CHAPTER 2: MARKETS AND INSTRUMENTS

1. a. (iv) b. (ii) [6.75/(1 .34) = 10.2]

c. (i) Writing a call entails unlimited potential losses as the stock price rises. a. rBEY = = = .0845, or 8.45% b. One reason is that the discount yield is computed by dividing the dollar discount from par by the par value, $10,000, rather than by the bill's price, $9,600. A second reason is that the discount yield is annualized by a 360-day year rather than 365. 3. P = 10,000 [1 rBD (n/360)] where rBD is the discount yield. Pask = 10,000 [1 .0681 (60/360)] = $9,886.50 Pbid = 10,000 [1 .0690 (60/360)] = $9,885.00

2.

4.

rBEY =
= = 6.98%, which exceeds the discount yield, rBD = 6.81%. To obtain the effective annual yield, rEAY, note that the 60-day growth factor for invested funds is = 1.01148. Annualizing this growth rate results in 1+ rEAY = ( )365/60 = 1.0719 which implies that rEAY = 7.19%

5.

a. i.

1 + r = (10,000/9,764)4 = 1.1002 r = 10.02%

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ii.

1 + r = (10,000/9,539)2 = 1.0990 r = 9.90% The three-month bill offers a higher effective annual yield.

b. i. ii.

rBD = = .0934 = 9.34% rBD = = .0912 = 9.12%

6.

a. Price = $10,000 [1 .03 ] = $9,925 b. 90-day return = = .007557 = .7557% c. rBEY = .7557% = 3.065% d. Effective annual yield = (1.007557)365/90 1 = .0310 = 3.10%

7.

The bill has a maturity of one-half year, and an annualized discount of 9.18%. Therefore, its actual percentage discount from par value is 9.18% 1/2 = 4.59%. The bill will sell for $100,000 (1 .0459) = $95,410. The total before-tax income is $4, of which .30 $4 = $1.20 is taxable income (after the 70% exclusion). Taxes therefore are .30 $1.20 = $.36, for an after-tax income of $3.64, and a rate of return of 9.1%. a. Honeywell closed today at $39.88, which was $.69 higher than yesterdays price. Yesterdays price must have been $39.19. b. You buy at the closing price. Therefore, you could buy $5,000/$39.88 = 125.4 shares c. Your dividend income would be 125.4 $.75 = $94.05 annually d. The price-to-earnings ratio is 19, and price is $39.88. Therefore, $39.88/Earnings = 19 Earnings = $2.10.

8.

9.

10. a. The index at t = 0 is (90 + 50 + 100)/3 = 80. At t = 1, it is 250/3 = 83.333, for a rate of return of 4.17%.

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b. In the absence of a split, stock C would sell for 110, and the index would be 250/3 = 83.333. After the split, stock C sells at 55. Therefore, we need to set the divisor d such that 83.333 = (95 + 45 + 55)/d, meaning that d = 2.34. c. The return is zero. The index remains unchanged, as it should, since the return on each stock separately equals zero. 11. a. Total market value at t = 0 is (9,000 + 10,000 + 20,000) = 39,000. Market value at t = 1 is (9,500 + 9,000 + 22,000) = 40,500. Rate of return = 40,500/39,000 1 = 3.85%. b. The return on each stock is as follows: rA= 95/90 1 = .0556 rB= 45/50 1 = .10 rC=110/100 1 = .10 The equally-weighted average is .0185 = 1.85% 12. The after-tax yield on the corporate bonds is .09 (1 .28) = .0648. Therefore, munis must pay at least 6.48%.

13. a. The taxable bond. With a zero tax bracket, its after-tax rate is the same as the before-tax rate, 5%, which is greater than the rate on the municipal bond. b. The taxable bond. Its after-tax rate is 5 (1 .1) = 4.5%. c. You are indifferent. The after-tax rate of the taxable bond is 5 (1 .2) = 4%, the same as that of the muni. d. The muni offers the higher after-tax rate for investors in tax brackets above 20%. 14. Equation (2.5) shows that the equivalent taxable yield is: r = rm/(1 t). a. b. c. d. 4% 4.44% 5% 5.71%

15. If the after-tax yields are equal, then 5.6% = 8% (1 t). This implies that t = .30, so the correct choice is (a). 16. a. The higher coupon bond. 2-3

b. The call with the lower exercise price. c. The put on the lower priced stock. d. The bill with the lower yield. 17. a. You bought the contract when the futures price was 501.50 (see Figure 2.14). The contract closes at a price of 510, which is 8.50 higher than the original futures price. The contract multiplier is $500. Therefore, the profit will be 8.50 $500 = $4,250. b. Open interest on the index is 11,658 contracts. 18. a. Because the stock price exceeds the exercise price, you will choose to exercise. The payoff on the option will be $40 $35 = $5. The option originally cost $4.10, so the profit is $5 $4.10 = $.90. b. If the exercise price were $40, you would not exercise. The loss on the call would be the initial cost, which was $4.10. c. If the put has an exercise price of $35, you would not exercise for any stock price of $35 or above. The loss on the put would be the initial cost, which was $1.90. 19. There is always a chance that the option will be in the money at some point prior to expiration. Investors will pay something for this chance of a positive payoff. 20. a. b. c. d. e. Value of call at expiration 0 0 0 5 10 Value of put at expiration 10 5 0 0 0 Initial Cost 4 4 4 4 4 Initial Cost 6 6 6 6 6 = Profit 4 4 4 1 6 Profit 4 1 6 6 6

a. b. c. d. e. 21.

The put option conveys the right to sell the underlying asset at the exercise price. The short position in a futures contract carries an obligation to sell the underlying asset for the futures price.

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22.

The call option conveys the right to buy the underlying asset at the exercise price. The long position in a futures contract carries an obligation to buy the underlying asset for the futures price. The spread will widen. A deterioration in the economy increases credit risk, that is, the likelihood of default. Investors will demand a greater premium on debt subject to default risk. On the day that we tried this experiment, 18 of the 25 stocks met this criterion, leading us to conclude that returns on stock investments can be quite volatile.

23.

24.

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