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As seen, the collectors of the two transistors are connected together, emitter of Q1 is
connected to the base of Q2 and emitter of Q2 acts as the emitter of Darlington connection.
RC coupled amplifier
If the phase shift introduced by the amplifier for different input frequencies is not
proportional to frequency then phase distortion will take place. The phase
distortions are not detectable by the human ears as they are insensitive to the
phase changes.
Therefore, phase shift distortion takes place due to unequal phase shifts of the
input signal at different frequencies.
Small signal amplifiers are also known as “ Voltage amplifiers”. This is because these
amplifiers are used primarily for voltage amplification but they are not capable of supplying a
large power to the loads such as loud speakers.
The large signal amplifier (power amplifier) will increase the current sourcing and
sinking capability. So at its output we get a high voltage, high current signal that means a high
power signal. Thus the power amplifier is basically a current amplifier.
In class B push pull amplifiers the output signal gets distorted near the zero crossings.
Therefore this distortion is called as the “ crossover distortion”. Due to crossover distortion the
conduction angle of each transistor in the class B amplifier becomes less than 180°.
Unit II
The various methods of realizing the high input resistance for the differential amplifier
circuit are, 1) use of Darlington pair. 2) use of FET 3) use of swamping resistors.
5. What are the applications of differential amplifiers?
1. As basic building block of OP-AMP.
2. As input stage of many bio-medical instruments.
3. As input stage of power oscilloscope.
6. What are the different configurations of a differential amplifier?
The four important configurations of a differential amplifier as follows:
1. Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier.
2. Dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.
3. Single input, balanced output differential amplifier.
4. Single input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.
7. Define tuned amplifiers.
Tuned amplifier is an amplifier having a tuned circuit as load. That means in place of a
load resistance, now a tuned circuit is used.
The tuned amplifiers are designed for amplification of input signal, over a narrow band of
signal frequencies centered about fr (resonant frequency).
8. What is input bias current?
Input bias current can be defined as the current flowing into each of the two input
terminals when they are biased to the same voltage level i.e., when the op-amp is balanced.
9. Define PSRR.
The power supply rejection ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in input offset
voltage due to the change in supply voltage producing it, keeping other power supply voltage
constant. It is also called power supply sensitivity.
So if VEE is constant and due to change in VCC, there is change in input offset voltage then
PSRR is expressed as,
For fixed VCC, if there is change in VEE causing change in input offset voltage then,
10. What is slew rate?
The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate if change of output voltage with time. The
slew rate is specified in V / µ sec. Thus
Slew rate = S =
11. What is a chopper?
Chopper is a static switch to provide variable DC voltage from a source of constant DC
voltage.
Unit III
Unit IV
1. Define pulse and wave shaping circuits.
Pulse circuits:
The circuits producing various types of pulses like square pulse and triangular
pulse are known as Pulse circuits.
Wave shaping circuits:
The circuit which operates on the input signal to produce an output signal of the
required shape is known as wave shaping circuit.
2. Draw the block diagram of linear wave shaping circuits.
3. What is clipper?
Clippers:
The clipping circuits using diodes have the ability to “clip” off or remove a portion of the
input signal without distorting the remaining part of the waveform.
4. What is clamper?
The circuits which are used to add a d.c level as per the requirements to the a.c output
signal are called clamper circuits.
5. Mention types of clippers and clampers:
Types of clippers:
1. Series clippers 2. Parallel clippers
Types of clampers:
1. Positive clampers 2. Negative clampers
6. What is meant by Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is type of bistable multi-vibrator using transistors.
7. What is meant by unsymmetrical triggering?
In unsymmetrical triggering, two trigger inputs are used, one to set the circuit in one
particular stable state and other to reset the circuit to the opposite state. It is also called set-
reset triggering.
8. What is meant by multi-vibrator?
The electronic circuits which are used to generate non - sinusoidal wave forms are called
multivibrators.
9. What is the advantage of UJT relaxation oscillator?
The UJT relaxation oscillator maintains constant output frequency even though the
supply voltage fluctuates.
10. What is the application of saw tooth oscillators?
1. Used in time – base signal generators
2. Used in power control circuits
3. Used in SCR triggering circuits
Unit V
1. What is rectifier? What are its types?
Rectifier is an electronic device which converts an alternating (ac) voltage or current into
a unidirectional (dc) voltage or current.
Types of rectifier:
1. Half wave rectifier
2. Full wave rectifier
i. Full wave rectifier with center tapped transformer
ii. Full wave bridge rectifier
2. What are the important points to be studied and analyzing the various rectifier circuits?
1. Average load current (IL dc)
2. RMS load current (IL rms)
3. Ripple factor
4. Rectification efficiency and TUF.
5. Average load voltage (VLdc)
6. RMS load voltage (VLrms)
7. voltage regulation
3. Define rectifying efficiency.
Rectifying efficiency is defined as the ratio of DC output power into AC input power of a
rectifier.