PREFACE

The six weeks training is a part of our 4-year B.TECH course. Practical
industrial training mainly aims at making one aware of industrial environment;
which means that one gets to know the limitation, constraint and freedom under
which an engineer works. One also gets an opportunity to watch from close quarter
that indicates manager relation. This training mainly involves industrial and
complete knowledge about designing, assembling and manufacturing process of
various equipments manufactured by an industry.

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED

India, as a country, has been very lucky with regard to the introduction of
telecom products. The first telegraph link was commissioned between Calcutta and
Diamond Harbor in the year 1852, which was invented in 1876. First wireless
communication equipment were introduced in Indian Army in the year 1909 with the
discovery of Radio waves in 1887 by Hertz and demonstration of first wireless link
in the year 1905 by Marconi and Vacuum Tube in 1906. Setting up of radio station
for broadcast and other telecom facilities almost immediately after their
commercial introduction abroad followed this. After independence of India in 1947
and adoption of its constitution in 1950, the government was seized with the plans
to lay the foundations of a strong, self-sufficient modern India. On the
industrial front, Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) was announced in the year
1952. It was recognized that in certain core sectors infrastructure facilities
require huge investments, which cannot be met by private sector and as such the
idea of Public Sector Enterprises (PSR) was mooted. With telecom and electronics
recognized among the core sectors, Indian Telephone Industry, now renamed as ITI
Limited, was formed in 1953 to undertake local manufacture of telephone equipment,
which were of electro-mechanical nature at that stage. Hindustan Cable Limited was
also started to take care of telecom cables.
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 as a public Sector
Enterprise under the administrative control of Ministry of Defense as the
fountainhead to manufacture and supply electronics components and equipment. BEL,
with a noteworthy history of pioneering achievements, has met the requirement of
state-of-art professional electronic equipment for Defense, broadcasting, civil
Defense and telecommunications as well as the component requirement of
entertainment and medical X-ray industry. Over the years, BEL has grown to a
multi-product, multi-unit, and technology driven company with track record of a
profit earning PSU.
The company has a unique position in India of having dealt with all the
generations of electronic component and equipment.
For inter-winding and inter layer, various types of insulation sheets viz. Craft
paper, paper, leather, oil paper, polyester film are being used.
4. Protection :
to protect the transformer from the external hazards, moisture, dust and to
provide high insulation resistance they are impregnated in the following forms.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT

IS Department acts as an ISP for BEL Ghaziabad unit.It is responsible for managing
and troubleshooting of the entire network setup.

BELMAC
IS Department is responsible for BEL’s own home grown manufacturing and control
systems called BELMAC.It comprises of almost all modules a modern ERP system but
is Host and dumb terminal based.It comprises of two servers:BEL1 and BEL2. BEL1
deals with production control , D&E , Material Management and Sales modules while
BEL2 deals with Finance and Payroll.
Front End: SQL Forms
Back End : Oracle 7.0
Report writing Tools: Report writer
Pro*C

NETWORK

Some Networking Devices

In the physical layer, we find the repeaters. These are analog devices that are
connected to two cable segments. A signal appearing on one of them is amplified
and put out on the other. Repeaters do not understand frames, packets, or headers,
they understand volts. E.g. Classic Ethernet was designed to allow 4 Repeaters, in
order to extend maximum cable length from 500 Mts to 2500 Mts.
A Hub has a number of input lines that it joins electrically. Frame arriving
on any of the lines are sent out on all the others. If two frames at the same time
they will collide, just as on Coaxial cable. The entire hub forms a single
collision domain. All lines coming into hub must operate at same speed. Hubs
unlike repeaters do not amplify signals (usually) and are designed to hold
multiple line cards each with multiple inputs, otherwise differences are slight.
A Bridge connects two or more LANs. When a frame arrives software in the
Bridge extracts the destination address, from the frame header and looks it up in
the table to see where to send the frame. For Ethernet this address is the 48 bit
destination address. Like a Hub, modern Bridge has line cards, usually for 4 to 8
input lines of a certain type. A line card for Ethernet can’t handle, say token
ring frames because it doesn’t know where to find destination address in the frame
header. With a Bridge, each line is its own collision domain, in contrast to a
Hub.
Switches are similar to bridges in that both route on frame addresses. Main
difference is that a Switch is most often used to connect individual computers.

A Router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is

connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its
ISP?s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more
networks connect. Routing is a process preformed by a router which moves packets
of data around the Internet. A router makes sure that a message is sent and
received and is part of what makes TCP/IP such a useful protocol suite.
To be able to successfully start routing a router uses headers and a forwarding
table to find the destinations for packets. A router uses the ICMP protocol
section of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to
determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as
ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two
hosts.
Very little filtering of data is done through routers
A network gateway is an internetworking system, a system that joins two networks
together. A network gateway can be implemented completely in software, completely
in hardware, or as a combination of the two. Depending on their implementation,
network gateways can operate at any level of the OSI model from application
protocols to low-level signaling.
A Cisco router is a computer device that receives or forwards data packets to and
from the Internet towards a destination in the process called routing. A router is
the essential component of the computer networking that enables any sent data to
arrive at the right destination.
A router (broadband router) is also a device that enables two or more computer to
receive data packets from the Internet under one IP address at the same time.
Remember that to be able to connect to the Internet, a computer must have an IP
address unique from the rest of the computers. Therefore, every computer connected
to the Internet has it own IP address. It is like having a fingerprint or ID as an
access pass to be able to enter the web. With the presence of the router, this ?
fingerprint? or ?ID? could be shared by two or more computer at the same time.
In simplest form, a router makes two or more computer use the Internet at the same
with one access pass.

Application Layer Application Gateway

Transport Layer Transport Gateway
Network Layer Router
Data link Layer Bridge, Switch
Physical Layer Repeater,Hub

Servers
Remote Access Server (RAS)

Remote access is the ability to get access to a computer or a network from a

remote distance. In corporations, people at branch offices, telecommuters, and
people who are travelling may need access to the corporation's network. Home users
get access to the Internet through remote access to an Internet service provider
(ISP). Dial-up connection through desktop, notebook, or handheld computer modem
over regular telephone lines is a common method of remote access. Remote access is
also possible using a dedicated line between a computer or a remote local area
network and the "central" or main corporate local area network. A dedicated line
is more expensive and less flexible but offers faster data rates. Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a common method of remote access from branch
offices since it combines dial-up with faster data rates. wireless, cable modem,
and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies offer other possibilities for
remote access.
A server that is dedicated to handling users that are not on a LAN but need remote
access to it.
A remote access server is the computer and associated software that is set up to
handle users seeking access to network remotely. Sometimes called a communication
server, a remote access server usually includes or is associated with a firewall
server to ensure security and a router that can forward the remote access request
to another part of the corporate network. A remote access server may include or
work with a modem pool manager so that a small group of modems can be shared among
a large number of intermittently present remote access users.
A remote access server may also be used as part of a virtual private network
(VPN).