Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TOPIC 2
2.1 Synopsis
This topic is an extension of the Listening and Speaking module in WAJ3102. This unit enables you to acquire the skills in listening and speaking. Listening is a skill, which can be developed by knowing what it is and acquiring some effective strategies and techniques of successful listening. Speaking involves a number of routines conducted simultaneously by the speaker and the listener.
2.3 Topic Framework Listening Skills What makes a good listening text? LISTENING Effective Content and Delivery for Listening Listening Practice to a Variety of texts Oral Response to Speeches and Lectures
SPEAKING
2.4
Listening Skills
Listening is a very important skill that everyone should master because we spend nearly 60% of our working hours listening to a variety of things being said to us and around us. Listening is the ability to identify and understand what others are saying. This involves understanding a speakers accent, his grammar and vocabulary, and grasping his meaning.
23
2.4.8 2.4.9
Content
What is effective content for Listening ? Look at the features given in the following table.
24
Features
Interest factor Genre Cultural accessibility Speech acts/ Discourse structure Information Language level Lenght
Questions to ask Will this be interesting for my students? Is it in a genre easily recognised by my students?
Will my students understand the context and ideas? Does it discuss abstract concepts or is it based on everyday transactions? Too much information given at one time? Or too little ? Is the majority of the vocabulary and grammar appropriate for my students? Will I need to cut part of the recording because it is too long? Or is it too short?
2.6
Listening is an active process and has three basic steps. They are hearing, understanding and judging 2.6.1 Hearing Hearing means listening enough to catch what the speaker is saying. For instance, if you were listening to a verbal documentary on cats and the speaker mentioned that many animals belong to the cat family. If you can repeat the fact, then you have heard what has been said. 2.6.2 Understanding Understanding happens when you take what you have heard and understand it in your own way. Lets go back to the documentary on cats. When you hear that many animals belong to the cat family, think about what that might mean. You may think, Maybe this means that animals having certain features an 2.6.3 Judging Judging occurs when you understand what the speaker has said and think about whether it makes sense. Do you believe what you have heard? You might think. How could animals which we call by different names be all in the cat family? But, then again, when we bring in our knowledge of the world about human beings for example, we fall under one category called human beings and yet categorise ourselves as being Malay, Chinese, Indian, and others, according to our race. Thus, the information in the documentary we have just listened to seems believable. 25
2.7.4
2.7.5 2.7.6
26
response.The response can be in any form as long as it follows up to show that the listener understands. If meaning is unclear, follow-up can be in the form of asking for clarification to ascertain a fact. This can be seen in the following sequence. 2.9.1 Listening for meaning sequence Listening effectively for meaning in a dialogue involves the following sequence: Trigger meaning Signal meaning Response to signal
Task 1 : Groupwork Get into groups of 4. Get 2 group members to carry out the conversation. The other two will listen to the following conversation and indicate the language function and the sequence as : T for Trigger; S for signal; R for response; F for follow-up Sequence Function F2 Mahmud. Ah, Mahmud loves to play, to play competitive games, gets upset 0. T 0. to inform when he lostes. F1 Mmm, pardon? 1 ____ 2. __________
27
F2 Huh? F1 Pardon? F2 Gets upset when he loses. F1 Huh? F2 Loses. F1 Mmm. Mmm. He likes to ball, play ball games you mean? F2 Thats right. Thats what I mean. Answer F2 Mahmud. Ah, Mahmud loves to play, to play competitive games, gets upset when he lostes. F1 Mmm, pardon? F2 Huh? F1 Pardon? F2 Gets upset when he loses. F1 Huh? F2 Loses. F1 Mmm. Mmm. He likes to ball, play ball games you mean? F2 Thats right. Thats what I mean.
1. S 3. S 5. S 6. R 8. S 9. R 10. F 12. R
2. To ask 4. To ask 5 To ascertain 7. To exlain 9. To ask 10. To tell 11. To reaffirm 13. To confirm
28
3.1 Listening Text Types Below are some of the listening texts that we often need to listen to critically: 3.1.1 Forum
A forum can be defined as a public meeting or a programme (as on radio or television) involving discussion of a problem usually by several authorities and usually among experts. It is an open discussion involving audience participation. Example : Money Matters 3.1.2 Speech A speech is a talk or public address. The best impromptu speeches are the ones written well in advance. Giving a speech is also an act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or perceptions by the articulation of words. Example : Formal speeches given by ministers, corporate leaders, educationists 3.1.4 Documentary A documentary is a creative work of non-fiction. This includes documentary film, television, radio documentary and documentary photography. Example : Animal Planet, National Geographic 3.1.5 News News is any information or information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience. News is also the reporting of current information on television and radio, and in the newspapers and magazines. Examples : Business News, BBC News, CNN, Channel News Asia 3.1.6 Multimedia Resources
29
Exercise 1 1. TELEVISION DOCUMENTARY Watch and listen to a television documentary. Identify the issue/s being discussed and give your personal response. 2. NEWS REPORT Listen to the English news either on television or radio. List three issues that made the headlines today. News 1: __________________________________________________
News 2: __________________________________________________ News 3: ___________________________________________________ Provide reasons why they made the headlines. News 1: ____________________________________________________ News 2 _____________________________________________________ News 3 _____________________________________________________ 3. MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES 30
WAJ3103 English Language Proficiency 11 Listen to an English song. Identify and analyse an issue reflected in the song that you have chosen. ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
4.0 SPEAKING What is spoken language? ...the ability to speak a language is synonymous with knowing that language since speech is the most basic means of human communication. Nevertheless, speaking in a second or foreign language has often been viewed as the most demanding of the four skills (Bailey and Savage, 1994) 4.1 ORACY Oral Communication Oral communication is a vital component of the English language arts curriculumn and provides base for growth in reading, writing and listening abilities. Oracy consists of both verbal and non-verbal communication is culture specific and be aware of the differences that may exist across cultures when students express themselves non-verbally. Oral comunication is a two way process between speaker and listener and involves productive skill of speaking and receptive skill of understanding (or listening with understanding) Receptive does not imply passive both in listening and reading, language users are actively involved in the process of interpreting and negotiating meanings. 4.1.1Verbal Communication: This involves articulatory organs that produce sounds which compose of words and sentence structure. By incorporating grammatical forms and vocabulary, speakers are able to express the desired meaning. 4.1.2 Non-Verbal Communication 31
WAJ3103 English Language Proficiency 11 Non-Verbal Communication includes a variety of gestures, expressions anmd signalling devices (stress and intonation). Through face to face interaction, a speaker can use a whole range of facial expressions and general body language to help convey the message.
5. 0 Speaking Activities
Listen to and make short notes based on the following lecture of how to conduct a Speaking lesson. Class, we are going to look at the General outline of a speaking lesson. Speaking lessons can follow the usual pattern of preparation, presentation, practice, evaluation, and extension. The teacher can use the preparation step to establish a context for the speaking task (where, when, why, and with whom it will occur) and to initiate awareness of the speaking skill to be targeted (asking for clarification, stressing key words, using reduced forms of words). In presentation, the teacher can provide learners with a preproduction model that furthers learner comprehension and helps them become more attentive observers of language use. Practice involves learners in reproducing the targeted structure, usually in a controlled or highly supported manner. Evaluation involves directing attention to the skill being practised and asking learners to monitor and assess their own progress.
Finally, Production consists of activities that ask learners to use the strategy or skill in a different context or authentic communicative situation, or to integrate use of the new skill or strategy with previously acquired ones. I hope you were able to take note of the various stages in a Speaking lesson.
32
(Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997; Carter & McCarthy, 1995).
Task 1- Pair-work Get a partner and compare the short notes that you have taken. Then form groups of four and discuss the stages in a Speaking lesson.
Task 2 With the help of a mind-map, present your notes to the class in the form of mini-lectures.
Exercise 1
Your class is organizing a project for the following semester holidays. The following are some of the suggestions made by the members of the class for the project:
1. Organise an educational trip to an Orang Asli settlement in Cameron Highlands. 2. Participate in a foster family programme with a group of FELDA settlers in Jengka. 3. Go on a study trip to Borobudur in Indonesia 4. Conduct free tuition classes for the underprivileged school children near your campus. Think of various ways of agreeing and disagreeing with each of the suggestions above. List them. Support your opinion appropriately.
___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 33
WAJ3103 English Language Proficiency 11 ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
6.0
P A P E R S
P Projection A Articulation P Pronunciation E Enunciation R - Repetition S - Speed
34
Attributes of Good Communicators Take turns to talk Speak quietly Choose your words carefully, use appropriate language Think before you speak Show respect for each other Negotiate try to reach an agreement Use Standard English Say what you think Vary your expression to interest your audience Support and include everyone in the group Explain your ideas and opinions clearly and fully
35
Task 3 Read the information on Successful Presentation above and on Attributes of Good Communicators Get the course participants to respond to the topics by giving their opinions in a one-minute speech.
are used to connect words and sentences which follow sequence of events and actions. Examples:
Sequence connectors Firstly, secondly.. next, then, after, later Uses To show events happen orderly Examples When I reach my office, first, I have my coffee. Then, I enter my class to teach. Finally, I go home at 1pm.
36
Exercise 1 Put each group of sentences in order . Use the expression first, next, then and finally, one for each sentence. a. He recovered. b . John got a cold and flu. c. He called the doctor. d. John played football in the rain e. It was a wet and cold evening. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Exercise 2 a. The tea is now ready to be served b. Boil water. c. Pour hot water into the teapot. d. Prepare tea sachets and a teapot. e. You may add sugar and milk 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Answers Exercise 1
a. He recovered. b . John got a cold and flu. c. He went to see a doctor. d. John played football in the rain e. It was a wet and cold evening. 1. It was a wet and cold evening. 2. John played football in the rain. 3. As a result, John got a cold and flu. 4. So he went to see a doctor. 5. Finally , he recovered.
Exercise 2
a. The tea is now ready to be served b. Boil water. c. Pour hot water into the teapot. d. Prepare tea sachets and a teapot. e. You may add sugar and milk 1. Firstly, boil water 2. Next, prepare tea sachets and a teapot 3. After that pour hot water into the teapot. 4. You may add sugar and milk 5. Finally, the tea is now ready to be served.
Fill in the dialogue with appropriate phrases. Then you may role play the dialogue to practise speaking. 37
WAJ3103 English Language Proficiency 11 Situation 1 : The waiter doesnt have what the customer wants. You : Could I have fried noodles, please?
Waiter : ____________________________________________ You please. Situation 2 : Rahim arrives home. Hasnah : Did you remember to buy me some _________________? Rahim : Oh ________________ I completely forgot. : Oh, it doesnt matter then. Ill just have a cup of coffee,
Hasnah : Well, I hope you remembered to post my letters. Rahim : Hasnah : Rahim : What letters? The ones I gave you this morning. Oh ______________They are still at the office.
Situation 3 : Kikin has just won an essay competition. Kikin : Papa, Ive won the essay competition! Papa : ____________________ You made it! Kikin : ____________ Papa, for your support and guidance. Papa : Oh well, I know you are good like your papa. Kikin : Oh yes, like they say, like father like daughter. DON T BE AFRAID TO SPEAK. SPEAK UP AND BE HEARD!!!
38