CONSTRANED OPTIMUM ECONOMIC DISPATCH OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE AND IT'S APPLICATON IN WAPDA

POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONAL PLANNING

ENGR. NAVED RUSHDI M.Sc. ENGINEERING

TAHIR NADEEM MALIK ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DR.AFTAB AHMAD Phd DEPUTY DIRECTOR

ABSTRACT Power system operational planning, its scope and procedures have been reviewed in general. Present practice for the operational planning i.e. economic dispatch using classical techniques based on unconstrained optimization and its application in integrated operation of electric network have been discussed. The reasons that these classical approaches may "fall through the crack" is obvious i.e. financially fragmented ownership structure. Which definitely guides us to propose an alternate strategy for operational planning procedures keeping in view the new directions in power system competitive operation and recent trends in operational planning of the electric power industry. To pursue the universally acceptable objective of cost minimization, this research work is a break through with regard to application of operations research technique known as linear programming (in short "L.P") for the practical solution to the optimum economic dispatch problem under constrained environment. This research work dates back to 1940 form Krons theory to Kuhn-Tucker multipliers for the solution of constrained non-linear economic dispatch problem under the umbrella of classical approach, and the associated complications/ difficulties in applications and low level of its validity in newly emerging competitive environment leads us through the greatest achievement of Dentzig in establishing linear programming technique. INTRODUCTION The Electric power system engineer is faced with the challenging task of planning and successfully operating one of the most complex systems of today's civilizations. The efficient planning and optimum economic operation of power system has always occupied an important position in Electric power industry. The operational planning of the power system involves the best utilization of available energy resources subject to various practical constraints to transfer electrical energy from far furlong generating stations to the load centers and scattered consumers with maximum

safety of personal/equipment without interruption and satisfactory quality of supply (i.e. close to nominal frequency and declared voltage profile) at minimum cost. In modern complex and highly integrated power systems, the operational planning involves many steps such as load forecasting, unit commitment, scheduling of active/ reactive generation, maintaining system frequency and voltage profile close to declared level, maintaining spinning reserve and cold reserve for stability issues, interchange scheduling to neighboring utilities, etc. The real world problem of optimum economy and profit maximization under constrained environment can best be addressed and practically implement able as guided by the most popular technique of operations research, namely mathematical linear programming technique. Generally it was thought that highly structured and systematic approach of linear programming couldnt be applied to optimum economic dispatch problem and especially in constrained environment where the subject touches the most complex boundaries. Little mention of applications and validity for economic dispatch optimization using linear programming in electric power industry is found in the literature. This research work is aimed with this challenge. The extensive research has led to the development whereby operations research technique can be applied most effectively to optimum economic dispatch problem. The objective function of optimization problem can be extended easily to ndimensions and can handle thousands of applied constraints both equality and inequality type implicitly. Initially a two-dimensional proto type mathematical model has been formed and algorithm is formulated in Two-Phase method, coded in FORTRAN-77, implemented in DOS environment (P.C version). Results are exactly in confirmation with by-hand calculations by the two different approaches to the solution of linear programming i.e. by corner solution method and the Big-M method. Extended and tested for IEEE standard formats for 5-Bus, 14-Bus, 30-Bus and finally for

54-Bus set-up. Significant results are obtained. WAPDA power system is represented by 54-Bus system (in 54 dimensions) with both equality and inequality constraints and optimum economic dispatch solution determined provides additional features include optimum Hydro-Thermal coordination, capability to handle transmission system constraints implicitly. Significant results represent a saving worth billion of dollars and easy access to the source code. Completion of this research work employs indigenous resources and contributes to alleviate future problems in economic operation of the power system. This research work definitely provides very much insight to many of the researchers struggling to enhance this area for the well being of the humanity and bridges the inherent gap between financial aspects and engineering jargons, which are apparently two divergent fields and are usually not talked about jointly. Linear programming is the well established, most effective and highly efficient mathematical programming technique from the field of operations research seeking global optima pertains to linear zed objective functions under the constraint environment for the solution to real world problems. Its application ranges from defense industry to Govt sector, public sector, business, refinery, chemical, transportation (including land, sea, air, and even space) etc. LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND OPTIMUM ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM At times, the objectives of an organization are stated in an unqualified way such as maximization of profits or minimization of costs. In may more cases, however, organizations attempt to pursue objectives within a set of limitations properly termed as constraints. For example, an organization may attempt to maximize profits within a given available pool of resources (Labour or machinery). Similarly, organizations may attempt to minimize costs while meeting various internally or externally imposed quality specifications. Thus, organizational objectives often are pursued within a constrained environment. This reflects the reality of resource scarcity and societal demands. The particular objective of an organization can be expressed in terms of a mathematical model in equation form. Constraints on this objective also may be stated mathematically. Often the most realistic description of constraints is through the use of in-equality statements. Examples of constraints stated as in-equalities are that organization must use no more than specified labor-hours per week for

production of a particular good or that the government has stated that a particular drug must contain at least five milligrams of folic acid per tablet. Mathematical programming includes techniques for evaluating problems of optimization under constraints. When the objective and constraints are expressed in linear form, a type of mathematical programming called linear-programming is applied to the problem. So first, we should discuss linear programming and then various methods of its solution and finally its application to situation of constrained optimization (optimum active power dispatch problem in this case). LINEAR PROGRAMMING. A linear programming [11], [25] problem is a mathematical problem in which the objective function and the constraints including equality and inequality constraints are linear function of the unknowns (that is function of x raised to the powers 1 and 0. Mathematically, it can be stated as: Minimize f = Cj xj : j = 1,2,3,.......n variables. (Objective) Subject to: aij xj ( , = , or )bi ,: i = 1,2,3... m constraints (Secondary Constraints)

and

xj 0 : j = 1,2,3,.......n (Non-Negativity or primary constraints)

where Cj, aij , bi are known constants (called coefficients) for all i and j. And xj are non-negative variables called nonnegativity constraints, or primary constraints, which restricts the problem in first quadrant only. The constraints of the problem can be converted into equations by adding a (non-negative) slack variable xn+1 if the ith in-equality is of the type ( , and subtracting a (non-negative) surplus variable x n+k if the kth in-equality is of the type . Assume that Augmentation of the slack and surplus variables will result in a total of p variables, the problem can be written in matrix form as: Minimize: f = [C] [x] Subject to [A][x] = [b] and [x] 0 Eq-1 Where [C] is a "p" dimensional row vector [A] is an m * p matrix represents coefficients [b] is an m-dimensional column vector

and [x] is a "P" dimensional column vector represents variables Note that the elements of [C] corresponding to the slack and surplus variables are all zero. According to fundamental theorem of linear programming, the optimal solution of a linear programming problem, if finite (i.e. possible as opposed to infinite), is always obtained at one of the basic feasible solution (i.e. corner point). A linear programming algorithm then improves the objective function in successive iterations from one basic feasible solution point to an adjoining one, until the optimum solution is reached. At each iteration , one previously non-basic variable becomes basic in exchange with one of the basic variables, which then becomes non-basic. This is called variable exchange, usually "Pivot operations'" and is the main linear programming mechanism. The way in which the exchanges are handled in various problem formulations are the important characterizing features of the different solution methods of linear programming , based on Gauss-Jordan elimination technique employing upper-triangularization and back substitution method to reach the most appropriate /feasible optimum solution . the advent of the algorithmic iterative technique for computer based solution further seeks the optima within the lapse of few seconds with reasonable accuracy and can handle the problem comprising hundreds of dimensions of objective function under thousands of constraints. which includes ; Simplex method Revised Simplex method Big-M method Two phase method

Primal-dual method Minimization by way of -Z maximization. To establish the basis, the idea came about from transformation in primal-dual technique of L.P, where by primal problem of maximization can be transformed to duel problem of minimization and vice versa , in order to opt for easy solution methodology for maximization problem. The application to electric power engineering industry involves transformation of L.P from real life domain to augmented domain similar to Fourier or Laplace transforms, where by in Laplace transform the problem of simultaneous solution of differential equations from "t" (time) domain to "s"(secondary) domain, where the problem simplifies to solution of simultaneous ordinary algebric equations and after having the solution in "s" domain the solution is re-transformed back to "t" domain for realization . The transformation to augmented domain is very simple using only arithmetic subtraction of lower bound in case of upper bound problem and vice versa. The augmented optimization problem can be treated as auxiliary problem to the original problem and solution of the auxiliary problem is a transformed version of the original problem. The transformed optimum results can easily be re-transformed back to real life domain merely by a reverse process of arithmetic addition of requisite bounds .The augmentation process of transformation carries along with it additional benefits like machine upper and lower bounds once incorporated at problem formulation stage are dealt automatically i.e. implicitly and need not be bothered again at algorithmic or coding stage. On contrary these limits are difficult to handle in non-linear optimization and needs additional "u" multipliers (Kuhn-Tucker multipliers) and algorithm should be designed to look after these inequality constraints.

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