Third Year: Practical Work Book For The Course EE-394 Communication System

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK
For The Course

EE-394 Communication System

For

Third Year
(Telecommunication Engineering)

Name of Student: _________________________________________________

Class: ________________________________Batch :____________________

Discipline: __________________________________________________

Class Roll No.: ________________Examination Seat No._________________

Compiled by: Engr. Jagdesh K Shivani (Lecturer)
Supervised by: Dr. Abdul Qadir (Professor)

TELECOMMUNICATION LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi-75270, Pakistan

INDEX
CS (TC)

S.NO DATE OBJECTIVES
SIGNATURE
1

Fourier synthesis of a square wave.

2

To observe the normal operation of Pulse amplitude
modulator and demodulator.

3

To study / investigate the behavior and characteristics of
LOW PASS FILTER using variable filter module.

4

HIGH PASS FILTER using variable filter module.

5

BAND PASS FILTER using variable filter module.

6

BAND STOP FILTER using variable filter module.

7

To Construct, Study / Investigate basic AM Modulator and
Demodulator circuits.

8

To Construct, Study / Investigate basic AM Transmitter and
Receiver circuits.

9

To observe the normal operation of a 2- Channel PAM time-
division multiplex system (PAM TDM) system.

10

To Observe the effect of Linear and Non linear quantization
in PCM (Pulse code modulation) System.

LAB # 01

OBJECTIVE:-

Fourier Synthesis of a square wave.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: -

Modules T10H.
+/- 12Vdc Supply
Oscilloscope.
Frequency counter.
Multimeter.

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION:-

A square wave spectrum is made of the sum of all the harmonics being odd
of the fundamental with decreasing amplitude according to the said law. In
other words the square wave shown in fig 2.1 can be obtained by summing
up the infinite sine waves as per the following relation:
S(t) = sin(2Ft)/1 + sin(23Ft)/3 + sin(25Ft)/5 + ..

PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATIONS:-

1- Odd harmonics (1, 3, 5, 7, 9): two way switches -/0/+ on + and two
way switches sin/cos on sin.

2- Even harmonics (2, 4, 6, 8): two way switches -/0/+ on 0.

3- Connect the oscilloscope with the amplifier output of the fundamental
(1
st
) and adjust the amplitude at 10Vp-p.

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4- Connect the oscilloscope with the output of the third harmonic
amplifier (3
RD
) and adjust the amplitude at 10/3 303Vp-p.

5- Connect the oscilloscope with the output of the 5
TH
harmonic
amplifier (5
TH
) and adjust the amplitude at 10/5 = 2Vp-p.

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6- Connect the oscilloscope with the output of the seventh harmonic
amplifier (7
TH
) and adjust the amplitude at 10/7 1.4Vp-p.

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7- Connect the oscilloscope with the output of the 9
th
harmonic amplifier
(9
TH
) and adjust the amplitude at 10/9 1.1Vp-p

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8- Connect the oscilloscope with OUT and check that there is the signal
corresponding to the components sum.

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9-Remove some harmonics (put the relating two way switch on 0) and
check

10-In case there is not a perfect phase relation among the different harmonics
adjust the phase from the rear of the module.

EXPERIMENT NO 2

OBJECT:-

To observe the normal operation of Pulse amplitude modulator and demodulator.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:-

1- PAM modulator module 736061
1- PAM demodulator module 736071.
1- Function generator module 72695
1- Power supply module 72686.
1- Frequency counter module 72699
1- Digital storage oscilloscope.
1- Multimeter.
Bridging plugs
Cable pairs.

THEORY:-

It is a modulation technique in which analog signal is sampled and sampled values are
used to modify certain parameters of a periodic pulse train to convert information into
form for transferring pulses from a source to a destination.
There are two categories of pulse modulation
Digital pulse modulation
Analog pulse modulation
PAM is analog pulse modulation in which amplitude of a constant width and constant
position pulse train is varied according to the amplitude of the analog signal this process
is termed as sampling of the analog signal.
PAM signal is time discrete and value continuous.
PAM signal is neither digital nor analog and it is not suitable for transmission.
We are dealing with bipolar PAM as a both positive and negative value arises.
To avoid aliasing sampling theorem must be followed
PAM is used as an intermediate stage of the Pulse code modulation PCM.

PROCEDURE:-

1- Set up the experiment as specified in the diagram.
2- Set the pulse generator (G) to t/Tp = max and fp = 15 kHz feed into the input
filter CH1 a sinusoidal signal with fm = 500Hz.
3- Observe the output of the filter by using oscilloscope with Vp-p unchanged and
change fm.
4- Measure the amplitude of the output of the low pass CH-1 and calculate the gain
of the low pass filter from Am and Ao.
5- Connect CH2 of the oscilloscope at the output of the demodulator repeat the
experiment at different t/Tp with pulse frequency fp unchanged observe the effect
on the output signal at CH-1.

6- Set the pulse duty factor t/Tp to max and lower the sampling frequency and take
readings at different fp values, observe the effect on the output signal of the
demodulator at CH-1 using oscilloscope.

OBSERVATIONS:-

a- Filter Response

INPUT SIGNAL

Type of Signal--------------------------

OUTPUT SIGNAL

Type of Signal--------------------------
Vp-p Frequency Vp-p

Frequency

b- Influence of Pulse duty factor on PAM signal.

t/Tp fp
INPUT
SIGNAL
OUTPUT
SIGNAL
Variable Fixed Vp-p fi Vp-p
fo

c- Influence of sampling frequency on PAM signal.

t/Tp fp INPUT
SIGNAL
OUTPUT
SIGNAL
Max Variable Vp-p fi Vp-p
fo

RESULT:-

- What did you analyze about the influence of pulse duty factor and sampling frequency
on PAM signal describe in quantitative terms.

LAB # 03

OBJECT: -

To study / investigate the behavior and characteristics of LOW PASS
FILTER using variable filter module.


Variable filter unit.
Function generator.
Dual display oscilloscope.
BNC to alligator cables.

THEORY: -

Filter
A filter network is a device that passes electrical signals at certain
frequencies or frequency ranges while preventing the passage of others.
There are two basic categories of filters.
a- Passive filters use passive components.
b- Active filters use op-amp.
c- Filters are used to intentionally remove unwanted noise or other
frequency components that interfere.

Low pass filter.
A filter circuit that pass the frequencies less than the Cutoff frequencies and
attenuates the signals having frequencies more than the cutoff frequency.
It means it has one pass band and one stop band.

PROCEDURE: -

1- Turn ON the variable filter unit and set it to LOW PASS FILTER.
2- Set the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter to 10 KHz.
3- Set the function generator to generate sinusoidal wave.
4-Set the Amplitude at 2Vp-p.
5-Connect the oscilloscope probe to the output of the filter unit and make the
observation column between input signal frequency and the output voltage at
different frequencies.
6-Take a calibration of 1 kHz between each reading.

OBSERVATIONS: -

OBSERVATION TABLE

Input Signal
Vi
Input Signal
Fi
Output Signal
Vo
Vo / Vi Gain
dB.

CALCULATIONS: -

Formula
Gain = Vo / Vi.
Gain dB = 20 log G.
Calculating the gain of each reading and then the final reading of the gain is
the average of all the gains calculated individually.
GRAPH: -
Plot the graph between the input signal frequency fi and the output signal
voltage Vo.

LAB # 04

OBJECT: -

To study / investigate the behavior and characteristics of HIGH PASS


Function generator.

THEORY: -

Filter
d- Passive filters use passive components.
e- Active filters use op-amp.
f- Filters are used to intentionally remove unwanted noise or other

High pass filter.
A filter circuit that pass the frequencies more than the Cutoff frequency and
attenuates the signals having frequencies less than the cutoff frequency.
It means it has one pass band and one stop band.

PROCEDURE: -

2- Turn ON the variable filter unit and set it to HIGH PASS FILTER.
2- Set the cutoff frequency of the high pass filter to 10 kHz.
6-Take a calibration of 1 kHz between each reading.

OBSERVATIONS: -

OBSERVATION TABLE

Input Signal
Vi
Input Signal
Fi
Output Signal
Vo
Vo / Vi Gain
dB.

CALCULATIONS: -

Formula
Gain = Vo / Vi.
Gain dB = 20 log G.

GRAPH: -

voltage Vo.

LAB # 05

OBJECT: -

To study / investigate the behavior and characteristics of BAND PASS


Function generator.

THEORY: -

Filter
g- Passive filters use passive components.
h- Active filters use op-amp.
i- Filters are used to intentionally remove unwanted noise or other

Band Pass filter.
A filter circuit that pass a band of frequencies between lower and upper
Cutoff frequencies and attenuates the signals having frequencies less than
the lower cutoff frequency and more than the upper cutoff frequency.
It means it has one pass band and two stop bands.

PROCEDURE: -

3- Turn ON the variable filter unit and set it to BAND PASS FILTER.
2- Set the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter to 10 KHz by the frequency
selector and high pass filter to 5 KHz.
6-Take a calibration of 1 KHz between each reading.
7-It means the pass band is from 5 KHz to 10 KHz.

OBSERVATIONS: -

OBSERVATION TABLE

Input Signal
Vi
Input Signal
Fi
Output Signal
Vo
Vo / Vi Gain
dB.

CALCULATIONS: -

Formula
Gain = Vo / Vi.
Gain dB = 20 log G.
BW = fu fl = 10 KHz 5KHZ = 5KHZ.

GRAPH: -

voltage Vo.

LAB # 06

OBJECT: -

To study / investigate the behavior and characteristics of BAND STOP


Function generator.

THEORY: -

Filter
j- Passive filters use passive components.
k- Active filters use op-amp.
l- Filters are used to intentionally remove unwanted noise or other

Band Stop filter.
A filter circuit that stops a band of frequencies between lower and upper
Cutoff frequencies and attenuates the signals having frequencies less than
the lower cutoff frequency and more than the upper cutoff frequency.
It means it has one stop band and two pass bands.

PROCEDURE: -

4- Turn ON the variable filter unit and set it to BAND STOP FILTER.
2- Set the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter to 5 KHz by the frequency
selector and high pass filter to 10 KHz.
6-Take a calibration of 1 KHz between each reading.
7-It means the stop band is from 5 KHz to 10 KHz.

OBSERVATIONS: -

OBSERVATION TABLE

Input Signal
Vi
Input Signal
Fi
Output Signal
Vo
Vo / Vi Gain
dB.

CALCULATIONS: -

Formula
Gain = Vo / Vi.
Gain dB = 20 log G.
BW = fu fl = 10 KHz 5KHZ = 5KHZ.

GRAPH: -

voltage Vo.

EXPERIMENT NO 9

OBJECT:-
To observe the normal operation of a 2- Channel PAM time-division
multiplex system (PAM TDM) system.


1- PAM modulator module 736061
1- PAM demodulator module 736071.
2- Function generator module 72695.
1- Power supply module 72686.
1- Frequency counter module 72699.
1- Digital storage oscilloscope.
1- Multimeter.
Bridging plugs
Cable pairs.

THEORY:-

Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of simultaneously transmitting more than one individual
signals over a single communication link Multiplexing has the effect of increasing
The number of communication channels so that more information can be transmitted.
There are two basic types of multiplexing
1- FDM (Frequency division multiplexing)
2- TDM (Time division multiplexing)
In TDM each signal can occupy the entire bandwidth of the channel however each
channel is transmitted for a brief period of time.

PROCEDURE:-

1- Set up the experiment as specified in the figure.
2- Feed in a triangular shaped signal with fm1 = 200Hz and Am1 = 5V in channel
1(CH1).
3- Feed in a sinusoidal signal with fm2 = 300Hz and Am2 = 6V into channel 2
(CH2).
4- Set the sampling frequency to maximum fp = 15 KHz.
5- Set the Pulse duty factor to maximum.
6- Display the input signals simultaneously on the oscilloscope and sketch these into
diagram 1.
7- Display the PAM-TDM signal and sketch in the diagram 1.
8- Display the respective input and output signal of the demodulator low pass filter
of CH1 and CH2 in diagram 2.
9- Display the CLOCK signal and the demux trigger signal on the oscilloscope and
set delta t so that the trigger signal is delayed by 90 degree w.r.t the CLOCK
signal.

of CH1 and CH2.
11- Adjust delta t with 180 degree phase difference you will observe that the
demodulated signals from CH1 and CH2 are interchanged completely.
of CH1 and CH2.
13- Now vary the pulse-duty factor from min to max and see the effect at the output
signals of the CH1 and CH2 low pass filters. Alternate from PAM1 to PAM2 by
changing the bridging plug at the PAM modulator.
14- Connect the input of the low pass filter CH2 in the PAM demodulator with the
output of the S & H stage by reconnecting the bridging plug at the low pass input

OBSERVATIONS:-

Diagram 1: CH1 , CH2 , PAM1 and PAM2 signals.
Diagram 2: Input and output signals of CH1 and CH2 low pass filters 0 degree delay.

Table 1: Influence of Sample and Hold (S&H) circuit in the demodulator.

CH1 Input
signal
CH2 Input
signal
Pulse duty
factor t/Tp
Sampling
frequency
fp
Output
signal CH1
Without
S&H
Output
signal CH2
With S&H
Vp-p
f1
Vp-p
f2
Variable Fixed (max) Vp-p f1 Vp-p f2

10%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

LAB # 10

OBJECTIVES:-

To observe the effect of Linear and Non linear quantization in PCM (Pulse code
modulation) System.


1 PAM modulator 736061
1 PAM demodulator 736071
1 PCM modulator 736101
1 PCM demodulator 736111
1 Function generator 0-200kHz 72695
1 Frequency counter 72699
1 Power supply 15V
1 Digital storage oscilloscope
Bridging plugs
Cable pairs

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION:-

Quantization means the narrowing down of all possible signal values to a finite number.
The quantization process takes an infinite number of all possible continuous signals.
The quantization interval can be either equidistant discrete or logarithmic steps. In the
case of equidistant quantization intervals this is referred to as linear quantization. In the
case of logarithmic steps this is called non linear quantization. The quantization becomes
more precise with an increasing number of steps and there is a decrease in the
quantization noise.

PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATIONS:-

1- Use the experiment setup according to figure Ex 5.2-1.
2- By pressing the MODE button several times switch to the
operating mode: PCM linear quantization (recognizable when the
appropriate LED lights up).
3- Enable all of the bits. For this press the push button SELECT until
all (red) LEDs on the PCM modulator indicate ACTIVE.
4- The toggle switch on the PCM demodulator must be set to CH2.

Linear quantization.

5- Connect the DC voltage source of the PCM modulator as the input
U1.
6- The quantified voltage is U2 and can be tapped at the DA
converter of the PCM demodulator.
7- Set to -9.5V on the 10 stage potentiometer.
8- Alternately measure U1 and U2 using the multimeter and note
down the voltages together with the binary coded bit sequence of
the PCM bit modulator in Table 7.1
9- The bit sequence is displayed by LEDs whereby the LSB is at the
top.
10- Now increase the input voltage U1 in steps of approx. 1V and
repeat the recording of the measurement value until the upper
modulation limit of the PCM modulator is reached.
11- Display the curve of U2 versus U1 as a quantization characteristic
in Diagram 7.1.

Table 7.1 linear Quantization Characteristic

U1
V
U2
V
U1
V
U2
V
-9.5

1
-9

2
-8

3
-7

4
-6

5
-5

6
-4

7
-3

8
-2

9
-1

9.5
0

Non linear quantization.

12- By pressing the MODE push button on the PCM modulator several
times switches to the operating mode: PCM non linear
quantization. The PCM demodulator remains in linear operation.

(a) Compressor characteristic

13- Record the compressor characteristic. Proceed in the same manner
as for the recording of the linear quantization characteristic in
Table 7.2.
14- Plot the curve of U2 versus U1 as a compressor characteristic in
Diagram 7.2.

Table 7.2 Non-linear quantization Compressor characteristic

U1
V
U2
V
U1
V
U2
V
-9.5

1
-9

2
-8

3
-7

4
-6

5
-5

6
-4

7
-3

8
-2

9
-1

9.5
0

(b) Expander characteristic

15- For this set the PCM modulator to linear quantization PCM
demodulator to non linear quantization.
16- Plot the curve of U2 versus U1 as an expander characteristic in
diagram 7.3.

Table 7.3 Non-linear quantization Expander characteristic

U1
V
U2
V
U1
V
U2
V
-9.5

1
-9

2
-8

3
-7

4
-6

5
-5

6
-4

7
-3

8
-2

9
-1

9.5
0

(c) Non Linear transmission

16- In order to record the Non linear transmission characteristic switch
the PCM modulator and demodulator to non linear mode.
17- Record the transmission characteristic in Table 7.4
18- Plot the curve of U2 versus U1 in Diagram 7.4

Table 7.3 Non-linear Transmission Characteristic

U1
V
U2
V
U1
V
U2
V
-9.5

1
-9

2
-8

3
-7

4
-6

5
-5

6
-4

7
-3

8
-2

9
-1

9.5
0

Third Year: Practical Work Book For The Course EE-394 Communication System

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