JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

Cc 505 structure analysis

SUPERPOSITION

NAMA AHLI : Muhammad afif bin md zin 04DKA11F2018 : mohamad najib bin mohamad 04dka11f2042 : Muhammad nur firdaus bin mokhairi 04dka11f2010 : Muhammad faqrul hafiz bin mahat 04dka11f2114 : MOHAMAD kairul nizam bin abas 04DKA11F2066

Nama pensyarah : cik zeham bin mustapha

CONTENTS
Tittle Super Position Theory Apparatus Procedure Data Calculation Conclusion References Page 3-4 5-11 12 13-14 15-16 17 18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

THEORY OF SUPERPOSITION
Objective: The objective of this lab is to demonstrate and validate the principle of superposition using both an experimental lab and theory. For this lab you and your team members will be required to submit a joint lab report. Theoretical Background: The principle states: If the structural behavior is linearly elastic the forces acting on a structure may be separated or divided in any convenient fashion and the structure analyzed for the separate cases. The final results can then be obtained by adding algebraically the individual results. Many of the analytical techniques used in structural analysis are based on this principle. The following illustration shows how the principle of superposition can be applied to a cantilever beam.

APPARATUS
1) Simply supported beam apparatus.

Objective:
The object of the experiments is to measure the support reactions for a variety of configurations of simply supported beams. 1. single load 2. multiple loads 3. cantilever reaction

2) Continuous beam apparatus.

Objective: The object of the experiments is to find the support reactions and central moment for a simply supported continuous beam. 1. Two loads within the supports 2. Three loads within the support 3. Two loads with one outside the supports 4. Three loads with one outside the support 5. Uniformly distributed loads instead of point loads.

3) Beams bending and torsion apparatus

Objective:
The object of the experiments is to empirically test various specimens in both bending and torsion arrangements and to compare the experimental results with those obtained from theory.

Reaction of beam apparatus Objective:

The object is to compare experimental and theoretical values of the reactions due to point loads on beams and cantilevers. 1. simply supported beams 2. simply supported beam with overhangs 3. cantilever beam

4) Twist and testing bending machine.

Objective:
1.The relationship between torque and twist of a circular cross section specimen is to be investigated in terms of the formula _= TL/GJ 2. To verify the deflection of beams calculated from the theory of bending and using super position and reciprocal displacements.

5) Shear force apparatus.

Objective :
1. To comprehend the action of shear in a beam. 2. To measure the shearing force at a normal section of a loaded beam and to check its agreement with theory.

6) Deflection of beam.

Objective:
The object is to empirically test various different beam arrangements and to compare the experimental results with those obtained from theory. 1. four point bending test 2. influence lines for beam deflection. 3. deflection, span and load variation. 4. Maxwells reciprocal theorem. 5. Deflection of a cantilever.

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7) Bending moment apparatus

Objective:
The object of this experiment is to verify the use of a bending moment influence line for a simply supported beam.

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PROCEDURE
1. The width,length and thick of the rode was measure using the ruler 2. The centre of the rode was measure and labelled using pensil 3. The load was put at the centre and at the end of the rode 4. The value of mid span and end diflection was measure using ruler 5. The load at the end of the rode was remove,the mid span and end deflection was measured 6. The load at end of the rode was put back and remove the load at the mid of the rode,then the deflection was measured 7. The step 3 until 6 was repeated until 5 times with different load.

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DATA
P1 P2

Yc

Yd

L/2

L/2

Table 1
Load P1 200 400 600 400 600 P2 400 200 400 600 200 Mid span deflection yc 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 End span deflection yc 2.7 2.3 3.1 3.3 2.6 Mid span y theory End span y theory

P1

yc

yD

L/2

L/2

Table 2 Load P1 200 400 600 400 600 Mid span deflection yc 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 13 End span deflection yd 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.0

P2

Yc

yD

L/2
Table 3 Load P2 400 200 400 600 200

L/2

Mid span deflection yc 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1

End span deflection yd 1.4 1.7 2.4 2.8 1.8

Table 4 Mid span deflection yc + yc 1.2 + 0.9 = 2.1 1.1 = 1.2 = 2.3 1.2 + 1.3 = 2.5 1.2 + 1.4 = 2.6 1.2 + 1.1 = 2.3 Mid span deflection yc 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 Error , (%) 75 53 67 63 64

Table 5 End span deflection yD + yD 2.1 + 1.4 = 3.5 1.8 + 1.7 = 3.5 2.1 + 2.4 = 4.5 1.8 + 2.8 = 4.6 2.0 + 1.8 = 3.8 End span deflection yD 2.7 2.3 3.1 3.3 2.6 Error 30 52 45 39 46

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CALCULATION
TABLE 4(MID SPAN DEFLECTION y lc + y ll c) 1.2 + 0.9 = 2.1 1.1 + 1.2 = 2.3 1.2 + 1.3 = 2.5 1.2 + 1.4 = 2.6 1.2 + 1.1 = 2.3 TABLE 4(ERROR) [ (1.2 - 2.1) / 1.2 ] X 100% = 75 % [ (1.5 - 2.3) / 1.5 ] X 100% = 53 % [ (1.5 - 2.5) / 1.5 ] X 100% = 67 % [ (1.6 - 2.6) / 1.6 ] X 100% = 63 % [ (1.4 - 2.3) / 1.4 ] X 100% = 64 %

TABLE 5(END SPAN DEFLECTION y l D + y ll D) 2.1 + 1.4 = 3.5 1.8 + 1.7 = 3.5 2.1 + 2.4 = 4.5 1.8 + 2.8 = 4.6 2.0 + 1.8 =3.8

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TABLE 5(ERROR)

[ (2.7 - 3.5 ) / 2.7 ] X 100% = 30% [ (2.3 - 3.5 ) / 2.3 ] X 100% = 52% [ (3.1 - 4.5 ) / 3.1 ] X 100% = 45% [ (3.3 - 4.6 ) / 3.3 ] X 100% = 39% [ (2.6 - 3.8 ) / 2.6 ] X 100% = 46%

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CONCLUSION
Based on the error of mid and end span deflection that we have,there are some mistake that we do during the lab.One of them is we do not measure the deflection corectly.Our eyes also do not perpendicular to the reading that can make the error.We also do the work too fast and make the reading that we get have some error. Beside that,maybe during take the reading the load is not put properly.The table also maybe push by someone that can make the error.

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REFERENCES
http://classes.mst.edu/civeng217/lab/superposition/superposition.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle http://www.colincaprani.com/files/notes/SAIII/Compatibility%20and%20Superposition.pdf http://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgibin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=me&chap_sec=05.3&page=theory http://books.google.com.my/books?id=D8a0KKU5288C&pg=PA452&lpg=PA452&dq=theory+ of+superposition+in+structural+analysis&source=bl&ots=QiUi4jNSaL&sig=CyMKEQJgAWogM jWZ0edz4b3Lf6U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BlXtUYTABoSyrgf19YH4DA&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCDgK#v=one page&q=theory%20of%20superposition%20in%20structural%20analysis&f=false

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