Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Part C

Don Frikken Becht Engineering Company

Flexibility Analysis
The process of calculating the strains, and resultant stresses and forces in a piping system to determine if the system

has adequate support has sufficient flexibility to safely accommodate changes in length resulting from temperature variations exerts sufficiently low reaction forces at restraints and equipment
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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Flexibility Analysis adequate support

A piping system has adequate support if: The calculated stresses do not exceed the allowable There are no sags greater than about 0.3 inches (8 mm), and The system looks adequately supported to those people who have to work around the piping.

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Flexibility Analysis change in length

Changes in length resulting from temperature variations

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Flexibility Analysis change in length

How much change in length due to temperature variation? L = * T * L Where
= T = L = L = coefficient of thermal expansion (1/F, 1/C) change in temperature (F, C) original length change in length

See table in supplement for values for .

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Flexibility Analysis Workshop

How much does a 20 ft (6 m) long segment of stainless steel pipe change in length due to temperature increasing from -20F (-30C) to 600F (315C)?

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Flexibility Analysis change in length

A piping system has sufficient flexibility to safely accommodate changes in length resulting from temperature variations if: The calculated stress ranges do not exceed the allowable, and The system looks adequately flexible to those people who have to work around the piping.

C-7

Flexibility Analysis reactions

A piping system exerts sufficiently low reaction forces at restraints and equipment if: The calculated reactions at supports do not exceed the design loads, and The calculated reactions at equipment are less than the allowable.

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Flexibility Analysis reactions

Excessive reactions at equipment cause: Cracks at the base of nozzles Distortion of rotating equipment casings, which Shortens life of seals and bearings May result in rubbing contact of closeclearance rotating elements
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Flexibility Analysis reactions

Allowed loads for equipment:
Equipment Item
Centrifugal Pumps Centrifugal Compressors Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers Pressure Vessel and Shell-andTube Heat Exchanger Nozzles Tank Nozzles Steam Turbines

Industry Standard
API 610 API 617 API 661 WRC 107 API 650 NEMA SM-23
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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Proposed System
NPS 4 Carbon Steel Ambient to 600F (315C) SG contents = 1.0

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Adequate Support
Check Deflections

Deflected 0.4 (10 mm)

Marginal: > 0.3 (8 mm) Normal Maximum

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Adequate Support
Check Reactions
100% = 1020# (4500 N) 5%

Reactions Poorly Distributed 10% 45%

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Adequate Support
Check Stresses
Max. is 66% of allowable

Stresses OK

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Adequate Support
Revised System (Added Support) Max. Displacement 0.4 to 0.1 (10 to 2 mm) Max. Stress 66% to 34% of allowable Displacements Stresses & Reactions All OK 100 to 60% 5 to 10%

10 to 15%

45 to 30%

0 to 45%

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Sufficient Flexibility
0.4 (10 mm)

Check Deflections

Deflections OK

0.9 (23 mm)

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Sufficient Flexibility
Check Reactions
95% 10%

5%

20%

100% = 1240# (5520 N)

Reactions High, Poorly Distributed

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Sufficient Flexibility
Check Stresses

Max. is 79% of allowable

Stresses OK

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Sufficient Flexibility
Revised System (Added Spring Support) Max. Displacement 0.9 to 1.5 (23 to 38 mm) Max. Stress 79% to 48% of allowable 95 to 0% 10 to 15%

100% = 1240# (5520 N)

5 to 5%

20 to 0%

100 to 10%

Displacements Stresses & Reactions All OK

C-19

Flexibility Analysis
The process of calculating the strains, and resultant stresses and forces in a piping system to determine if the system

has adequate support has sufficient flexibility to safely accommodate changes in length resulting from temperature variations exerts sufficiently low reaction forces at restraints and equipment
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Rev. 9-4-03

Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Designing With Expansion Joints

Types of Expansion Joints Pressure Thrust Installation of Expansion Joints

(Hanjo)

(General Rubber)

(Hyspan)

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Types of Expansion Joints

Ball

Slip

Rubber Bellows

Metal Bellows
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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Pressure Thrust

Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA)

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Pressure Thrust

(EJMA) Which types of expansion joints have this problem?

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Pressure Thrust
For a bellow type expansion joint, the pressure thrust force is F = P * * d2 4 Where P = pressure d = pitch diameter of bellows
C-25

Pressure Thrust Workshop

What is the apparent change in the weight of a vessel caused by increasing the pressure by 100 psi (700 kPa)? See the supplement, page 42.

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Installation of Expansion Joints

Anchors must be designed for full pressure thrust based on test pressure. (EJMA)
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Bellows Movement

Axial (EJMA)

Rotation (EJMA)

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Bellows Movement

Lateral (EJMA) Inefficient for bellows

Efficient use of bellows for Lateral movement (EJMA)

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Universal Expansion Joint

Piping Technology & Products (PTP)

(PTP)

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Universal Expansion Joint

In-plane application (EJMA)

3-dimensional application (EJMA)

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Hinged Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(Adsco)

(Hae Jo Industrial)

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Hinged Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(EJMA)
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Gimbal Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(Adsco)

(Hae Jo Industrial)

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Gimbal Expansion Joint

(EJMA)
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Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(Hae Jo Industrial)

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Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(EJMA)

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Piping Design & Applications Workshop

Shipping Braces

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