CHAPTER 21 – KEY TERMS / BASIC NUTRITION AND NUTRITIONAL

THERAPY

1. AMINO ACIDS: Building blocks out of which proteins are

constructed; the end products of protein digestion.
2. ANABOLISM: The building aspect on which the energy released
from catabolism allows the cells to build more complex, usable
forms of nutrients; the building and impairing phase of metabolism;
opposite of catabolism.
3. ANOREXIA NERVOSA: A psychoneurotic disorder characterized
by a prolonged refusal to eat; self-imposed starvation.
4. BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR): Amount of energy used by the
body at rest to maintain vital functions such as respiration,
circulation, temperature, peristalsis, and muscle tone.
5. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI): An estimated used to determine if a
person may be at health risk because of excessive weight.
6. BULIMIA NERVOSA: An eating disorder involving as insatiable
craving for food, often resulting in continual eating followed by a
period of depression, self-deprivation, and/or purging; also called
boulimia.
7. CATABOLISM: Breakdown or destructive phase of metabolism.
Catabolism occurs when complex body substances are broken down
to simpler ones; opposite of anabolism.
8. CHOLESTEROL: Fat-soluble sterol found in animal fats and oils,
organ meats, and egg yolk.
9. DIETARY FIBER: Generic term for nondigestible chemical
substances in plants.
10. DUMPING SYNDROME: Combination of profuse perspiration,
nausea, vertigo, and weakness experienced by patients who have
had a subtotal gastrectomy; symptoms are felt soon after eating,
when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into the
duodenum.
11. ENTERAL NUTRITION: Administration of nutrients into the
gastrointestinal tract; usually refers to tube feeding.
12. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral,
vitamins, and water necessary for growth, normal function, and
body maintenance. These substances must be supplied by food;
they are not synthesized by the body in the quantities required for
normal health.
13. GLYCOGEN: Polysaccharide that is the major carbohydrate stored
in animal cells.
14. HYDROGENATION: Process in which hydrogen is added to
vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable to rancidity.
15. KILOCALORIE: Unit that denotes the heat expenditure of an
organism and the fuel or energy value of food; often abbreviated
kcalorie or kcal.
16. LIPIDS: Group name for organic substances of a fatty nature,
including fats, oils, sterols (such as cholesterol), phospholipids,
waxes, and related compounds.
17. LIPOPROTEINS: A protein-and-lipid molecule that facilitates
transport of lipids in the bloodstream.
18. MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY: The use of specific nutrition
services to treat an illness, injury, or condition.
19. NITROGEN BALANCE: Difference between intake and output of
nitrogen in the body. If intake is greater, a positive nitrogen balance
exists and anabolism occurs. If output is grater, a negative nitrogen
balance exists and catabolism occurs. When nitrogen intake equals
output, the body is in zero nitrogen balance.
20. NUTRIENTS: Is a chemical compound or element found in food
that is necessary for good health.
21. NUTRIENT DENSE FOODS: Food providing a high quality of one
or more nutrients in a small number of calories is nutrient dense.
22. OBESITY: Abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cells, mainly
in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues of the body; grossly
overweight.
23. PARENTAL NUTRITION: Administrating nutrients by a route other
than the alimentary canal, such as intravenously.
24. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: A progressive megaloblastic, macrocytic
anemia, affecting mainly older people, that results from a lack of
intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
25. RESIDUE: Bulk in the colon that includes undigested food, fever,
bacteria, body secretions, and cells.
26. SATIETY: Felling of fullness and satisfaction from food.
27. THERAPEUTIC DIET: Is a diet used as a medical treatment.
28. TOTAL PARENTAL NUTRITION (TPN): The administration of a
hypertonic solution into a large central vein, usually the superior
vena cava, via catheter threaded through either the subclavian or
internal jugular vein.
29. TUBE FEEDING: Administration of nutritionally balance liquefied
food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach,
duodenum, or jejunum by way of nasoenteric or a feeding ostomy.
30. VEGAN: Vegetarian whose diet excludes all foods of animal origin.