Chapter 9 Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization

Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Zoology Rick Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Who are the Cnidarians?

Hydra

Sea Anemones

Corals

Jellyfish

Whats a Ctenophora?

Comb Jellies

 Radial Symmetry (or biradial

Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics

symmetry) Diploblastic tissue-level organization Gel-like mesoglea between epidermal and gastrodermal tissue layers Gastrovascular Cavity Nerve net for a nervous system Have cnidocytes specialized cells used in defense and feeding

Radial Symmetry

Diploblastic Tissue Level

Ectoderm becomes the epidermis, outer
layer of body wall. Endoderm becomes gastrodermis, inner layer of body wall. Epidermis and Gastrodermis can become many other cell types. Mesoglea is a jellylike layer between epidermis and gastrodermis; cells in the mesoglea are from epi- or gastrodermis; not triploblastic.

 Mesoglea - layer of

Jellyfish Antomy

jelly separating two tissue layers of cup or umbrella-shaped body forms. Gastrovascular Cavity a central cavity that serves for digestion, circulation and reproduction with a single opening that functions as both mouth and anus.

 Some cnidarians, such as jellies:

Have elaborate gastrovascular cavities
Circular canal

Radial canal Mouth 5 cm

No Bones, No Brain, but What a Sting!

Cnidocytes specialized cells of cnidarians
that produce and contain stinging nematocysts; unique to Cnidarians. Cnida (ae) a fluid-filled capsule encasing a coiled hollow tube; used for attachment, defense, and feeding. Nematocyst a type of barbed cnida that penetrates prey; often delivers toxins.

 Tentacles may have several

Cnidarian Tentacles

kinds of cnidae. Some cnidae produce mucus to entrap prey or anchor the animal. Cnidocytes on the tentacles have trigger structures that, when touched, release the coiled nematocyst; often barbed, like a harpoon. Contains neurotoxins to paralyze prey.

Nemotocysts

Nematocyst

Discharged Nemotocyst

Firing Nemotocyst

Dead NH Jellyfish Stings 150 , Hospitalizes 9

Dead Lions Mane Giant Jelly, Wallis Sands State Park, NH, July 22, 2010

Most Cnidarians have 2 Body Forms in Life Histories:

Alternation of Generations

1. Polyp the sessile (attached) state in the

life cycle; cylindrical body and a mouth surrounded by tentacles; mouth upwards; usually asexual. 2. Medusa the free-swimming stage in the life cycle; shaped like inverted bowl; mouth usually points downward with tentacles dangling at margin; usually is dioecious (either male or female) and produces gametes.; sexual.

Alternation of Generations
Polyp Form attached to substrate at the aboral end with mouth facing upward. Medusa Form free swimming with mouth usually facing downward surrounded by feeding tentacles.

Typical Jellyfish Life Cycle

 Carnivorous eat plankton, small

Feeding and Digestion

crustaceans, fish, EACH OTHER! Tentacles snag prey and drag to mouth. Gastrodermis lines gastrovascular cavity (GVC) functions in digestion, exchange of gases, respiration, and reproduction.

Lions mane eats another jelly

 Once in GVC, gastrodermal cells secrete digestive enzymes and phagocytize food. Nutritive-muscular cells contract and help distribute food via peristalsis. Undigested food leaves via the mouth, no anus.
Lions mane jellyfish eating fish

 Via diffusion Body is only two cell

Respiration

layers thick. Jellies can be long and heavy but must be within 0.5 mm from surrounding water for diffusion large S.A. to Volume ratio. Use the GVC to help with this.

Internal Transport
Via diffusion

Excretion

Via diffusion

 Buoyancy from water; also hydrostatic

Movement

skeleton from the GVC. Move on water current or wind. Epithelial cells in body wall can contract and push water from the GVC and out mouth polyp collapses. Circular and radial cells may cause rhythmic pulsations of bell. May also walk along bottom with tentacles.

Responsiveness
Most primitive nervous system in animals. Have a nerve net below epidermis carries
impulses from local stimuli around the body. Some touch and chemical receptors throughout the body. Some species have a nerve ring at the margin of the medusa for swimming. Others have statocyst at the margin CaCo3 sensitivity to gravity and coordinates swimming.

Sexual Reproduction
Dioecious either male or female; not
hermaphrodite. Sperm or egg released into GVC or released into water for external fertilization. Embryo develops into planula ciliated, free-swimming larva. Planula attaches to substrate, becomes polyp.

Asexual Reproduction
Polyps may
form from budding from other polyps. Some use fission.

Fission in Sea Anemones

 Small, common, marine and freshwater. Characteristics:

1. Nematocysts only in epidermis 2. Gametes are epidermal released into water and not GVC. 3. Incomplete digestive tract with unbranched gut. 4. Mesoglea is acellular; mostly thin, gel-like. 5. Polyp is dominant body from.

Class Hydrozoa

Most have colonial polyps that are specialized

for feeding, budding, defense. Ex. Hydra, Obelia, Gonionemus, Physalia physalis (Portugese man-of-war)