

H = h e i g h t o f dam,

k .

120 f t

= s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y i n dam, x 950 f t / s e c ( p l a t e 1 0 )

This computation gives a fundamental p e r i o d of 0.33 s e c .

PART I V :

CALCULATIONS

General

17.

The c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e response of t h e a l l u v i u m 500 f t down-

s t r e a m from R i f l e Gap Dam were made u s i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n t methods o f a n a l y s i s ; t h e s e were : a. b. c. One-dimens i o n 1 ( 1 ) ~ lumped-mass a n a l y s i s o f f o u n d a t i o n a l l u v i urn o n l y

. 1 D F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s o f foundation a l l u v i u m only

TWO-dimensional ( 2 D ) f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s , u s i n g m o a1 s u p e r p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , of foundat.ion and embankment

The same 2D f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s was a l s o used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e r e sponse of t h e embankment.

18.
follows :

The r e s p o n s e o f t h e .foundation m a t e r i a l downstream from t h e

dam u s i n g t h e 1 D lumped-mass a n a l y s i s i s e v a l u a t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 6 as .~ssentiala l ~s o i l d e p o s i t i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a s e r i e s of l a y e r s . . . , t h e m a s s o f each l a y e r i s lumped a t t h e t o p and bottom o f e a c h l a y e r and t h e masses a r e connected by s h e a r s p r i n g s whose c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e determined by t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e s o i l s i n t h e various layers. S i m i l a r l y , t h e damping c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,of t h e system a r e determined by t h e . s o i l properties'. Modal s u p e r p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a r e used t o e v a l u a t e t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e d e p o s i t t o t h e i n p u t b a s e motion. 19. The base i s assumed t o be r i g i d . The dynamic F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s of l a y e r e d systems a l l o w s con-

s i d e r a t i o n of e n e r g y r a d i a t i o n i n t o t h e bedrock and, "uses a onedimensional F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a n a l y s i s t o compute t h e r e s p o n s e o f l i n e a r , v i s c o e l a s t i c , nonuniform s o i l d e p o s i t s

, subjected

t o a base excitation.

1 1 8

S o i l p r o p e r t i e s assumed were t h o s e o b t a i n e d from t h e 1 D lumped-mass a n a l y s i s taken from t h e f i e l d v i b r a t o r y t e s t s and m o d i f i e d f o r t h e app r o p r i a t e shear s t r a i n l e v e l . analysis. The b a s e i s assumed t o b e e l a s t i c i n t h i s The amount of energy r a d i a t e d . i n t o t h e bedrock depends upon

t h e r e l a t i v e s t i f f n e s s o f t h e s o i l and bedrock.

20.
'

The f i n i t e element method o f a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t s of d e v e l o p i n g

a f i n i t e element network, o b t a i n i n g t h e s t f f f n e s s of each e l e m e n t , assembling t h e elements i n t o a s t r u c t u r e , s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s o f equilibrium u s i n g modal s u p e r p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , and e v a l u a t i n g t h e response of t h e s t r u c t u r e . surface. The f i n i t e element mesh ( p l a t e 1 5 ) was gene r a t e d t o account f o r . m a t e r i a l zones, s t r e s s zones, and t h e p h r e a t i c The element s i z e s were based on recommendations p r e s e n t e d i n The l o c a t i o n s f o r comparison of t h e observed a n d c a l c u The s o i l p r o p e r t i e s were m o d i f i e d
A horizontal

reference .9.

l a t e d motions a r e a l s o i n p l a t e 1 5 .

f o r t h e s h e a r s t r a i n l e v e l s obtained d u r i n g e x c i t a t i o n . r i g i d base a t t h e depth o f bedrock was assumed. One-Dimensional Analyses of Foundation 21. t a b l e 2.

The c a s e s i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g t h e I D analyses a r e l i s t e d i n Cases 1-18 were analyzed u s i n g t h e lumped-mass a n a l y s i s , and The s h e a r modulus

c a s e s 19-21 were analyzed u s i n g t h e F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s .

p r o f i l e used was t h a t obtained from s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y d a t a ( p l a t e 6 ) except i n c a s e s 14-18, i n which t h e p r o f i l e used was t h a t from t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n d a t a ( p l a t e 7 ) .
.

The s h e a r moduli o f t h e

c l a y s o i l i n cases 9-13 and 19 were a d j u s t e d by a f a c t o r of 1.875 t o produce ,more comparable r e s u l t s . In a l l o t h e r c a s e s , t h e modulus proThe f i l e used was t h a t observed from i t s r e s p e c t i v e f i e l d measurement.' damping value i s t h a t value used i n t h e f i n a l response c a l c u l a t i o n s a f t e r t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s have been modified f o r s h e a r s t r a i n . The ex'

a c t depth t o bedrock was unknown; t h e r e f o r e , many depths were a n a l y z e d and t h e value l i s t e d i n t a b l e 2 i s t'hat f o r each r e s p e c t i v e c a s e . m a t e r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e curves f o r modifying m a t e r i a l properties for shear s t r a i n .
S r e f e r s t o sand and t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n

The

curves i n p l a t e s 1 1 and 1 2 , C r e f e r s t o c l a y and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 , and M r e f e r s t o a l a y e r e d mixture, a s designated i n t h e t y p i c a l foundation p r o f i l e ( p l a t e 5 ) i n which t h e r e s p e c t i v e curve was u s e d f o r each l a y e r of m a t e r i a l . used i n most analyses. S i x seconds o f h o r i z o n t a l i n p u t motion w e r e The e f f e c t of u s i n g 1 2 s e c o f motion w a s

d e t e r m i n e d i n c a s e 13.

I n case 1 2 , t h e e f f e c t o f u s i n g raw i n p u t d a t a The

t h a t had n o t been c o r r e c t e d f o r b a s e - l i n e s h i f t was inves-tigated. s e s a r e g i v e n i n Appendix B. . Two-Dimensional Analyses of Embankment and Foundation

D analyc a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a and maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r t h e I

22.

Table 3 l i s t s t h e cases investigated using t h e 2 D analyses.

For all c a s e s , t h e s h e a r moduli ( G) were conrputed from t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s f o r t h e -foundation and embankment. Because

no f i e l d measurements were taken d i r e c t l y under t h e embankment, t h e s h e a r moduli p r o f i l e ' f o r . t h a t l o c a t i o n was modified, a s shown i n p l a t e 9 , Void r a t i o s of t h e from t h e v a l u e s computed u s i n g Hardinls e q ~ a t i o n . ~ f o m d a t i o n m a t e r i a l were computed from v i b r a t o r y d a t a . The s o i l proper-

t i e s of s h e a r modulus and damping were modified f o r computed s h e a r s t r a i n s , and t h e 'damping v a l u e l i s t e d i s t h a t used i n t h e f i n a l c a l c u l a lations. sponse. I n some of t h e a n a l y s e s , t h e moduli and damping values were F o r example, i n c a s e 27 a t r i a l was made u s i n g a l a r g e r modulus The modulus of t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e embankment w a s changed as shown i n t a b l e 3 t o determine t h e e f f e c t s on t h e computed ret h a n was measured. t i p l i e d by 1 . 5 .

m u l t i p l i e d by 2 . 5 , w h i l e t h a t of t h e m a t e r i a l .in t h e foundation was m u l The damping v a l u e of t h e e n t i r e system w a s 4.6 p e r c e n t . Ninety modes o f v i b r a t i o n were used i n t h e 2D I n c a s e 2 6 , t h e f o u n d a t i o n depth was 80 f t ; a depth of 100 f t was used
i n a l l o t h e r 2D a n a l y s e s .

analyses.

S i x seconds o f h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a were It was important t o i.nclude t h e v e r t i c a l compoThe

u s e d as i n p u t m o t i o n .

n e n t i n t h e s e a n a l y s e s because t h e energy s o u r c e , an underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n , produced l a r g e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t R i f l e Gap Dam.

A damping r a t i o of 5 p e r c e n t was used f o r a l l s p e c t r a l

c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a and maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix C . calculations.

PART V:

COMPARISONS O F OBSERVED AND CALCULATED RESPONSES Method

23.

A s y s t e m a t i c method was needed t o compare t h e amplitudes and

frequency contents o f observed motion records w i t h t h o s e of computed mo-

t i o n records.

The amplitudes can b e compared by u s i n g maximum a c c e l e r a -

I
I

t i o n s , while t h e frequency c o n t e n t s can b e compared u s i n g response spec-

tra.

The number of peaks, p e r i o d s at which peaks o c c u r r e d , and r e l a t i v e One-

magnitudes of peaks a r e used i n t h e s p e c t r a l comparisons.

dimensional a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s were compared w i t h mot ions a t l o c a t i o n 5 , on. t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e alluvium. Two-dimensional a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s were compared with motions a t l o c a t i o n 5 and a t dam l o c a t i o n s 1-3. One-Dimens i o n a l A n a l y s i s
.
,

Observed
24.

The maximum obse'rved h o r i z o n t a l a c c e l e r a t i o n o f ' t h e alluvium The a c c e l e r a t i o n response spectrum ( p l a t e ~ 1 ) The l a r g e s t o c c u r r e d a t a t h e s i z e of t h e

( l o c a t i o n 5 ~ w)a s 0.051 g. p e r i o d o f 0.15 s e c .

of t h e observed motion c o n t a i n e d t h r e e peaks.

A peak approximately two-thirds

l a r g e s t peak occurred a t a p e r i o d o f 0.33 s e c , and a ' r e l a t i v e l y minor peak occurred a t a p e r i o d o f 0.51 s e e . Cases 1-5 ( e f f e c t o f depth of a l l u v i u m ) 25. The e f f e c t ' of t h e depth t o bedrock

, which

v a r i e d from 80 f t For

i n case 1 t o 110 f't

i n c a s e 5 , was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e s e c a s e s .

c a s e s 1-5, t h e lumped-mass

a n a l y s i s was used t o analyze a sand p r o f i l e

. .

with s h e a r moduli o b t a i n e d from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y t e s t s .

The r e -

sponses o f cases 1-5 showed s e v e r a l marked s i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e observed responses ( p l a t e B 1 )

One. s i m i l a r i t y .was t h e r e l a t i v e magnitudes o f

peaks, a s t h e second peak w a s t w o - t h i r d s t h e s i z e o f t h e maximum peak and t h e t h i r d peak (when' p r e s e n t ) w a s r e l a t i v e l y minor. which peaks occurred were a l s o similar. The p e r i o d s a t

The maximum peak of t h e r e In a l l

sponse s p e c t r a occurred i n t h e p e r i o d range o f 0.15 t o 0.19 s e c .

cases

,a

subsequent peak occurred i n t h e p e r i o d range o f 0.31 t o

0.33 sec

A minor peak o c c u r r e d i n t h e p e r i o d range o f 0.49 t o 0.51 s e c

f o r c a s e s 4 and 5 b u t was not p r e s e n t f o r c a s e s 1, 2 , and 3. l e s s t h a n t h o s e observed. 26.

The maxi-

muin a c c e l e r a t i o n s ranged from 0.035 t o 0.04'6 g; t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s were

A comparison o f t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s 1 and

5 is

shown i n p l a t e

16.

The peaks of t h e s h a l l o w e r depth p r o f i l e (80 f t , P l a t e 17 shows a comparison of t h e The d a l c u l a t e d response, c a s e 2 ,

c a s e 1) a r e s h i f t e d upwards and t o t h e l e f t , i n d i c a t i n g more response a t lower periods. o f h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s . which had a depth t o bedrock o f 85 f t . p r e d i c t e d u s i n g t h e 1D a n a l y s i s method. Cases 6 and 7 ( e f f e c t of a l l u v i a l s o i l t y p e )
.

response s p e c t r a f o r t h e observed motion and t h a t c a l c u l a t e d i n c a s e 2 , compares favorably with t h e observed and i n d i c a t e s t h a t response can b e

27.

The e f f e c t of u s i n g a c l a y p r o f i l e was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n cases

6 and 7 ( p l a t e ~ 2 ) . For c a s e s 6 and 7 , t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4

were used t o modify s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r s h e a r s t r a i n . O n t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s 6 and 7 , t h e maximum peaks occurred a t p e r i o d s o f 0.23 and 0.25 s e c , and a n o t h e r peak, two-thirds t h e s i z e o f t h e maximum, occ u r r e d a t periods o f 0.14 and 0.15 s e c . c u l a t e d were 0.033 and 0.044 g . 90 f t and i n c a s e 7 was 110 f t . The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s c a l The depth o f s o i l d e p o s i t i n c a s e

6 was

' A comparison of c a s e 6 ( c l a y p r o f i l e )

with c a s e 3 (sand p r o f i l e ) i s shown i n p l a t e 18.

The response curve f o r

case 3 i s s h i f t e d upwards and t o t h e l e f t o f t h a t f o r case 6 , i n d i c a t i n g more response a t lower p e r i o d s f o r c a s e 3 ( s a n d ) t h a n f o r c a s e f i n a l response c a l c u l a t i o n i n case 3 w a s 6.5 c a s e 6 w a s 3.7
x

6 (clay).

'

The average s h e a r s t r a i n used t o modify t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r t h e

x

p e r c e n t and i n modulus r e d u c t i o n s

percent.

These s t r a i n s

of 1 5 and 32 p e r c e n t i n c a s e s 3 and

6, respectively. 6

28.
5 (plate

The s h i f t i n response s p e c t r a o f c a s e 3 ( s a n d ) versus case

( c l a y ) ( p l a t e 18) i s s i m i l a r t o t h e s h i f t o b t a i n e d ' i n case 1 versus c a s e

16), where t h e depth increased from 80 t o 110 f t .

The e q u a t i o n

f o r t h e fundamental period

( ~ ~ of )h o ir i z o n t a l s o i l l a y e r s , each

having uniform m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s ( r e f e r e n c e

lo),

is:

where

Hi

i s t h e thickness of t h e g

th

layer,

Gi

is the shear

i s t h e density. ' i This e q u a t i o n shows t h a t a d e p o s i t w i l l 'have a s i m i l a r change i n funda-

modulus,

i s a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y , and

mental p e r i o d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e depth and d e c r e a s i n g t h e modulus, o r vice versa. This i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e s i m i l a r r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a s h i f t s i n p l a t e 16 (case 1 versus c a s e 5 ) f o r an i n c r e a s e i n d e p t h and i n p l a t e 18 ( c a s e 3 versus case 6 ) f o r a d e c r e a s e i n modulus. 29.
A comparison of t h e observed motion w i t h t h a t c a l c u l a t e d i n

case 6 ( c l a y p r o f i l e ) i s shown i n p l a t e 19. case 6 ( p l a t e . 19 )

The agreement between mea-

sured and computed responses w a s b e t t e r f o r c a s e 2 ( p l a t e 1 7 ) t h a n f o r

.
The assumed f o u n d a t i o n p r o f i l e ( p l a t e 5 ) o f i n t e r b e d d e d The s h e a r moduli

Cases 8-11 ( e f f e c t of l a y e r i n g )

30.

P l a t e B3 shows comparisons o f observed and computed s p e c t r a

f o r cases 8-11.

c l a y s , s i l t s , sands, and g r a v e l s was u s e d i n c a s e 8. t h e a p p r o p r i a t e curves f o r sand o r c l a y .

were computed from t h e v i b r a t i o n d a t a and modified f o r s h e a r s t r a i n b y Depth t o bedrock was 90 f t f o r

cases 8 and 9.

The response o f t h e motion i n c a s e 8 w a s s i m i l a r t o t h e

A

response of case 6 f o r a 9 0 - f t ' p r o f i l e o f e n t i r e l y c l a y m a t e r i a l .

comparison o f computed s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s 6 and 8 i s shown i n p l a t e 20. P l a t e 21 shows moduli versus d e p t h p l o t s of, t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r d a t a , which have been modified f o r s h e a r s t r a i n , f o r c a s e s and 8 ( l a y e r e d mixture )

6 (clay), 3 (sand),

The r e s p o n s e s o f c a s e s 6 and 8 a r e s i m i l a r ,

showing t h a t t h e response a t t h e s u r f a c e ( l o c a t i o n 5R) i s c o n t r o l l e d by low-velocity o r low-modulus l a y e r s i n t h e p r o f i - l e , even though c a s e 8 has sbme l a y e r s - with higher modulus v a l u e s t h a n does c a s e

6..

compar-

i s o n of t h e 'response s p e c t r a o f . t h e motions c a l c u l a t e d i n c a s e 8 w i t h

.those which were observed i s shown i n p l a t e 2 2 ; t h e s e s p e c t r a a r e not similar. 31. Cases 9-11 used m a t e r i a l t y p e s such a s t h o s e shown i n p l a t e 5 , This w a s done t o produce a. c a l c u l a t e d response s i m i l a r t o t h e There were s i m i l a r i t i e s between t h e computed r e The maximum peak of but with t h e s h e a r moduli f o r t h e c o h e s i v e m a t e r i a l i n c r e a s e d by 87.5 percent.

observed response.

sponses f o r c a s e s 9-11 and t h e observed responses. r i o d of

t h e response s p e c t r a was a t a p e r i o d o f 0.15 s e c i n c a s e 8 and a t a pe-

0.16 i n c a s e 9.

The magnitude o f t h e second peak i n a l l cases

was approximately t w o - t h i r d s as g r e a t as t h a t o f t h e maximum peak. Cases 10 and 1 1 had t h r e e peaks i n t h e , r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a , while only two peaks were v i s i b l e i n c a s e 8. The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r cases 9 , 1 0 , and 1 1 were 0.042, 0.039, and 0.040 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cases 12 and 1 3 ( e f f e c t o f i n p u t motion) 32. location The e f f e c t of b a s e - l i n e s h i f t of t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n a t

4~ (bedrock ) was s t u d i e d i n c a s e 1 2 , which w a s e x a c t l y t h e same

A s shown i n p l a t e s , B3 ( c a s e 11) and ~4 ( c a s e 1 2 ) ,
Both cases

as c a s e 1 1 except t h a t t h e i n p u t d a t a i n c a s e 1 2 were not c o r r e c t e d f o r base-line s h i f t . t h e r e was no a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e response s p e c t r a . 1 2 . a n d 1 3 had a maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 0.040 g. 33. i n case 13. The e f f e c t of ' u s i n g 1 2 s e c o f i n p u t motion was i n v e s t i g a t e d
Case 13 was e x a c t l y t h e same a s c a s e 1 1 except t h a t

6 sec

of input motion -was used i n c a s e 1 1 .

Because t h e r e was no appreciable

d i f f e r e n c e between t h e r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s '13 and 1 1 (plate B&) o r between t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s (0.040 g i n b o t h c a s e s ) , put motion was used i n a l l o t h e r c a s e s . Cases 14-18 ( e f f e c t o f f i e l d m o d u l i ) 34. p l a t e 7. As p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r cases 14-18 The o n l y s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d response with t h e obwere determined from t h e R a y l e i g h wave d i s p e r s i o n d a t a , a s shown i n

6 sec of in-

served response was t h a t c a s e 1 5 h a d a maximum. a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 0.053 g and case 1 4 had a maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 0.044 g. shown i n p l a t e B5. Comparisons a r e Case 1 4 had a number o f p e a k s , w i t h t h e maximum peak

obcurring a t a p e r i o d of 0.24 sec

Cases 15-17 each had two peaks, with The maximum accelerations

t h e maximum o c c u r r i n g a t a p e r i o d of 0 . 3 1 t o 0.35 s e c and a l e s s e r peak o c c u r r i n g at a p e r i o d o f 0.14 t o 0.17 s e c . ranged from 0.070 t o 0.074 f o r cases

16 and 1 7 . The s o i l properties i n case 1 4 were m d i f i e d f o r s h e a r s t r a i n u s i n g p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 ; p l a t e s 10

P l a t e s 23 and 24 compare t h e observed responses with the These p l a t e s do

and 1 1 were used t o modify t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r s h e a r s t r a i n f o r cases 15-17. c a l c u l a t e d responses i n cases 1 4 and 1 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . modulus determined from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y data. Cases 19-21 ( e f f e c t of a n a l y s i s method and damping ) 35. response. P l a t e ~ 6 shows comparisons o f observed and computed responses f o r c a s e s 19-21, which used t h e 1D F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s f o r computations of The e f f e c t o f u s i n g t h i s t y p e a n a l y s i s a s opposed t o the 1 D This p l a t e shows a compariBoth cases had t h e The assumed shear 'Note t h a t the relumped-mass a n a l y s i s is given i n p l a t e 25.

not show as good a comparison a s do p l a t e s 1 7 and 1 9 , which used the

son of t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e 20 ( F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s ) with the response s p e c t r a f o r case 2 (lumped-mass a n a l y s i s ) . same foundation m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s .and i n p u t motion. t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y of t h e o v e r l y i n g s o i l l a y e r . sponse s p e c t r a a r e s i m i l a r f o r c a s e s 20 and 2. i s l e s s than t h a t f o r c a s e 2. 0.033 g, whereas f o r c a s e 2 it i s 0.041 g.

wave v e l o c i t y of t h e bedrock was approximately f i v e times g r e a t e r than The response f o r case 20

The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n f o r case 20 i s

A l i k e comparison can be

) 8 ( p l a t e B3). made of cases 19 ( p l a t e ~ 6 and

36. The e f f e c t of reducing t h e i n t e r n a l s o i l damping i n the F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s was s t u d i e d i n c a s e 21, which was s i m i l a r t o case 20 except t h a t t h e damping was reduced by 100 p e r c e n t . case 20. The maximum accel-

e r a t i o n f o r case 2 1 was i n c r e a s e d t o 0.035 g , a s compared t o 0.033 g f o r The response s p e c t r a were a l s o very s i m i l a r ( s e e p l a t e ~6 )

Although i t w a s expected t h a t t h e r e would b e a g r e a t e r difference i n t h e damped c a l c u l a t e d responses, t h i s was n o t t r u e f o r t h e condition a t R i f l e Gap D a m .

Two-Dimens i o n a l A n a l y s i s General 37. The observed r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l motions a t l o c a t i o n s 1, 2 , T r a n s v e r s e motions 3, and 5 were compared with t h e c a l c u l a t e d motions.

were measured, b u t could not be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a 2 D a n a l y s i s method. P l a t e 4 shows t h e l o c a t i o n s o f t h e PAT'S which measured t h e o b s e r v e d mot i o n s , and d e s c r i p t i o n s 'of t h e l o c a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 1. f i n i t e element network ( p l a t e 1 5 ) . The l o c a t i o n s from which t h e c a l c u l a t e d motions were t a k e n a r e shown on t h e

It w a s n e c e s s a r y f o r 2D a n a l y s i s
Although t h i s i s n o t
.

t h a t a l l l o c a t i o n s be i n t h e same v e r t i c a l p l a n e .

t h e t r u e f i e l d c a s e , t h e l a t e r a l o f f s e t s between PAT and t h e v e r t i c a l p l a n e assumed f o r a n a l y s i s were not c o n s i d e r e d l a r g e . w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e s i n t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t network. The d e t a t l e d comp a r i s o n s of t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s f o r t h e r a d i a l a n d v e r t i c a l components at l o c a t i o n s 1, 2 , 3, . a n d 5 a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 4. The response s p e c t r a f o r t h e o b s e r v e d and c a l c u l a t e d motions f o r loca-, t i o n s 1, 2 , 3, and 5 . a r e p r e s e n t e d i n p l a t e s ~ Case 22 ( 2 compared ~ with 1D a n a l y s i s ) 38. Case 22 w a s a 2D f i n i t e e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s of t h e 120-ft-high f o u n d a t i o n a s shown i n p l a t e 15. Although embankment and 100-ft-deep

1 ~ 8 .

b e t t e r comparisons could be made i n t h e 1 D a n a l y s e s f o r s h a l l o w e r foundations a t location 5 (alluvium), t h e seismic p r o f i l e s ( ~ p p e n d i x D) i n '

d i c a t e d t h a t an average depth o f 100 f t would be a more v a l i d a s s u m p t i o n . The s h e a r moduli of t h e m a t e r i a l s w e r e computed from t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s .
,

The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s are shown i n p l a t e 1 0

f o r t h e embankment and i n p l a t e 6 f o r t h e f o u n d a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n 5 (alluvium). The s h e a r modulus p r o f i l e o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n d i r e c t l y u n d e r The mat h e c e n t e r l i n e o f t h e embankment, which was t a k e n f r o m t h e v i b r a t o r y d a t a and modified f o r c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s , i s shown i n p l a t e 9 . t e r i a l i n t h e foundation was assumed t o r e s p o n d as a s a n d , and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 11 and 1 2 w e r e used t o modify m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r shear s t r a i n . The m a t e r i a l i n t h e embankment i s a c o h e s i v e material, and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 were u s e d t o modify material

properties f o r shear s t r a i n .
,

The damping v a l u e o f 5.3 p e r c e n t was t h e

a v e r a g e used d u r i n g t h e f i n a l r e s p o n s e c a l c u l a t i o n a f t e r t h e m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s h a d been m o d i f i e d f o r s h e a r s t r a i n ( s e e t a b l e 3).

39. Case 22 c a l c u l a t e d motions were s i m i l a r t o t h e observed motions. The p e r i o d s of t h e m a x i m u m c a l c u l a t e d peaks were s i m i l a r t o t h e The o b s e r v e d maximum peaks f o r t h e r a d i a l components a t a l l l o c a t i o n s .

maximum c a l c u l a t e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t a l l r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l l o c a t i o n s were o n l y s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n t h e o b s e r v e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s e x c e p t a t l o c a t i o n s 2R and 2V where t h e c a l c u l a t e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s were h i g h e r t h a n t h e observed. The p e r i o d s a t which t h e peaks o c c u r r e d i n t h e v e r t i c a l The c a l c u motion r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a were d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e o b s e r v e d . r e s p o n s e had t h e second o r t h i r d l a r g e s t peak.

l a t e d r e s p o n s e had a maximum peak a t t h e p e r i o d where t h e . observed I n t h e same way, t h e maximum observed peak o c c u r r e d i n t h e same p e r i o d s as t h e second o r t h i r d l a r g e s t peaks on t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e curves: 40. The e f f e c t o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s t o Note t h a t The foundat h e response of l o c a t i o n 5 R c a n be s e e n i n p l a t e 26, which shows t h e response s p e c t r a and maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r c a s e s 4 and 22. t h e r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a a n d maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s a r e similar. c a s e 4.

t i o n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s assumed i n c a s e 22 a r e t h e same as t h o s e assumed i n . Case 4 w a s a 1D a n a l y s i s and o n l y t h e h o r i z o n t a l i n p u t motion Case 22 w a s a 2 D a r i a l y s i s and u s e d b o t h t h e h o r i z o n t a l c o u l d be used.

and v e r t i c a l bedrock a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r i e s a s i n p u t .
Case 23 ( e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s e d modulus)

41.

Case 23 was computed t o show t h e e f f e c t o f . i n c r e a s i n g t h e Other

s h e a r modulus of t h e material i n t h e enibankment and f o u n d a t i o n . and a 1 0 0 - f t sand f o u n d a t i o n .

assumptions were t h e same as i n c a s e 22 w i t h a 1 2 0 - f t c l a y embankment The v a l u e o f 4.7 p e r c e n t damping w a s used R e s u l t s are shown i n . p l a t e s 27-34. The peaks on t h e computed r e i n t h e f i n a l response c a l c u l a t i o n .

The c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s i n c a s e 23 o f t h e v e r t i c a l m o t i o n s a t l o c a t i o n s

3V and 5 V w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d .
t h e . r e l a t i v e magnitudes w e r e s i m i l a r .

sponse s p e c t r a o c c u r r e d a t t h e s a m e p e r i o d s a s d i d t h o s e observed, ' and The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s o f t h e v e r t i c a l components were h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e observed e x c e p t a t l o c a t i o n 5V.

The computed h o r i z o n t a l maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s were u s u a l l y lower except a t l o c a t i o n 2R, and t h e computed a c c e l e r a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n 5 R w a s 0.050 g, as compared w i t h an observed a c c e l e r a t i o n of 0.051 g. The response s p e c t r a f o r t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d components o f t h e r a d i a l motion had peaks o c c u r r i n g a t t h e same p e r i o d s , but t h e maximum observed w a s often a t a p e r i o d corresponding t o t h e second o r t h i r d c a l c u l a t e d maxi-

mum, and v i c e v e r s a .
Case 24 ( e f f e c t of reduced modulus) 42. case 24. The e f f e c t of a r e d u c t i o n o f .shear modulus was computed i n The assumptions were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n c a s e s 22 and 23 except The c a l c u l a t e d motion f o r c a s e 24 had only The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t
'

t h a t i n case 24 t h e shear moduli o f t h e foundation and embankment were m u l t i p l i e d by t h e value 0.5. a few s i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e observed motion. l a r t o t h o s e observed.

locations 2 V and 5V were. 0.042 and 0.092 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and were simiThe' h o r i z o n t a l maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s were usua l l y lower t h a n t h o s e observed except a t l o c a t i o n 2R. s p e c t i v e l y , t h a n t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n s .

The computed

v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t l o c a t i o n s 1 V and 3 V were lower and h i g h e r , reThe p e r i o d - o f t h e maximum, and u s u a l l y o n l y , peak on t h e response s p e c t r a occurred i n t h e range of -0.30 t o 0.34 s e c , and t h e p e r i o d o f t h e second peak, p r e s e n t o n l y i n t h e v e r t i c a l motion response s p e c t r a , , was i n t h e range o f 0.14 t o 0.18 s e c . Case 25 ( e f f e c t o f reduced dampint?) 43. Case 25 i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t of r e d u c i n g t h e damping v a l u e The o n l y d i f f e r e n c e between c a s e s 22 and as Consequently, t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s The computed response specThis means
.

used i n response c a l c u l a t i o n s . g r e a t a s t h a t used f o r case 22.

25 was t h a t t h e damping value used f o r c a s e 25 was o n l y two-thirds

f o r c a s e 25 were g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e f o r case 22 , ' e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e rad i a l components of l o c a t i o n s 1-3 on t h e dam. t r a ' f o r cases 22 and 25 had t h e same shape except t h a t a few more minor spikes were p r e s e n t i n t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e 25. t h a t only t h e amplitude o f t h e motion was changed a n d t h e frequency cont e n t remained e s s e n t i a l l y u n a l t e r e d between c a s e s 22 and 25. Case 26 ( e f f e c t o f depth o f alluvium)

44.

The e f f e c t of an 80-ft-deep

foundation w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n

c i s e 26.

a s .made because b e t t e r comparisons could be This a n a l y s i s w

A 120-ft c l a y .embankment , sand foundation, and

made i n t h e 1D a n a l y s i s a t l o c a t i o n 5R, downstream from t h e dam, with t h e shallower p r o f i l e . i n c a s e 22. moduli obtained from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y d a t a were used a s i n p u t , a s The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s computed a t l o c a t i o n s 1 and 3 Similar periods of t h e p e a k s . f o r the Compariwere s i m i l a r t o those observed.

v e r t i c a l components a t l o c a t i o n s 1-3 i n t h e dam were measured. 3 R and 3 V a r e shown ' i n p l a t e s 35 and 36, r e s p e c t i v e l y . l o c a t i o n s 5R and 5V were smaller t h a n t h e observed.

sons of t h e computed -responses w i t h t h e observed r e s p o n s e s a t l o c a t i o n s The computed r e sponses a t l o c a t i o n s 2 R and 2 V were g r e a t e r t h a n t h e observed, and a t The peaks o c c u r r i n g i n t h e range of 0.12 t o 0.17 sec i n t h e observed r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a f o r l o c a t i o n s 1 R and 1 V were only minor i n t h e computed response f o r case 26. Note t h a t not as good a comparison could be made a t l o c a t i o n 5 R f o r c a s e 26 ( p l a t e ~ 7 a) s could be made with t h e 1 D a n a l y s i s i n c a s e 1 may be due t o t h e i n c r e a s e d s t r a i n i n t h e m a t e r i a l ( p l a t e ~ 1 ) This . from t h e inclusion of t h e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n . Case 27 ( e f f e c t of s t i f f foundation under s t i f f e r dam) 45. In case 27, t h e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e s h e a r modulus o f t h e The s h e a r modulus o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e foundaA f a c t o r o f 2.5

m a t e r i a l i n t h e foundation by a f a c t o r d i f f e r e n t from t h a t i n t h e embankment was i n v e s t i g a t e d . t i o n was increased by t h e f a c t o r 1 . 5 , a s i n c a s e 23. ment.

was used t o increase t h e shear modulus o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e embank'

As expected, t h e responses measured a t t h e a l l u v i u m l o c a t i o n s 5R The maxi-

and 5 V were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e measured i'n c a s e 23 ( p l a t e s 37 and 3 8 ) . The response i n t h e embankment was similar t o t h a t observed. were very s i m i l a r t o t h e observed ( p l a t e s 39 and 40).
.
'

mum a c c e l e r a t i o n and response s p e c t r a computed a t l o c a t i o n s 2 R and 2~

A t locations 3 R

and 3V, peaks of t h e c a l c u l a t e d response s p e c t r a o c c u r r e d a t t h e same p e r i o d s a s those i n t h e observed s p e c t r a , b u t t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n a t location 3 V was much higher t h a n t h e observed. The computed maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n 1 V was s i m i l a r t o t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n , b u t a t l o c a t i o n l R , t h e computed a c c e l e r a t i o n was much lower t h a n t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n .

PART V I :

DISCUSSION

One-Dimens i o n a l A n a l y s i s

46.

The U> a n a l y s i s i s used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e response of semiFor t h i s r e a s o n , t h e 1 D a n a l y s i s could

i n f i n i t e horizontal s o i l layers. s t r e a m o f R i f l e Gap Dam.

b e used only t o c a l c u l a t e response a t l o c a t i o n 5 R on t h e alluvium downDuring t h e a n a l y s i s , it became apparent t h a t These facmany f a c t o r s were v i t a l i n a c c u r a t e l y s i m u l a t i n g response. t o r s i n c l u d e t h e following: a. Shear m o d u l i , o f t h e i n s i t u medium Depth t o bedrock R e l a t i o n s h i p o f s h e a r modulus and damping t o s t r a i n amp l i t u d e f o r modification o f s o i l properties

-. b c. 47.

Use of t h e i n s i t u s h e a r moduli as measured by WES i n t h e The d a t a d e t e r -

s e i s m i c f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique gave computed r e s u l t s comparable t o t h e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s . mined by t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n t e c h n i q u e d i d n o t give c a l c u l a t e d

results a s good a s t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e v i b r a t o r y technique.

48. The depth t o bedrock i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n m a t e r i a l varied conN o b o r i n g s were made a t Therts i d e r a b l y throughout t h e R i f l e Gap Dam a r e a .

t h e s i t e of l o c a t i o n 5 on t h e a l l u v i u m downstream from t h e dam.'

f o r e , no a c c u r a t e determination of s o i l d e p t h could b e used i n t h e lD analyses. The e f f e c t of depth t o bedrock i s shown i n p l a t e 1 6 , which d e p o s i t with t h a t of a 110-ftB e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e observed response was obtained compares t h e response of an 80-ft-deep deep d e p o s i t . u s i n g t h e shallower bedrock depths.

49.

The type o f m a t e r i a l used, s a n d o r c l a y , determined t h e re-

l a t i o n s h i p used t o modify t h e m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r shear ' s t r a i n l e v e l . The comparison o f m a t e r i a l t y p e s i s made i n p l a t e 18 f o r cases 3 and 6. Both t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s and response s p e c t r a were considerably d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e two cases i n v e s t i g a t e d . c o n s i d e r i n g t h e m a t e r i a l a s sand. F o r t h e foundation m a t e r i a l

a t R i f l e .Gap Dam, b e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e observed d a t a was obtained by The g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l was present i n

b d t h Bu Rec b o r i n g s ( p l a t e . 3 ) , b u t c o h e s i v e m a t e r i a l was a l s o p r e s e n t and r e s u l t s comparable t o t h o s e observed c o u l d be o b t a i n e d only by mult i p l y i n g t h e cohesive modulus by a f a c t o r of 1 . 8 7 5 , which a c t u a l l y gave about t h e same modulus a s t h a t f o r t h e s a n d c u r v e s a t t h a t s h e a r s t r a i n level. Because t h e e x a c t s o i l p r o f i l e i s n o t known a t l o c a t i o n 5 , it c a n o n l y be concluded t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e p r o f i l e a t l o c a t i o n 5 responded more c l o s e l y t o t h e sand c u r v e s used i n m o d i f i c a t i o n o f s o i l properties ( ~ l a t e s 1 1 and 1 2 ) . 50. F o r t h e motions measured a t R i f l e Gap Dam, t h e r e s p o n s e s did
1 used 6 . s e c o f i n p u t mon o t change i n c a s e s 11-13 ( p l a t e ~ 4 ) . Case 1

t i o n t h a t had been c o r r e c t e d f o r b a s e - l i n e s h i f t , whereas t h e i n p u t mot i o n i n c a s e 1 2 w a s not c o r r e c t e d . Case 1 3 used 1 2 sec of i n p u t motion. The The agreement of c a s e s 1 1 and 1 2 showed t h a t t h e a c t u a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a a t l o c a t i o n 4~ d i d not have a n a p p r e c i a b l e ba'se-line s h i f t .
s i s , t h e maximum r e s p o n s e o c c u r r e d b e f o r e
'(

comparison of c a s e s 1 1 and 1 3 showed t h a t , when u s i n g an e l a s t i c analy-

6 s e c and was n o t changed by

t h e a d d i t i o n of 6 s e c more of e x c i t a t i o n .

51.

The i n p u t motion f o r a l l a n a l y s e s was t h a t observed a t locaThe motion a t l o ,

t i o n 4 on bedrock i n t h e gate chamber ' ( s e e p l a t e 4 ) . profile a t location 5.

c a t i o n 4 was assumed t o occur i n t h e bedrock u n d e r l y i n g t h e foundation Most o f t h e a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e response a t location 5 R c o u l d be p r e d i c t e d w i t h t h e 1 D a n a l y s i s ; t h u s , t h e assumption t h a t t h e motion observed a t l o c a t i o n 4 w a s bedrock motion w a s a p p a r e n t l y a v a l i d assumption. 52. The 1 D a n a l y s i s gave r e s u l t s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e observed f o r t h e a l l u v i u m ( l o c a t i o n 5 ~ ) . With t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e . v e r t i c a l mot i o n input i n the 2 D a n a l y s i s , p l a t e 26 shows t h a t good agreement between t h e 1 D and 2D a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s i s o b t a i n e d . much s i m p l e r and c h e a p e r dimensional e x c i t a t i o n . ~wo-~imen io s n a l Analys i s 53. V for S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d a t l o c a t i o n s 5R and 5
U)

T h i s means t h a t t h e

a n a l y s i s can b e used t o p r e d i c t t h e h o r i s o i l d e p o s i t even during three-dimensional

z o n t a l motion i n a s e m i - i n f i n i t e

7.

_-.. :

.: .

-.

...

->-.

: : : -

- 3 - 7 -

-=

,-..-;

=.

.- -

.-

. A , -

. .... -. '

I . . . . ,
L

..i..'I.

- . - - - - . - - A

-.

i . A.

c a s e s 23 and 27, a s shown i n p l a t e s 37 and 38. o v e r t h a t f o r case 23.

The only d i f f e r e n c e i n

t h e two cases was t h e i n c r e a s e of modulus i n t h e embankment f o r c a s e 27 This shows t h a t t h e instrument l o c a t e d more t h a n dam w a s a t a s u f f i c i e n t d i s t a n c e 520 ft downstream from t h e 120-ft-high a l l y c a l l e d f r e e - f i e l d response 1.
.

from t h e dam t h a t ' i t s response was n o t a f f e c t e d by t h e s t r u c t u r e . ( g e n e r -

54.

The response of t h e ' foundation m a t e r i a l was b e s t p r e d i c t e d by However, comparable r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r c a s e 22

c a s e 23 ( p l a t e s 33 and 34) i n which t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r modulus was m u l t i p l i e d by 1.5.

4

i n which t h e -shear modulus was t h a t computed from t h e f i e l d measurements. Thus, t h e shear wave v e l o c i t i e s measured u s i n g t h e ' s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique can be used i n t h e 2D f i n i t e element models.

55.

The responses computed a t l o c a t i o n s 2 R and 2 V were u s u a l l y B e t t e r agreement was o b t a i n e d by i n c r e a s -

g r e a t e r than those observed.

i n g t h e modulus i n t h e s t r u c t u r e , and s i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r c a s e 27, as shown i n p l a t e s 39 and 40.

56.

A change i n t h e damping v a l u e f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e , a s i n c a s e

25, had only a s l i g h t e f f e c t on t h e magnitude o f t h e response. nents.

The r a -

d i a l components of motion were more a f f e c t e d t h a n t h e v e r t i c a l compoChanging t h e damping value d i d n o t c a u s e a noticeab1.e change i n 57. t o predict. The response a t t h e c r e s t of t h e dam was t h e most d i f f i c u l t Most c a s e s produced s i n i i l a r maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s b u t had t h e p e r i o d s of t h e peaks.

only one peak a t a p e r i o d o f 0.30 t o 0.33 s e c , which i s near t h e f'undamental period of t h e s t r u c t u r e , and d i d not have s u b s t a n t i a l r e s p o n s e a t lower periods, as w a s observed. Attempts t o produce a g r e a t e r response
a t t h e lower periods by i n c r e a s i n g t h e modulus of t h e dam were success-

ful, b u t t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s were reduced c o n s i d e r a b l y .

58. The change of modulus produces d i f f e r e n t modal f r e q u e n c i e s of I f t h e s e a r e d i f f e r e n t .from t h e major f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e This c o u l d have been t h e reason f o r t h e ' the structke.

i n p u t , t h e responses a r e low.
was expected.

low response i n case 27 a t l o c a t i o n s 1 R and lV, where a g r e a t e r response

',

Thus, it i s 'important i n d e s i g n and a n a l y s i s t h a t a num-

b e r o f inputs be used t o produce a smooth response spectrum so t h a t t h e

PART V I I :
59.

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions can b e drawn from t h e 1 D analyses : a. The response of h o r i z o n t a l s o i l l a y e r s can b e p r e d i c t e d using a I D analysis. The lumped-mass and F o u r i e r analyses g i v e s i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r a p r o f i l e i n which t h e r e i s a ' d e f i n i t e change i n s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s between t h e bedrock and s o i l . For t h e a n a l y s i s of R i f l e Gap Dam, t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e bedrock m a t e r i a l was approximately f i v e times t h a t of t h e soil.

b_.

c. d. -

It i s important t o have a n a c c u r a t e determination o f t h e soil profile.

It i s important t o determine t h e exact depth t o Sedrock.
The s o i l property modification curves ' f o r s h e a r s t r a i n l e v e l a r e applicable. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s determined u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique can be used i n t h e 1D a n a l y s e s . A n instrument placed a t a d i s t a n c e f i v e times t h e h e i g h t o f t h e dam w i l l give f r e e - f i e l d response. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s measured u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique can be used i n the 2D a n a l y s e s , b u t due t o t h e i n c l u s i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l i n p u t motion, a more similar response was c a l c u l a t e d a t ~ i f l e Gap Dam when t h e modulus was increased by 50 p e r c e n t . -Due t o t h e complex geometry and m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s . o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , use of t h e f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s i s nece s s a r y t o p r e d i c t t h e response o f v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s i n 'the structure.

e. f. 60.

The following conclusions can b e drawn from t h e 2D analyses: a. -

b.

c. -

d. -

It i s important t o use more t h a n one i n p u t motion t o . anal y z e a s t r u c t u r e . A v a r i e t y o f input f r e q u e n c i e s i s nece s s a r y t o f i n d t h e maximum response.

e. -

here was c l o s e r agreement between computed aqd observed maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s than between shapes o f computed and observed response s p e c t r a .

61.

For t h e a n a l y s i s of R i f l e Gap Dam, t h e f o l l o w i n g assumptions a. -

provided t h e b e s t agreement between t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d motions : One-dimensional analysis ( l o c a t i o n 5 R on alluvium) (1)
.

Lumped-mass a n a l y s i s method Shear modulus determined from v i b r a t o r y t e s t d a t a

(2)

(3)
,

Damping from r e l a t i o n s h i p s by Seed a n d I d r i s s shear s t r a i n

for

(4)

Modulus modified from r e l a t i o r i s h i p s by s e e d and Idriss f o r s h e a r s t r a i n 8 5 - f t depth t o bedrock F i n i t e element modal superposing a n a l y s i s method Shear modulus determined from v i b r a t o r y t e s t d a t a and i n c r e a s e d 50 p e r c e n t shear s t r a i n

( 5 ) Sand m a t e r i a l
(6)
b. -

TWO-dimens i o n a l analysi s ('1)

(2)

( 3 ) Damping from r e l a t i o n s h i p by Seed and I d r i s s f o r

(4) Modulus modified from r e l a t i o n s h i p s by Seed and I d r i s s for shear strain

( 5 ) Sand i n f o u n d a t i o n ( 6 ) Clay i n embankment ( 7 ) Average 100-ft depth t o bedrock

LITERATURE CITED

U. S. Department of I n t e r i o r , Bureau o f Reclamation, " R i f l e Gap Dam and Road R e l o c a t i o n , " S p e c i f i c a t i o n NO. DC-6120, 1964, Washingt o n , D. C .

Fowler, J. , "Motion of R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado; P r o j e c t R u l i s o n Underground Nuclear Detonation ,"Miscellaneous Paper S-70-1, J a n 1970, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n , CE, Vicksburg, Miss. Hardin, B. 0. and Drnevich , V. P. , "Shear Modulus and Damping i n S o i l s ,"T e c h n i c a l Report UKY 27-70-CE 3 , s o i l Mechanics S e r i e s No. 2 , J u l 1970, U n i v e r s i t y of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Seed, H. B. and I d r i s s , I. M . , " S o i l Moduli a n d Damping F a c t o r s f o r E R C 70-10 , Dec 1970, UniDynamic Response Analyses, " Report No. E v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , College o f E n g i n e e r i n g , Earthquake Engineeri n g Research C e n t e r , Berkeley, C a l i f

O f f i c e , Chief o f ~ n ~ i n e e r s "Earthquake , S t u d i e s f o r E a r t h and Rockf i l l Dams ,"Engineer T e c h n i c a l L e t t e r No. 1110-2-79 , 12 J a n 1970, Washington, D. C . I d r i s s , I. M . , D e z f u l i a n , H. , and Seed, H. B. , "Computer Programs f o r E v a l u a t i n g t h e Seismic Response o f S o i l D e p o s i t s w i t h NonL i n e a r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Using E q u i v a l e n t L i n e a r Procedures , If Apr 1969, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , G e o t e c h n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , Berkeley, C a l i f . R o e s s e t , J. M.. and Whitman, R . V. , " ~ h e o r e t i c a lBackground f o r A m p l i f i c a t i o n S t u d i e s ," S o i l s E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n P u b l i c a t i o n No. 231, Mar 1 9 6 9 , Department o f C i v i l Engineering, Inter-American Program, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e o f Technology,. Cambridge, Mass. R o e s s e t , J . M. and H a g a n n , A . J. , "Users Manual, Program D y f a l s I ," Jul 1969, Department o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , D i v i s i o n of S o i l Mechani c s , Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. I d r i s s , I. M. , " ~ i n i t eElement A n a l y s i s f o r Seismic Response o f E a r t h Banks , I 1 J o u r n a l , S o i l Mechanics and Foundations D i v i s i o n , American S o c i e t y of C i v i l Engineers. Vol 94, No. SM3, Paper 5929, May 1968, pp 617-636. I d r i s s , I. M. and Seed, H. B., Seismic' Response o f H o r i z o n t a l S o i l Layers," J o u r n a l , S o i l Mechanics and Foundat i o n s D i v i s i o n , American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , Vol 9 4 , No. S M,~Paper 6043, Jul 1968, p p 1003-1031.
I1

Table 1 Summary of Equipment Used, Locations, and F i e l d Measurements Particle Acceleration Transducer
x

No. -

Transducer Location* C r e s t of dam

'

Orientation Vertical Radial Vertical Radial Vertical Radial Vertical Radial Transverse Vertical Radial Transverse
. Vertical

Particle Velocity Transducer

Peak Acceleration g's 0.062 0.094

Peak Velocity ips

1
2 3

Downstream face o f dam

'

Near t o e o f dam Gate chamber

Alluvium

Alluvium

Radial Transverse 7 C r e s t o f dam Vertical Radial Transverse

-

Note:

I n i t i a l a r r i v a l of motion was 6.9 sec a f t e r detonation. See p l a t e 4 .

Table 2 Cases f o r One-Dimensional Analyses, Location 5 R on Alluvium 500 Ft Downstream from Toe o f D a m F i e l d Test from Which Material P r o p e r t i e s Were Determined Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Rayleigh 2
. Rayleigh 2

1 2 3 b 5
6 7

Case No.

Type Analysis Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mas-s Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Fourier Fourier Fourier

Shear Modulus

Damping

%
3.9 3.8 3:7 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 4.0 4.7 b.7 5.9 3.2 3.4 3.8 1.9

Depth t o Bedrock ft 80 85 90 i00 110 90 110 90 90 100 110 110 110 110 110 125 80 80 80 85 85

Material Classification* S S S' S S

C C M M M M M M C S

Remarks

C C C G C C C C

8 9
10 1 1 12 13
,

1.875G4' 1.87501.875G*+ 1.875G** 1.875c**

C C G C C 1.875c+* C C

Original acceleration d a t a used f o r i n p u t 12 s e c of i n p u t f o r c a l c u l a t i n g response

14
15 16 17

18 19
20 21

Rayleigh 1 Rayleigh 1 Rayleigh 1 Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory

S S C
M

S
. S

1 / 2 damping of case 20

**

S r e f e r s t o sand and t h e modification curves i n p l a t e s 1 1 and 1 2 , C r e f e r s t o clay and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 , and M r e f e r s t o a mixture as d e s i g n a t e d i n t h e t y p i c a l foundation p r o f i l e i n p l a t e 5. Only t h e s h e a r moduli of t h e clay layers were changed by t h i s f a c t o r .

Table 3 Cases f o r Two-Dimensional Analyses

Case No.

Damping Shear Modulus

Foundation Depth

ft

Remarks

2 / 3 damping of case 22

27

1.5G ( f o u n d a t i o n )
2 . 5 ~(dam)
.

4.6

100

Note:

Six seconds o f h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a were u s e d as i n p u t motion. The modal s u p e r p o s i t i o n a n a l y s i s method was used. Ninety modes o f v i b r a t i o n 'were considered.

Table b C-arison of Observed'and Calculated Responses f o r 2 D Analysis Amplitude Ratio of Peaks Second Third to to Mkximum Maximum

Case
NO.

Maximum Acceleration K' s

Number of Peaks

Maximum Peak

Period of Peak, s e c Second Third Largest Largest Peak Peak

Remarks

a m Location l R , Radial Component, C r e s t of D Observed 22 23 24 25 26 27 0.094 0.073 0.052 0.041 0.119 0.091 0.035 3 1 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.12 0.32 0.19 0.15 t o 0.18 0.52 0.17 0.14 t o 0.18 3/4 4/5 1/3 Minor spike a t 0.17 sec 2/3 1/3 3/4 2/3

3
1 2 1 3

Location l V , V e r t i c a l Component, Crest of D a m Observed 22 ' 23 24 25 26 27 0.13 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.32 0.36 0.30

0.31.

0.21

2/3 1/2

i/3

0.14 0.16 0.19 0.15 t o 0.17 0.13

1/4
1/3 1/3 1/2

Location 2R. ~ a d i a Component. l Halivay D o v n Face of D a m Observed 22 23 24 25 26 27 0.32 0.29 0.24 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.30
D

0.31

314 1/3 1/1 1/3 2/5 2/3

m Face of D a m

7/10

Minor peak a t 0.56 s e c

Location 2V. V e r t i c a l Component. Hal*ay Observed 22 23 24 25 26 27 0.08 t o 0.13 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.29
'

0.30 0.14 O.lb 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

4/5 1/3 5/8 1/2 1/3 2/5 1/1

Minor peak a t 0.19 s e c

Location 3R. Radial Component. Near Toe of Dam Observed 22

0.052 0.039

3 3

0.13 0.27

0.20 0.24

0.31 0.9

5 /6 1/1

1/2 2/3

Minor peak a t 0.49 s e c Relatively minor peak a t 0.51 s e c

l/b 3/4 a m Location 3V. Vertical Comonent. Near Toe of D Observed

Location 5R. Radial Component. Alluvium Observed 22 28 23 25 26 27 0.051 0.032 0.050 0.046 0.039 0.032 0.52 1 0.30 0.19 t o 0.23 0.19 0.15 3/5 1/2 9/10 2/3 9/10 8/10

'I4
112 1/2

Minor spikes present

4
2 3

0.28 0.31 0.35

0.32 0.27

0.061

Fourth. peak a t 0.49 sec Tvo minor Desks a t 0.24 and 0.47-sec Minor peak

Location 5V. V e r t i c a l Component. Alluvium Observed 22 0.088

0.061
0.072 0.092 0.063 0.050 0.069

23 24
26 25 27

2 3 2 2 4 3 2

0.08 t o 0.4 0.29 0.14 t o 0.19 0.32 0.22 0.19 0.14 t o 0.19

0.29 0.13 0. Y 0.14 0.29 0.14 0.31

0.20

1/2 9/10 1/2 3/10

8/10

0.24 0.28

'I1 3/4
1/2

1/1 '2/3

Fourth peak a t 0.14 sec

SCALE

Or NlLLS

KEY MAC

.LOCATION MAP
RIFLE GAP D A M

PLATE I

C Crest o f dom...

... J
I

J Riprop on

10

LLLLLLW.1

M a

100

belor E L 5910

SCILL OF

FEE1

MAXIMUM

SECTION

8
@

EMBANKMENT

EXPLANATION
,

Cloy, silt. sand ond qrorel compacted by tompinq rollers t o 6 -inch layers. 11 Cloy, silt, sond,qrovrl and cobblts tomllortcd by tompinq rallcrs b Q - l n m Iayers,

Miscelloneour clor. s r l t , sond. grovel. ond cobbles or rock fropments compocled by tomplnp r o l l e r s t o 12-inch l o p r s . Selected sond,qravel ond cobbles or r o c k trogmrnts p l o r t d in 2,. Inch loyerr.

GENERAL PLAN AND SECTION

RIFLE GAP DAM

OH21
0 I L O W I I ~ ~ . to ro eo

EL 5861.2

NOTE:

N I S I Z E H O L E . N I C S 0-100'. D R I V E S A M P L E S 0-55.. 80'-01)'. W A S H S A M P L E S 51'-80'.

AND

D H 22
aLOw,I*l.

SAND. F l N E W l T H L I T T L E C L A V . L O O S E L Y P A C K E D . T A N

20

21'-36'

GRAVEL A N 0 CLAV. S I L T Y . WlTH LENSES O F SAND A N D G R A V E L LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSITY

.o
S I L T Y . GRAY. C O N S I S T E N C Y IS S T I F F

I ,
DENSITV

ee.-a!o
ao a,,?

CLAY;

SILTY.

MEDIUM'

CONSISTENCY

1.11
O W

01'-94' 94'-100'

SAND. F l N E W I T H S O M E C L A V : M E O l U M C O N S I S T E N C Y GRAVEL. eOULDERS. A N D SAND. DENSE T O VERY D E N S E

ma

,
12-#B-a.

NOTE:

A L L M A T E R I A L F R O M 0-100' A R E S T R E A M C H A N N E L A N D F L O O D PLAIN DEPOSITS. N X C S 0-100.. A L T E R N A T I N G W A S H AND D R I V E SAMPLES.

NOTE: SEE P L A T E 4 FOR BORING LOCATIONS.

B O R I N G LOGS
HOLES DH21 A N D OH22
!

PLATE 3
\

L O C 5 AND 6

C Crest of d o m - . .

L O C 1 AND 7 -cres t 1.5978

s e t t l e m e n t potnt ( p r o j e c t e d 1

MAXIMUM

SECTION

NOTE:

LOCATION 4 I S O F F S E T 560 FT EAST OF A L I N E THROUGH L O C 1. A N 0 L O C 3 A T E L 5878.81.

LOCATIONS O F MOTION MEASURING STATIONS

PLATE 4

L O G OF BORING
0;SAND (120

DESCRIPTION PCF)

SAND, GRAVEL, BOULDERS ( 1 3 0 PCF)

W T p ---

--

2 0

SILTY

CLAY (125 PCF)

4 0

C L A Y (125

PCF)

I-

LL

f
W 0

60-

GRAVEL, BOULDERS (130 P C F )

a .

C L A Y (125
80

PCF)

G R A V E L , SAND, B O U L D E R S ( 1 3 5 P C F )

I00

BEDROCK

120POISSON'S RATI 0 0.40

ASSUMED PROFILE OF FOUNDATION SOILS

PLATE 5

800 0

S H E A R WAVE V E L O C I T Y , FT/SEC 9 00 1000 700 800

1 1 0 0

20

P -

40

F
LL
C

"

F
Q
W 0

6 0 -

80

100

0
120

S H E A R WAVE VELOCITY PROFILE FOR THE FOUNDATION

VIE RATORY T E S T DATA

PLATE 6

600
0

800

SHEAR WAVE VE LOCITY, 1000 1200

FT/SEC

1400

1600

I800

20

40.

&

60,
I LL

+ n
W

80
2720 rA

R-2
R-l 100
*

I20

R - l FROM SEISMIC L I N E S - I , SEE APPENDIX D R - 2 F R O M S E I S M I C L l N E 5 - 2, S E E A P P E N D I X 0

%?a

140

SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY P R O F I L E FOR THE FOUNDATION

RAY L E I G H WAVE DISPERSION DATA
PLATE 7

SHEAR MODULUS, KSF

--//IN/

LEGEND
VIBRATORY DATA RAY L E I G H D I S P E R S I O N DATA

R A N G E FOR e = 0.9 e = 0 . 4 , O C R K = I, M A T E R I A L PROPERTIES IN P L A T E 5

FOUNDATION S H E A R MODULUS C O M P A R I S O N S

PLATE 8

SHEAR

MODULUS,

KSF

3
0

20

40
I LL

I
C Q
W

60

80

100

SHEAR M O D U L U S VS DEPTH O F F O U N D A T I O N AT CENTER LINE O F D A M

PLATE 9

SHEAR

WAVE

0 0

400

800

VELOCITY, FT/SEC 1200

I600

2000

20

40
LL

I -

m W a
0
W

60

rn

x
C
W

a
80

100

120

SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY PROFILE FOR THE EMBANKMENT

V I B R A T O R Y T E S T DATA

PLATE 1 0

1 .o

*z
2 ,

I -

0.8

a u
a0
W

za
a' 0
I
11

"'F .a 2
V)

0.6

DL"
a n 0 0

0.4

1 1

a a a 40.2
W W

I I
IJl v,

0 10-4

10-3

10-2 S H E A R S T R A I N 7 , .P E R C E N T

10-1

V A R I A T I O N O F SHEAR M O D U L U S W I T H SHEAR S T R A I N FOR SANDS

AFTER REF 4

28-

/
24

/ '

20

z W
U

a
0

I a

I0 - 4

10-3

10-2 SHEAR STRAIN,

10-1
PERCENT

DAMPING RATIOS FOR SANDS AFTER REF 4

0 10 4

10-3

10-2 SHEAR STRAIN

10-1

Y ,P E R C E N T

10

TYPICAL REDUCTION OF SHEAR MODULUS W I T H SHEAR STRAIN FOR SATURATED CLAYS

AFTER REF 4

35

30

25
I -

z W

U K

0 I 0

20

<
15

Z 0 x 4
0

/
. /

1 0

,
5
. ,

/'I

----0 10-4

10-3

10-2 SHEAR S T R A I N ,

10-1 PERCENT

I'o

DAMPING RATIOS FOR SATURATED CLAYS

AFTER REF 4
b

UPSTREAM

+ I 1

DOWNSTREAM

FINITE ELEMENT MESH FOR

20 ANALYSIS AND LOCATIONS OF

MEASUREMENT STATIONS

I
PLATE I 5

0 35

0 30

0 25
0,

' 2
Q

0 k

a
W
J

0 20
y*CASE
/

U 4
W V)

I\
I I I
0.15.
CASZ 5

a
W

0
y,

CK

a
0 10-

0 05

I
I

0
0

02

04

06

08

10

PERIOD, SEC

RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR I D LUMPED-MASS ANALYSIS

C A S E S I AND 5

PLATE 1 6

035r

0 30

0 25
[r,

'2

I u

0
[ I

/ - OBSERVED

W 1
W

020.

U U

0 a m 0 15.
W

I f\ \ 1 I

&

u
W

a
0.10

1 II' \\ \v f lI
f

' y CASE

\$J

0 05

0 ,

0.2

04

06

08

10

P E R I O D , SEC

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASE 2
w

PLATE 17

0 35

0 30

0 25
0,

'z
a
W

J W

0 20

a
z

W
V)

0
0.
W
(t

,CASE
0.15

y,

n
I\
y-CASE 6

W 0.

s u

0. I 0

0 05.

-----10

0.2

0.4 0 8 PERIOD, SEC

08

COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA,

CASES 3 A N D 6

PLATE 1 8
I

. =

. .
_

. . .. _

- -- 7

-77

..=--:-

-7'

. - . _ _ - . - -

i -

.=_

. C

: - - = > A

-z-;.

A.

-.

%.
A

: .

z--

.... .A

i _ _ . ; -

.
0 35

0 30

0 25
0 ,

2 '

a
W A
W

0 20
--OBSERVED

V U

z a
W

V)

0
y,

0 15'

,/CASE

a
s

a
W

a
0 I 0

0 05

.--

-\,
10

0
0

02

0 4 0 8 PERIOD, SEC

08

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASE 6

PLATE 1 9

0 35

030-

0 25
IJ)

'z
4

F
( I

0
W

u u
4
W

J W

0 20

v,

Z 0

a.
y,
W

0 15,

a
f 2
W

n
0 I0

0 05

0
0

02

04

08 PERIOD, SEC

08

10

COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

C A S E S 6 AND 8

SHEAR M O D U L U S , 0 0I

KSF
4

20.

40
LL
L

x
l W

a .
0

60,

\
80
I I

--

-4-

I OD
L.

LEGEND --- -

CASE' 3 CASE 6 CASE 8

NOTE: MODULUS MODIFIED' FOR SHEAR STRAIN.

SHEAR MODULUS PROFILE MODIFIED FOR SHEAR STRAIN

PLATE 21

0 35.

0 30

0 25

m
'2

u a
W

0 I J W

OBSERVED

020,

V
W

u
Q.

cn

z
0 0 .
y,
W

0 15,

LL

f
4
W

a .
0 10,

I Ij
/
0 05

: y

\vt

\ ,I

1,

I
I

I '
0

' .
0.
0 0 2
04
0 6 PERIOD, SEC

08

10

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASE 8

PLATE 22

0 35

0 30

il,

' 1 I I

025.
m
2 '

I -

a
_t

1
0 20

' I I I
l

I I

1
1

a
W
W

!
I

I
I

U U

z a y,
W

0 15.

I I '

'

I I I
I t

lx
L
w

a
0 I0

OBSERVED

0 05

02

04

06

08

10

PERIOD, S E C

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASE 1 4

PLATE 23

PLATE 24

0.3 5

0.30

0.25

r n

9 0 I -

4
J

[ I

W W

0.20

u
V

ul

'.
0.15-

0
y,
W
( t .

,CASE

.
-CASE 2 0
0.10.

CL

0.05

\ -----0 0 0.2 0.4 . 0.8 PERIOD, SEC 0.8 I .O

COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASES 2 AND 2 0
7

PLATE 25

0 35

0 30

0.25
D

I -

2 '

a
W W
J

0 20

U V

W
V)

a cn 0 15
W

Q f

W Q

0. I 0

0 05

0.2

04 0 6 PERIOD, SEC

08

10

COMPARISON OF I D AND 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 R A D I A L COMPONENT CASES 4 A N D 2 2

.
0.35

0.30

0 . 25

+
a
W J W

2 -

0.20

0
U

0 .
y,

0
W

0.15

a a
W

a .
0. I 0

0.05

0.2

0.4

0.8' PERIOD, SEC

0.8

1 .O

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION I RADIAL C O M P O N E N T C A S E 23

PLATE 27

0 35

0 30

I,

p,
I

/'

I ' ' I
I

I
025
I

'

I
\ \

+
a
W

2 '

I I I I I I

I
\

z
a
s
4
W W

OBSERVED

0 2 04 08 08
PERIOD, SEC

10

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION I V E R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23

PLATE 28

0.35

0.30

0.25
0,

r.

0 + u

z '

I
0.20
I

a
W

V 4
W

ul
Z

a
W

y,

0.15

'

a
z

1 I

W-

0.

\
0.1 0'

\ \

&--0BSf RVED

n
0.05

0.2

0.4 0.8 PERIOD, SEC

0.8

1 .O

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

'

LOCAT ION 2 RADIAL COMPONENT CASE 2 3

PLATE 29

0351

0 30,

0 25
n ,
2 '

I -

a
w

a
W
J

I
020

,'\
\

\ '

a
W
( r

I . I I
/
1

I
\ \
-CASE 2 3

m 0 15,

a
W

a
0 10

-OBSERVED

0 05

0
0

0 2

0 4

0 8 PERIOD, SEC

08

10

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCAT I O N 2 VERT I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23

, PLATE 30

0 35

0 30

025
0,

2 '

u a
W J

0 -

0 20

U U

z a .
y,
W

W V)

0 15

a
z
W

a
a
0 I0

0 05

0
0

0.2

04

0.8

08
I

10

PERIOD, SEC

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE S P E C T R A

LOCATION 3 R A D I A L COMPONENT. C A S E 23
>

PLATE 3 1

0 35*

0 30

025
0)

, ' l

C
a
4

2 '

1 I I I I

V U

W J W

020

Ij,;
-CASE 23

W V)

n
V)
W (L:

0 15,

a
W

<
-OBSERVED
0. I 0

( 1

0.05

; J

0
0 0.2 0 4 0 6 PERIOD, SEC 0 8
10

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCAT l O N 3 VE R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23

PLATE 32

__

_ _ _.

-.

_. .
-

--

____.
&

.-

._
L

_-- -.A

-.

-.

- -.
- . .-

-.-&

.._--.
&

_/

-._ .. .

-..&

_.

1111111111111111111llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllmlllllllllllttttttttmttttttttttt~~~~~~~~w"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

0.35

0.30-

5 0.2
0

I -

2 '

OBSERVED

a
W _r
W

<
0.20

U U

<
z

ln

0
P
W

cn 0.15

a
W

* a

.
0.I0

0.05

0' 0

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.8

I .O

PERIOD, SEC

OBSERVED ANDCOMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 RADIAL COMPONENT C A S E 23

PLATE 3 3

0 35
3

0 30

025

0 l-

m z '

a
W
J

a
W

0 20

U U

Z 0

a
W

Y ,

0 15

I I I
I

a s a
W

a
0 I0

0 05

-.------0
0

0.2

04 08 PERIOD, SEC

08

10

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCAT ION 5 V E R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23
L

PLATE 34

- _ -

__.

_ __ _ _

.__

_ .L

. . I

-_

._.

_----- - . -

<.

-- _

.-.

..

._A

__ _

_:_
&

_.

- - - -- .
. . C

.-

0.35.

0.30.

0.2 5
(T,

'z
I-

a
W
J W

0.20

u u
d
W

z 0 n
m

0.15

a
s
Q
W

a
0.I 0

9,'
; I
1

I\ I

1 I

.I I

'

!!
I 6' I /

+-CASE I I

26

/
,

\(\,
\

0.05

.'
------,
0' 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1 :O

PERIOD, SEC

OBSERVED. AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCAT ION 3 RADIAL COMPONENT C A S E 26

PLATE 35

0 35

030,

025
0 ,

k
n
W

2 '

f-'\

020

!
I

' I

',
I

U U

-CASE 26

a .

- OBSERVED

\ \ 0.05

\ \

/ !

0 0

02

04

08

08

10

P E R I O D , SEC

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE S P E C T R A

L O C A T ION 3 V E R T I C A L COMPONENT CASE 2 6
6

PLATE 36

0 35

0 30

025.
0,

'z
I -

a
W

<
020, I\
I'

W U

<

u l
Z

0
[L

y,

0 15

a
z
4
W

a
0. I 0
I

N '"'

L'

0.05

0.2

0.4

0 8

08

10

P E R I O D , SEC

COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 RADIAL COMPONENT CASES 23 AND 27

PLATE 37

035r

0 30

CASE 27
025,
[T,

'z
I -

0 4

a
W
W
_J

020

U U

m Z 0 Q. m 0 15
W
(t

YZ
W

a
0 10,

0 05

0'
0

-02
04 08 08
10

P E R I O D , SEC

COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 VE R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E S 23 A N D 27
2

PLATE 38

0.35

0.30

0.25

cn
'2
I -

0 4

a.
W

0.20

V U

a
z

W V)

0
(L

y,
W

0.15

a
'L

17
\

-- OBSERVED

W Q

0. I 0

0.05

0.2

0.4

0.6 PERIOD, SEC

0.8

1 .O

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 0 RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 2 R A D I A L COMPONENT C A S E 27
'

PLATE 39

0 35

0 30

025
m
'2 0
I -

a
W _1

020?

U U

- OBSER YED
I

cn

z
W

0 0 .
y,

0 15

a
s
Q
W
(L

0
0

02 04 06
08
10

PEBIOD, SEC

OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE S P E C T R A

LOCATION 2 V E R T I C A L COMPONENT

C A S E 27
&

PLATE 40

This page intentionally left blank

This page intentionally left blank

1.
,

The f i r s t

6 s e c o f motion h i s t o r y f o r t h e r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l

components a r e shown i n p l a t e s A l through A 1 0 f o r l o c a t i o n s 1 through 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; a c c e l e r a t i o n response s p e c t r a a r e a l s o shown i n t h e s e plates. P l a t e s A l l and A12 show t h e observed r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l motion

h i s t o r i e s from PVT l o c a t i o n s

6 and 7.

The r a d i a l components were mea-

sured h o r i z o n t a l l y and p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e a x i s o f t h e dam; t r a n s v e r s e

. motion components were measured h o r i z o n t a l l y and p a r a l l e l t o t h e a x i s o f

t h e dam and a r e r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 2. have been modified f o r b a s e - l i n e histories.
2. A response spectrum i s t h e maximum r e s p o n s e of a single-degree-

The a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r i e s

s h i f t with a parabolic correction.

They have a l s o been i n t e g r a t e d t o produce v e l o c i t y and displacement

of-freedom system t o an a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r y , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . A l . In t h i s c a s e , t h e s p e c t r a a r e p l o t t e d a s c u r v e s o f maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n versus n a t u r a l period v a l u e s of

T T

f o r a v a l u e of damping

By v a r y i n g t h e
A re-

and

,a

complete s e t of c u r v e s i s developed.

sponse spectrum can be used a s a v e h i c l e t o compare t h e frequency cont e n t of various motion h i s t o r i e s .

WES b u t a r e not p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n .

The r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y and r e l a t i v e

displacement response s p e c t r a have been computed and a r e a v a i l a b l e from

K M
U U

<

D T

CIRCULAR F R E Q U E N C Y STIFFNESS MASS DAMPING PERIOD

CURVES FOR VARIOUS

RESPONSE SPECTRA

Fig. A l .

Response s p e c t r a

0. I
I .O

0,

0 +

2 '

0.0

J W

<
-0. I 2.0

2 0
C

< 0.6 u
w
J

; I
4
W

9b C R I T I C A L DAMPING
0.4

$
I .O
0 '

u
-U

.'

E * ' t

0 2
0

t:
w

>

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.0

I .O

1 .O

.PERIOD, SEC

b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

-2.0 0.1
N O T E : LOCATION I WAS ON THE SURFACE Of THE DAM AT THE CREST.

c
I 2 . W

5
4

-a

? !

-0.1

L
0

I
I .O

I 2 .O

1 3.0 TIME, SEC

I
4.0

I
5.0

1
8.0

a. M O T I O N HISTORY

MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM RADIAL.COMPONENT

LOCATION I

0.8

0)

2 .

0
W

; 0 . 8 LI
Y J

6 w

% CRITICAL DAMPING
4

. " :
0 .n

0 PERIOD, SEC

b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

N O T E : L O C A T I O N I WAS ON THE SURFACE OF THE DAM AT THE CREST.

z
I '

w
D 6
-1
6

v
1
I

Ul

-0.1

I I
4

J
8.0

MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION

0 '

.o

2 0

3 0 TIME, SEC

.o

5 0

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
V E R T I C A L COMPONENT
LOCATION I

a . ' M O T I O N HISTORY
~

045

0
O
0 38

2 '

2
w
U
_I

0
-0
I

i
027

2 0

u u

<

% CRITICAL DAMPING

w
$018
1 0
L
" w 7

u u L , n

r u

o
0

09

>

0,
>
- I

0
0

0 2

0 4

0 6

0 8

I 0

PERIOD, SEC

b ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

- 2

1 -

NOTE

L O C A T I O N 2 WAS ON THE DOWNSTREAM FACE OF DAM

z
I '

$'
6

u
_I

" l

a
-0
I

I
I

I 0

2 0

3 0
TIME, sEc

4 0

5 0

J 6 0

MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2

a M O T I O N HISTORY

.
1.00.8-

m
2 '

0
' i o.e u

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

I .o

PERIOD. SEC

b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

NOTE: LOCATION 2 WAS ON THC DOWNSTREAM FACE OF DAM.

0. I r

E
I -

.
. 0 ,

5
Q

I?
-0.1

I
0
I .O

MOTION HISTORY
I
* O .

I
3 0

I
4.0

I
.5 0

I
6.0

AND ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2

TIME,

SEC

a. M O T I O N HISTORY

r
0
1

l
J
U W

<
-0
I

0
W

i
6

20
J
Y

2 0

U
U

u L n 2 0 4 0
1 0

% C R I T I C A L DAMPING

'n

,
Z
>

0 0

u
0 w >
- I 0
0

0 2

0 1

0 6

0 8

1 0

PERIOD, SEC

b ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

-2
0

0 1 NOTE LOCATION 3 WAS NEAR TOE OF DAM

6
J
' n

- 0

I 1 0

I 2 0

I 3 0 TIME, SEC

I
4 0

I 5 0

I
6 0

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 3

MOT1ON HISTORY AND ACCELERATION

M O T I O N HISTORY

.
0. I
0

I .O

0
b -

1 '

2
u
J U

0 . 8

2
-0.1 2.0

0.8

u
u J
U

u
0.4

I .O
U

W LA

a
u

96 CRITICAL DAMPING
0.2 0

'

> '

0,
>

- 2I . 0 0 0. I

t
0
I 1.0

0 0.2 0.4

0.6

0.8

I .O

PERIOD. SEC

b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

NOTE: LOCATION 3 WAS NEAR TOE

oc

DAM.

3
I '

" l

-0.1,I 2.0

MOTION HISTORY
I

3 0 TIME, SEC

I 4.0

I 5.0

1
8.0

AND ACCELERATION

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 3

a. MOTION H I S T O R Y .

I
0
0

'2

0 +

2
U

w J

-0

2 0

1 0

% CRITICAL DAMPING

U
" 7

, z
0

.+ u
W 2

>

>
0
- I

0 2

0 4 0.8 P E R I O D . SEC

0 8

10

b ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

- 2 0

0 l r

NOTE

L O C A T I O N 4 WAS IN T H E GATE C H A M B E R

*w

Z
J

0 .

MOTION HISTORY
1 1 0

" 7

-0

L
0

I 2 0

3 0
TIME, SEC

I 4 0

I 5 0

I 6 0

AND ACCELERATION

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 4

M O T I O N HISTORY

0
0

0 35

0 $
Y J

2 '

0 28

u U

2
0
- 0 I

2 021 I
Y

2 0

J Y

r
Y

014

1 0
U
" l

a
Y

u l

a
% C R I T I C A L DAMPING

2
2 '

0 07
0

U
Y J

>
- I 0

0 0 2
D
d

0 I PERIOD. SEC

0 8

1 0

b ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

-2 0
0
1 -

NOTE

LOCATION 4 WAS IN THE GATE CHAMBER

z
I I d

:
4

-L
0 I 1 0

A A MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION

" l

- 0

1 2 0

I
3 0 T IUC, SCC

I
4 0

I 5 0

I
6 0

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 4

M O T I O N HISTORY

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.0

1.0

PERIOD, SEC

b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

- 0 . l L

I
0

1 1.0

1 2.0

I 3.0 TIME, SEC

I
4 .O

I
0.0

MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION

5.0

RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 5

a. M O T I O N HISTORY

1.0

111

2 '

d
Y J

0 . 8

u U

0
- 0 . 1 2.0

2
0.6

u u

:
J

Y
4

u
0.4 I .O
0 n

I n
a
W

U
Y " 7

% CRITICAL DAMPING
0 0

"

>

t
0
Y

>

- 1 .o

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

I .O

PERIOD. SEC

b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

- 2 . 0 0. I NOTE: LOCATION 5 W A S ON THE SURFACE OF THE ALLUVIAL VALLEY.

z
' e
W

u I
U

" l

-0.1

MOTION HISTORY
I
0

I
1.0

I 2 0

I
3 0 TIME, s c c

I
4.0

I
5 0

I
6 .O

AND ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 5

a. M O T I O N HISTORY

-I

2 ' -2 z
U)

D -

! z

RADIAL COMPONENT
2
I 1

S W
>

-A- .

-lo

I I

3
T I M E , SEC

VERTICAL COMPONENT

N O T E : L O C A T I O N 6 W A S A D J A C E N T TO L O C A T I O N 5 (ON T H E S U R F A C E O F THE ALLUVIAL VALLEY APPROXIMATELY 5 0 0 F T D O W N S T R E A M FROM LOCATION 3 )

MOTION H I S T O R I E S
LOCATION 6

PLATE All

-I

U
W
V)

'-2 z
> -

RADIAL COMPONENT

9
W

>

-I

-2

3
T I ME, SEC

VERTICAL COMPONENT
NOTE

: LOCATION

7 WAS AT A S E T T L E M E N T MARKER, 2OOFT W E S T OF L O C A T I O N I, O N T H E SURFACE' OF T H E D A M AT T H E CREST.

M O T I O N HISTORIES
LOCATION 7
, PLATE A12

This page intentionally left blank

This page intentionally left blank

Response s p e c t r a as defined i n Appendix A a r e shown i n p l a t e B 1 f o r t h e observed motion a t l o c a t i o n 5 R , which i s t h e r a d i a l component o f a c c e l e r a t i o n on t h e alluvium over 500 f t downstream from R i f l e Gap Dam. Acceleration response s p e c t r a computed from t h e 1D analyses f o r t h e var* . a l l p l a t e s i s 5 percent.

ious cases i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e shown i n p l a t e s ~ 2 - ~ 6 S . p e c t r a l damping i n

0.25

0 20

0 15

0.10

0 05

CASE 1, 8 0 F T TO BEDROCK
025

C A S E 2, 85 FT T O BEDROCK

0 20

i
0
W

2
J

0 IS

. Y

L J

0
Z 0 L w VI

lo

a
0 05

CASE 3. 9 0 F T TO BEDROCK

0 2

0 4 0 6 PERIOD. T, SEC

08

10

CASE 4, 100 F T TO BEDROCK

--

LEGEND

OBSERVED AT LOCATION 5 COMPUTED NOTE' MATERIAL ASSUMED TO BE SAND. SHEAR MODULUS C FROM VIBRATORY F I E L D M E T H O D WAS USED I N COMPUTATIONS. SIX SEC OF HORIZONTAL I N P U T MOTION.

PERIOD,

T, SEC

CASE 5, 110 F T TO BEDROCK

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 1 0 LUMPED-MASS ANALYSES CASES 1, 2, 3, 4, A N D 5

PLATE 8 1

0.25

0.20

II

rn

z
0

2
a
W

0.15

2
W
U U

a 0.10
Q
W

z 0
a

I 4 1 I rl\!\
1-

*I , I'
I
I

II

11

4,
I
\

V)

0 05

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

"%bl
-PERIOD, 1.0 T,0 SEC 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8
1.0

CASE 6, 9 0 F T TO BEDROCK
LEGEND
OBSERVED AT LOCATION L) COMPUTED

CASE 7, 1 1 0 FT TO BEDROCK

--

ACCELERATION RESPONSE

NOTE: MATERIAL ASSUMED TO BE C L A Y . SHEAR MODULUS C USED I N COMPUTATIONS SIX SEC OF HORIZONTAL INPUT MOTION.

SPECTRA FROM I D
CASES 6 AND 7

LUMPED-MASS ANALYSES

0 25

0 20

I5

0 10

0 05

2
IW

i
0

:
W A

U U

CASE 8, 80 F T T O BEDROCK

CASE 9, 9 0 F T T O BEDROCK

10 0 PERIOD, 1, SEC

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.8

1.0

CASE 10, 1 0 0 FT TO BEDROCK

1 0 FT TO BEDROCK CASE 1 1 , 1

-NOTE

LEGEND

OBSERVED AT LOCATION 5 COMPUTED MATERIAL ASSUMED T O BE SAND AND CLAY MIXED. CLAY MODULUS C MULTIPLIED BY 1 8 7 5 . SIX SEC OF HORIZONTAL INPUT USED.

A C C E L E R A T I O N RESPONSE SPECTRA F R O M I D L U M P E D - M A S S ANALYSES

CASES 8, 9, 10, A N D I I
b

PLATE 83

0. Z

0.4 '0.6 PERIOO, T. SEC

0.8

1.0

CASE 12, SIX SECONDS OF INPUT

LEGEND

--NOTE:

- COMPUTED

OBSERVED AT LOCATION 5

MATERIAL ASSUMED TO BE SAND AND CLAY MIXED. CLAY SHEAR MODULUS G MULTIPLIED BY 1.875. DEPTH TO BEDROCK IS 110 FT.

ACCELERATION RESPONSE
SPECTRA FROM I D LUMPED
PERIOD, T, SEC CASE 13. TWELVE SECONDS OF I N P U T

M A S S ANALYSES
CASES 1 1 , 12, A N D 1 3
'
,

PLATE 8 5

0.2 5

0.20

0.15

0.10

z P

0.05

:
J
W

U U 4

CASE 19, 80 F T OF LAYERED SAND A N D CLAY

PERIOD, T, SEC

CASE 20, 85 FT OF SAND

I n

0.25

VI P
W

0 20

0.15

LEGEND

o . 0 5
OBSERVED AT L O C A T I O N 5 COMPUTED 0.10 NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS C FROM VIBRATORY FIELD M E T H O D WAS USED IN COMPUTATIONS. OO 0.2 0.4 0.6 PERIOD, T , SEC

---

0.8

1 .O

CASE 2 1, 85 F T OF S A N D

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM ID FOURIER ANALYSIS M E T H O D CASES 19, 20, AND 2 1

This page intentionally left blank

This page intentionally left blank

The response s p e c t r a , a s d e f i n e d i n Appendix A , a r e given i n t h e

p l a t e s l i s t e d below f o r t h e computed and observed responses of t h e measurement. l o c a t i o n s a t R i f l e Gap Dam. The computed s p e c t r a a r e from t h e

2D analyses, and s p e c t r a l damping i n a l l p l a t e s i s 5 p e r c e n t .

Location

Plate
C1 C2

1R
1V

2R
2v

C3

3R

c4 c5
c6
c7
.

3v 5R 5v

c8

PLATE C1

MOOULI=l.5 C

I! ,],

II

CASE 22 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION
0.50

CASE 23 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 2 4 100 - F T FOUNDATION

" W l

f a 0.45 0

/
..-&loF

j DAMPING RE' DUCEO TO $

w .

i
20.40---i a
W

0 35

i li
I.

!
I

0 PERIOD, SEC

'

CASE 2 5 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION
LEGEND

CASE 2 6 8 0 - F T FOUNDAT I O N

CASE 27 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

---- OBSERVED
COMPUTED N O T E : S H E A R M O D U L U S C F R O M VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION W I T H 1 2 0 - F T CLAY EMBANKMENT.

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM . 2 D ANALYSIS

VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION I

PLATE C2

MODUL1=0.5 G

1
.J -.

--

i
I

--TT,

I I

I
.

I
I

J
W

CASE 22
100-FT FOUNDATION

u -0 5.0
W

CASE 23 100-FT FOUNDATION

100-FT

CASE 2 4 FOUNDATION

" 7

0
W

z
0.45---.+

!
--t
I

. F O,

1
1

i DAMPING
I

; DUCED TO

RE-

D A M MOOUL I

= 2.5

CASE 2 2

a
W

j
I

0.40-

i FOUNDATION MODULI =I1.5 G i 1 I !

'

0 35.-

!
I

,
I

!
0 30---

.
i
I
I

.
'

I-+-- -- -. - - -

L-. -.

0.25.-

-- -

- .. .

. ..-

... - - --

PERIOD, SEC

CASE 2 5 100-FT FOUNDATION

LEGEND

CASE 2 6 8 0 - F T FOUNDATION

C A S E 27 109 FT FOUNDAT ION

----

OBSERVED COMPUTED

NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS C F R O M VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION W I T H 1 2 0 - F T C L A Y EMBANKMENT.

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 2 D ANALYSIS

RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2

PLATE C3

CASE 22 100-FT FOUNDATION

PERIOD, SEC

CASE 2 5 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 26 8 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 2 7 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

---- OBSERVED
COMPUTED NOTE: S H E A R M O D U L U S G F R O M VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION WITH 120-FT CLAY EMBANKMENT.

LEGEND

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 2 D ANALYSIS

VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2 .

PLATE c4

0.45

0:40

-' 0 . 3 5

0.30

0.25

3
. t CASE 22 100-FT FOUNDATION CASE 23 100-FT
RE-

-'

1i !

0.20

0.I 5

0.10
b

2
l-

Z-0.05

W J

u
Y

u
VI

(5 0 " 0 .

z
Y

% 0.45
a
x
W

i i -i
I

FOUNDATION

CASE 2 4 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

DAMP&G

, DUCED TO

I DAM MODULI = 2 . 5 G '

-OF

CASE. 2 2

, FOUNDATIONMOOULI = 1.5 G
I
I

j
---

0.40

a .
.

7 -

PERIOD, SEC

CASE 25 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION
LEGEND

CASE 26 8 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 27 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDAT ION

---- OBSERVED
COMPUTED
NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS G FROM VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION WITH 1 2 0 - F T C L A Y C M ~ A N B M E N T .

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 2 D ANALYSIS

RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 3

PERIOD, SEC

CASE 25 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 26 8 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 2 7 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

----

LEGEND
OBSERVED COMPUTED

NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS C F R O M VIBRATORY FIELD TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION WITH 120-FT C L A Y EMBANKMENT.

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 2 D ANALYSIS

R A D I A L COMPONENT
LOCATION 5
I

PLATE C7

CASE 2 4

'0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.00

0.2

0.4 0.6 PERIOD, SEC

0.8

1.00

0.2

0.1

0.6

0.8

1.0

CASE 25 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 2 6 8 0 - F T FOUNDATION

CASE 27 100 - F T FOUNDAT ION

---- O B S E R V E D
COMPUTED NOTE: SHEAR M O D U L U S C F R O M VIBRATORY FIELD TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION W I T H 1 2 0 - F T CLAY EMBANKMENT.

LEGEND

ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 2 D ANALYSIS

VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCAT ION 5

PLATE ~8

This page intentionally left blank

APPENDIX D:
\

SEISMIC FIELD STUDY

This page intentionally left blank

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

WATERWAYS E X P E R I M E N T STAT I O N . CORPS OF E N G I N E E R S

P. 0. B O X 631
VICKSBURG. MISSISSIPPI 39180

IN R C C L V

~crsn TO,

WESSD

3 1 March 1 9 7 1

MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD

SUBJECT: Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado,, 16-28 November ,1970

1. A seismic f i e l d study was conducted a t R i f l e Gap Dam n e a r R i f l e ,

Colorado, during t h e p e r i o d 16-28 November 1970. T h i s f i e l d s t u d y cons i s t e d of conventional s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y and r e f r a c t i o n seismic t e s t s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e t e s t s , a n o t h e r seismic t e s t was conducted i n which t h e Rayleigh wave t r a i n w a s r e c o r d e d . f i e purpose of t h e s e tests w a s t o provide seismic information r e l a t i v e t o s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s w i t h i n t h e R i f l e Gap Dam and o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n on t h e downstream s i d e of t h e dam. S p e c i f i c a l l y , - compress i o n w a v e v e l o c i t i e s , depth t o i n t e r f a c e s , bedrock c o n f i g u r a t i o n , and s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s a s a function of depth were t o b e determined from t h e f i e l d s t u d y . Ano t h e r purpose of t h e s e i s m i c tests, i n which t h e Rayleigh wave t r a i n was recorded was t o determine Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t i e s w i t h depth (Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method) s o t h a t a' comparison and e v a l u a t i o n o f d a t a could be m d e between t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method and t h e sur-face v i b r a t o r y method.
2 . Messrs. F. K. Chang, M. M. Carlson, and J. R. Curro, Jr., v i s i t e d t h e s i t e t o perform t h e s u b j e c t s t u d y . P r i o r t o a r r i v i n g a t t h e t e s t s i t e , mechanical d i f f i c u l t i e s were encountered w i t h t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n v e h i c l e i n Denver and F r i s c o , Colorado. These mechanical breakdowns caused a time l o s s of some f o u r days. When t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n v e h i c l e was repaired, Messrs. Chang and Curro .proceeded t o Grand J u n c t i o n , Colorado, t o meet with o u r c o n t a c t , M r . B i l l McCleneghan, Bureau o f Reclamation. M r . Carlson drove t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n v e h i c l e t o t h e Rifle Gap Dam test s i t e . M r . McCleneghan was presenTed w i t h a p l a n o f t e s t s which were t o be performed a t t h e test s i t e . He approved t h e p l a n of t e s t s , b u t s t i p u l a t e d t h a t c h a r g e s i z e s be l i m i t e d t o 2 l b and detonated i n shotholes l e s s t h a n 5 f t deep. He a l s o r e q u e s t e d t h a t a n y h o l e s caused by t h e d e t o n a t i o n o f e x p l o s i v e s b e b a c k f i l l e d . During t h e course of conversation, M r . Curro a s k e d about w a t e r l e v e l s in piezome t e r s t h a t were located on t h e downstream s i d e o f t h e dam a b o u t 100 ft from t h e t o e . M r . McCleneghan s t a t e d t h a t approximately s i x weeks p r i o r t o 20 November, a l l piezometer p i p e s were overflowing. A t t h e p r e s e n t time (20 ~ovember), water l e v e l s i n t h e p i e z o m e t e r s were a b o u t 2-3 ft above t h e ground s u r f a c e toward t h e west end o f t h e dam and 2-3 ft below t h e ground s u r f a c e toward t h e e a s t end o f t h e dam.

W E S SD SUBJECT:

3 1 March 1971 Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado, 16-28 November 1970

M r . McCleneghan a l s o o b t a i n e d . p e r m i s s i o n from t h e Colorado S t a t e ' Highway Department f o r t h e conduct o f a ' v i b r a t o r y t e s t on S t a t e Highway 325 which t r a v e r s e s t h e c r e s t o f t h e dam.
E S c o n t i n g e n t went t o t h e 3. A f t e r meeting w i t h M r . McCleneghan, t h e W R i f l e Gap Dam t e s t s i t e , m e t M r . C a r l s o q and made a v i s u a l reconnaissance o f the site. N o s e e p a g e from t h e embankment and no p i p i n g o r s a n d b o i l s from t h e f o u n d a t i o n were observed. M r . S. W. GUY, Instrument a t i o n Branch, WES; j o i n e d t h e f i e l d p a r t y 2 0 November f o r t h e conduct of t h e v i b r a t o r y tests and r e t u r n e d t o W E S on 23 November. 4 . Seven r e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c t r a v e r s e s , s e v e n seismic t r a v e r s e s f o r t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method, and t h r e e v i b r a t o r y t r a v e r s e s were r u n a t t h e R i f l e Gap D a m site'. R e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c . t r a v e r s e s S-1 through S-6 are shown i n I n c l 1 and S-7 is shown i n I n c l 2. The s e i s m i c t r a v e r s e s f o r t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method were l o c a t e d i n t h e same p o s i t i o n as t h e r e f r a c t i o n seismic t r a v e r s e s . The v i b r a t o r y t r a v e r s e s (V-1 through V-3). were l o c a t e d as shown i n I n c l 3. 5. The d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e r e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c t e s t s ( t r a v e r s e s S-1 through S-7) are shown i n t h e t i m e v e r s u s d i s t a n c e p l o t s , I n c l s 4-7. The t i m e v e r s u s d i s t a n c e p l o t s were used t o c o n s t r u c t s u b s u r f a c e p r o f i l e s f o r t h e s e i s m i c d a t a . The s u b s u r f a c e p r o f i l e is shown in I n c l 8 f o r t r a v e r s e s S-1 and S-2, i n I n c l 9 f o r t r a v e r s e s . S - 3 and S-4, and i n I n c l 10 f o r t r a v e r s e s S-5 and S-6. A s u b s u r f a c e p r o f i l e f o r t r a v e r s e S-7 c o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u c t e d because it was s h o t i n o n l y one d i r e c t i o n . 6. The seismic d a t a ( I n c l s 7-10) i n d i c a t e d one minor and t h r e e major v e l o c i t y zones. The minor v e l o c i t y zone was n e a r t h e s u r f a c e of t h e ground w i t h a maximum t h i c k n e s s o f 4 f t and had v e l o c i t i e s t h a t ranged from 1000 t o 1200 f p s . The thre; major v e l o c i t y zones were, 1400 t o 2500 f p s w i t h a maximum t h i c k n e s s o f a b o u t 37 f t , 4800 t o 8600 f p s with a maximum t h i c k n e s s o f a b o u t 116 f t , and 10,800 t o 12,500 f p s f o r t h e bedrock v e l o c i t y zone. Bedrock w a s encountered a t a maximum depth of 130 f t below t h e ground surface. 7. Data o b t a i n e d from t h e v i b r a t o r y t r a v e r s e s are p l o t t e d a s number of waves v e r s u s d i s t a n c e from which s h e a r (Rayleigh) wave v e l o c i t i e s a r e determined. These p l o t s a r e shown f o r t r a v e r s e s V-1 t h r o u g h V-3 i n I n c l s 11-13, r e s p e c t i v e l y . From t h e d a t a t a k e n from t h e number of waves v e r s u s d i s t a n c e p l o t s , surface wave v e l o c i t y is simply c a l c u l a t e d a s wavelength times frequency. Assuming t h a t t h e surface wave v e l o c i t y is e q u a l t o t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y and is a p p l i c a b l e a t . a depth e q u a l t o o n e - h a l f t h e wavelength, p l o t s o f s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y v e r s u s depth were p r e p a r e d f o r t r a v e r s e s V-1 t h r o u g h V-3, as shown i n I n c l s 14-16, respectively. For t r a v e r s e V-1, t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y g e n e r a l l y

W E S S D SUBJECT:

3 1 March 1 9 7 1 Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado, 16-28 November 1970

increased from 560 f p s a t a d e p t h o f 7 f t t o 750 f p s a t 93.5 ft. A s l i g h t l y lower v e l o c i t y o f 495 fps a t a d e p t h o f 1 1 f t was noted. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y f o r t r a v e r s e V-2 i n c r e a s e d from 625 fps a t a depth of 6.5 f t t o 1085 f p s a t 108.5 ft. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y f o r t r a v e r s e .V-3 i n c r e a s e d from 700 f p s a t a depth o f 7 f t t o 960 f p s a t 32 ft, t h e n showed a s h a r p d e c r e a s e i n v e l o c i t y t o 805 f p s a t 33.5 f t . The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y i n c r e a s e d a g a i n t o 1090 f p s a t 90 f t . The d a t a p o i n t s t are q u e s t i o n a b l e b e c a u s e o f s i g n a l q u a l i t y . . a t 97 f t and 117.5 f 8. The p l o t s of s h e a r modulus, .G , v e r s u s depth f o r t r a v e r s e s V-1 through V-3 a r e shown in I n c l s 17-19, r e s p e c t i v e l y . S h e a r modulus is equal t o t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y s q u a r e d t i m e s t h e mass d e n s i t y . F o r t r a v e r s e s V - 1 and V-2, a wet u n i t w e i g h t o f 120 p c f w a s used above 50 ft and 130 p c f below 50 ft. For t r a v e r s e V-3, a w e t u n i t weight o f 135 pcf was used f o r a l l depths. The s h e a r modulus ranged from 63,50 p s i t o 33,800 p s i a s shown i n I n c l s 17-19. 9. Only t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e R a y l e i g h wave v e l o c i t y s e i s m i c t e s t s conducted a l o n g t r a v e r s e s S-1 and S-2 and a l o n g t r a v e r s e S-7 are p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s memorandum. The o t h e r two s e i s m i c tests c r o s s e d o v e r a c r e e k about 1 0 f t deep and t h e Rayleigh wave e n e r g y was n o t w e l l d e t e c t e d which may i n d i c a t e t h a t a t r e n c h could b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e normal propagation o f Rayleigh wave e n e r g y . There were a l s o o t h e r problems encountered i n o b t a i n i n g good d a t a from t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n seismic t e s t s . The most d i f f i c u l t problem was o b t a i n i n g u s a b l e amplitudes o f t h e Rayleigh wave t r a i n . A m p l i f i e r g a i n s a r e c r i t c a l and must be a d j u s t e d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c h a r g e s i z e . If t h e g a i n s a r e t o o h i g h , t h e d a t a traces w i l l exceed t h e o s c i l l o g r a m width and b e l o s t . Conversely, i f t h e g a i n s are t o o low, t h e Rayleigh wave train w i l l n o t b e d e t e c t e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e caused a number o f s h o t s t o b e r e p e a t e d . Another problem is t h e e r r o r i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e d a t a caused by s h o o t i n g i n o r n e a r t h e o r i g i n a l d i s t u r b e d s h o t h o l e . When t h e i n i t i a l c h a r g e i s detonated, it produces a c a v i t y i n t h e s3i1, t h u s c a u s i n g a n o t h e r charge d e t o n a t e d i n t h e same s h o t h o l e t o produce d a t a somewhat d i f f e r e n t from t h e o r i g i n a l s h o t . 1 0 . The r e s u l t s o f t h e Rayleigh wave seismic t e s t a l o n g t r a v e r s e s S-1 and S-2 a r e shown i n I n c l 2 0 a l o n g w i t h t h e d a t a from v i b r a t o r y traverse V-1. . The Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t y from t h i s t e s t i s determined a s t h e d i s t a n c e between two geophones d i v i d e d b y t h e , t i m e r e q u i r e d t o t r a v e l between t h e same two geophones. The Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t i e s a r e a b o u t two t o t h r e e t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s determined from t h e v i b r a t o r y d a t a . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t d a t a from two b o r i n g l o g s have b e e n i n c l u d e d i n I n c l 20. Data from b o r i n g DH21, which i n d i c a t e s two d i s t . i n c t b o u n d a r i e s a t d e p t h s o f 56 and 84 ft,

'

WESSD SUBJECT:

3 1 March 1970 Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado, 16-28 November 1970

c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h t h e Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e . However, o t h e r b o r i n g s i n t h e a r e a , such as b o r i n g DH22 ( I n c l 20), i n d i c a t e a d i f f e r ence as r e g a r d s d e p t h s a t which certain materials a r e encountered. The r e s u l t s o f t h e Rayleigh wave seismic t e s t a l o n g t r a v e r s e S-7, which w a s s h o t up t h e f a c e o f t h e dam, i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e d i r e c t compression and s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s o b t a i n e d were 4000 a n d 1900 fps, r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e embankment as shown in I n c l 21. The a v e r a g e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y determined from t h e v i b r a t o r y d a t a ( t r a v e r s e V-3) was a b o u t 900 f p s and t h e compression-wave v e l o c i t y was 4800 f p s from t r a v e r s e S-7.
'

'

1 1 . Thus f a r , r e a s o n s f o r d i f f e r e n c e s between s u r f a c e , v i b r a t o r y , and Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n d a t a h a v e n o t b e e n determined. It is suggested t h a t t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y d a t a b e used as a lower bound . and t h e maximum R a y l e i g h wave v e l o c i t y d a t a b e used as t h e upper bound f o r t h e material property description.

21 Incl

J. R. CURRO, JR.
Geophys i c i s t V i b r a t o r y Loads S e c t i o n

as
CF w/ i n c l : M r . S. J. Johnson

Shotpoint Seismic traverse no. and d i r e c t i o n 1"= 2 00

O

SRI

'

SEISMIC T!ST LAYOUT Rifle Gap Dam, Colorado

Inclosure 1

o
X

Shotpoint Geophones

1"= 100 f t .

S5ISP;IC TEST WYOiJT Traverse 5-7 (up f a c e of d m ) R i f l e Gap Dam, Colorado

Inclosure 2

Vibrator location Vibration t r a v e r s e no. and d i r e c t i o n

VIBRATCISY m T LAYOUT Z f l e Gap Dam, Colorado

1 "= 200 f t .

Inclosure 3

'-t

2
0

F
ID

Traverses S-1 and S-2

I

.STANCZ
and S-4

0 Traverse S-5
X

Distance, ft. TIMIX versus DISTANCE Traverses S-5 and S-6

Traverse S-6

:
t-'

;
i D

,1 .. .., . ,;, , ,
'Ti'

/>

,- .;I.:

ijl~;~:~?~~''~:

..::::.i.:

;-7 (up face of dam)

Zast ,

Distance ft

. .

APPR0XC;AT:I PROFILE O F SUBSURFACE !~IATUIIAIS Traverses S-1 and S-2

North,

Distance, ft.

APPROXS34ATE PROFILE OF SUBSURFACE NATERIALS

Traverses S-3 and S-4

I .'
I

H
0

I-'

I
I

E
:

0
'

I-'

APPltOl!llihTiS PROl"'CL2 31: SUElmI?AC:<ilATXR1I;LS

Traverses S-5 and S-6

Inclosure 1 1

Inclosure 1 2

I n c l o s u r e 13

Velocity,

fps

SHZAR dAVZ VZLOCITY versus DEPTH

Traverse V-1 Yest

6

Velocity,

fps

SHEAR HAVE VEI.OCITY versus DSPTH Traverse V-2 North

I n c l o s u r e 16

10

3 Shear Moduli. 10 psi '15 2 9 2 5 3,O Shear doduli, ld kips/sq. 2 . L 1 3.2 L . 0 I

d.

SHEAR MODULI versus DEPTH

Traverse V-1

3 Shear Moduli, 10 osi 2 0 30

SHEllR MODULI versus DEPTH

Traverse V-2

3
Shear Moduli, 10 psi

SHEAR I*IODULI versus DEPTH Traverse V-3

Comparison Of Kayleigh W a v e Velocities versus Depth(along Traverses ,S-1 and S-2) and Shear Wave Velocities versus Depth(Traverse V-1)

TDU versus 'DISTANCE Rayleigh Wave Seismic ~ e s t ( u p face of dam)

This page intentionally left blank

Unclassified
..
securityC l a s s i f i c a t i o n

I
(S.~,,,I~~ c ~ r ~ ~ r l l c = t r oo f tltl*. n
'I.

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA

body 01 = b a r r r c t and Ind.xln#
O R 0 , G l N A T l N G A C T I V I T V fCO)PO.*t*

-R 6D
Ir.

.
when the o.~~.II r.por~ 1 , clm..lllrd,
R E P O R T SKCURITV
CLASSICICATION

. n n o t = t l m muat & .nt.r*d

*"thol)

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n Vicksburg, M i s s i s s i p p i

3. R E P O R T T I T L E

~ n c l a s s 'fii e d
~ b GIOUP .

EARTHQUAKE: RESISTANCE O F E A R T H AND ROCK-FILL DAMS; Report 2, ANALYSIS O F RESPONSE O F N D E R G R O U N D NUCLEAR DETONATION RIFLE G A P DAM TO PROJECT RULISON U
NOTES f f l p .

m. OESCIIPTIVL

01 t*pcat a d I n c l u ~ l ~ d.t*o) *

Report 2 of a s e r i e s
5 . ~ u ~ u o R t(F1t.1 l 1

nome. middle Inltl*l.

1a.t

n*m*J

James E. Ahlberg Jack Fowler Lyman W. Heller

8. R E P O R T O A T E

7..

TOTAL'WO.

O F PACKS

7b. NO. O C R L C S

June 1972
or. C O N T R A C T
01G R A N T N O .

132
9 . . ORIOINATOR.S

10
R E P O R T NUMLIISI

b. P R O J E C T N O .

I,

M i s c e l l a n e o u s Paper S-71-17,

Report 2

C.

ob. O T u L R n L P o l l T N O I S I (Any other numb.thl* n p o n )

h.t.ur

& r**I@.d

d.
10. D I S T R I B U T I O N S T A T E Y C N T

Approved f o r p u b l i c r e l e a s e ; d i s t r i b u t i o n u n l i m i t e d .
II

SUPPLEYLNTARV NOTES

II. S P O N S O R I N G Y I L I T A R V

ACTIVITV

O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers, U. S. Amy Washington, D. C . The motion of R i f l e Gap Dam w a s measured i n September 1969 during t h e P r o j e c t RULISON underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n . The observed r e s p o n s e w a s then compared with t h e response computed i n a mathematical model. Observed and computed responses were s i m i l a r . From t h i s study it appears t h a t t h e mathematical models used a r e applicable t o t h e des i g n and a n a l y s i s of s o i l s t r u c t u r e s , a t l e a s t f o r ground motion i n t e n s i t i e s comparable t o t h o s e observed a t R i f l e Gap D m .

DD ,'27,,1473

I m C L A C C m 00 C O I Y 1.7.. I J A N S1. W W I C I I . o m s o L m y m .om Am-* u r n .

I
Unclassified
Security C l ~ ~ ~ i f i c ~ t i o n

Unclassified
Security Classification
I a.

LINK A

LINK W T ROLE

I)

K C V W0110S

LINK
T

C
. , I

'

ROLE

ROLL

Earth dams Earthquake-resistant structures Ground motion Mathematical models Nuclear explosion effects Rifle Gap Dam Rock-fill dams Rulison (h-oject ) Underground explosions

Unclassified
Security CIsaaification