Experiment 9 Equivalent Circuits

Name: Course/Section: Date Performed: Date Submitted:

Jason Johnson ENGR 361-04 November 15, 2001 November 29, 2001

In keeping with the honor code of the School of Engineering, I have not copied laboratory report material, given help to, or received any help from any of my fellow students in the preparation of this laboratory report. _________________________ Jason A. Johnson

2 Abstract: The intent of this report is to present the objectives, goals, and procedure of Experiment 9 in the Electric Circuit Laboratory Manual along with the results obtained. A thorough description of the results is provided along with an analysis of the quality of the data in relation to the goals of the experiment. Experiment 9 is a study of two-port networks and their equivalent circuits. In this experiment both impedance (Z) parameters and hybrid (h) parameters for two-port networks are found both analytically and experimentally. The calculated results are compared to the experimental results in order to verify the validity of the equivalent circuits.

Data:
Equipment Breadboard Virtual Bench Software (function generator and oscilloscope) Resistor: 1 k Decade Box: for 50 resistor Capacitor: 1 nF Inductor: 2.2 mH

Summary and Procedure: Part I: Z-Parameters This part of the experiment was simply a tutorial on Z-parameters. The describing equations for a two-port network, as shown in Fig. 1 below [1], using Z-parameters were given as follows: V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2

3 From these equations, the equations for the individual Z-parameters can be derived by setting either I1 or I2 to zero. By leaving port b open, I2 = 0 and Z11 and Z21 are given by the following equations: Z11 = V1 / I1 Z21 = V2 / I1 Eq. 1 Eq. 2

By leaving port a open, I1 = 0, and Z12 and Z22 are given by the following equations: Z12 = V1 / I2 Z22 = V2 / I2 Eq. 3 Eq. 4

Using these parameters, an equivalent circuit can be drawn using only four elements as shown in Fig. 2 below [2].

Fig. 1 Linear Network

Fig. 2 Z-Parameter Equivalent Circuit

4 Part II: H-Parameters This part of the experiment was simply a tutorial on h-parameters. The describing equations for a two-port network, as shown in Fig. 1 above, using h-parameters were given as follows: V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 I2 = h21I1 + h22V2 From these equations, the equations for the individual Z-parameters can be derived by setting either I1 or V2 to zero. By shorting port b, V2 = 0 and h11 and h21 are given by the following equations: h11 = V1 / I1 h21 = I2 / I1 Eq. 5 Eq. 6

By leaving port a open, I1 = 0, and h12 and h22 are given by the following equations: h12 = V1 / V2 h22 = I2 / V2 Eq. 7 Eq. 8

Using these parameters, an equivalent circuit can be drawn using only four elements as shown in Fig. 3 below [3].

Fig. 3 H-Parameter Equivalent Circuit

5 Part III: Measurement of Z-Parameters For this part of Experiment 9, measurements were taken from the circuit of Fig. 4 below [4] in order to determine its Z-parameters.

Fig. 4 Network Parameter Measurement

First, a DMM was used to measure the resistance of the current sampling resistors. Rs1 was measured to be 1 and Rs2 was measured to be 10.5 . Next, in step (a), the output was open-circuited and a sinusoidal signal of 15 mV @ 1000 Hz was applied between the INPUT and GROUND. Next, VRs1 was measured to be 0.7 mV and V2 was measured to be 2.657 V. Knowing the value of Rs1, Ohms Law gives that I1 = VRs1 / Rs1 = 0.7 mA. From this information, Z11 = V1 / I1 = 15 mV / 0.7 mA = 21.4 Z21 = V2 / I1 = 2.657 V / 0.7 mA = 3.80 k (by Eq. 1) (by Eq. 2)

For step (b), the input was open-circuited and a sinusoidal signal of 500 mV @ 1000 Hz was applied between the OUTPUT terminal and GROUND. Next, VRs2 was measured to be 1.9 mV and V1 was measured to be 0.1 mV. Knowing the value of Rs2, Ohms Law gives that I2 = VRs1 / Rs1 = 0.181 mA. From this information, Z12 = V1 / I2 = 0.1 mV / 0.181 mA = 0.552 (by Eq. 3)

6 Z22 = V2 / I2 = 500 mV / 0.181 mA = 2.76 k (by Eq. 4)

Part IV: Measurement of H-Parameters In this part of the experiment, measurements were taken in order to determine the hparameters of the circuit of Fig. 4 above. Step (a) involved shorting the output and applying a sinusoidal signal of 15 mV @ 1000 Hz between the INPUT terminal and GROUND. Next, VRs1 was measured to be 0.8 mV and VRs2 was measured to be 8.2 mV. Knowing the values of the resistances, Ohms Law gives I1 = VRs1 / Rs1 = 0.8 mA and I2 = VRs2 / Rs2 = 0.0762 mA. From this information, h11 = V1 / I1 = 15 mV / 0.0762 mA = 18.8 h21 = I2 / I1 = 0.219 mA / 0.0762 mA = 0.976 (by Eq. 5) (by Eq. 6)

For step (b), the data from Part III(b) was used to calculate the remaining hparameters. From this information, h12 = V1 / V2 = 0.1 mV / 500 mV = 2.00 * 10-4 h22 = I2 / V2 = 0.181 mA / 500 mV = 362 S (by Eq. 7) (by Eq. 8)

Part V: Measurement of Gain For Part V, a load resistor of 10 k was placed between the OUTPUT terminal and GROUND of the circuit of Fig. 4.. A sinusoidal signal of 15 mV @ 1000 Hz was placed at the input. In order to determine the voltage gain and current gain for the circuit, VRs1 was measured to be 0.8 mV, VRs2 was measured to be 2.0 mV, and V2 was measured to be

7 1.996 V. The voltage gain, AV, is given by V2 / V1 = 1.996 V / 15 mV = 133. After finding the currents by Ohms Law as done before, the current gain, AI, is given by I2 / I1 = 190 A / 0.8 mA = 0.238

Part VI: Calculations and Analysis Steps (a) and (b) of this part involved calculating the Z- and h- parameters for the circuit of Fig. 4 above. This was done in Parts III and IV above. Step (c) entailed developing equivalent circuit models using both the Z- and h- parameters. These are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 below.

Fig. 5 Equivalent Circuit Using Z-Parameters

Fig. 6 Equivalent Circuit Using h-Parameters

The next order of business was finding the current and voltage gain of each equivalent circuit. First the gain values were found for the Z-parameter equivalent circuit. Utilizing Kirchoffs laws, the following equations were written and solved simultaneously using a calculator.

Having solved for the currents above, the current gain was found as before by AI = I2 / I1 = -14.0 mA / 47.1 mA = -0.297. Next, I2 was used to find the voltage gain as follows:

So, the voltage gain was found to be 140. Next, the gain was found using the h-parameter equivalent circuit. First Kirchoffs laws were used to write the equations below:

The above equations were solved simultaneously using a calculator to produce the above results. Using these results the equations below were written for the gain.

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The results of this part are compared with the results of Part V in Results.

Part VII: Two-Port Passive Linear Networks and Equivalent Circuits: Z- and HParameters for a Passive Network Step (a) involved calculating the Z- and h-parameters for the circuit of Fig. 7 below [5].

Fig. 7 Passive Network

First, the Z-parameters were calculated using the circuit of Fig. 8a below.

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Fig. 8a Circuit for Finding Z11 and Z21

In the above circuit, I2 is set to zero. Nodal equations are written below for the above circuit.

The equations were solved simultaneously with a calculator producing the results above. From these nodal voltages, Z11 and Z21 can be found. First, I1 is given by (1- VA) / 200 = 1.96 mA. Also, V2 is given by VB VC = 200 mV. Now Z11 and Z21 can be found as follows:

12 Z11 = V1 / I1 = 1 V / 1.96 mA = 499 Z21 = V2 / I1 = 200 mV / 1.96 mA = 99.9 Next, Fig. 8b below was used to find Z12 and Z22. (by Eq. 1) (by Eq. 2)

Fig. 8b Circuit for Finding Z12 and Z22

Nodal equations were written as shown below and solved simultaneously using a calculator.

From these results, V1 is given by VA VB = 599 mV. Also I2 is given by V2 / Req = 5.99 mA, where Req = (597 + 200 + 200) || 330 || 510 = 167 . From this information, Z12 and Z22 were found as follows: Z12 = V1 / I2 = 599 mV / 5.99 mA = 99.9 (by Eq. 3)

13 Z22 = V2 / I2 = 1 V / 5.99 mA = 167 (by Eq. 4)

It was observed that Z12 and Z21 were found to be identically equal. As was learned later, this phenomena of passive networks leads to the ability to draw a circuit equivalent to a passive linear network using only three impedances. Next, the h-parameters were found for the circuit of Fig. 7 above. To begin, the circuit of Fig. 9 was used to find h11 and h21.

Fig. 9 Circuit for Finding h11 and h21

Nodal equations were found for the circuit of the figure above and were solved simultaneously using a calculator to produce the solutions given.

14 From the solutions found above, I1 is given by (1 VA) / 200 = 2.28 mA. I2 is given by (VB VA) / 200 = -1.36 mA. From these figures, h11 and h21 were found as follows: h11 = V1 / I1 = 1 V / 2.28 mA = 440 h21 = I2 / I1 = -1.36 mA / 2.28 mA = -0.599 (by Eq. 5) (by Eq. 6)

Next, using Fig. 8b above, h12 and h22 were found. The solutions of the nodal equations for the circuit were used to find h12 and h22 as follows: h12 = V1 / V2 = 5.99 mV / 1 V = 0.599 h22 = I2 / V2 = 5.99 mA / 1 V = 5.99 mS (by Eq. 7) (by Eq. 8)

Step (b) of Part VII involved connecting the circuit of Fig. 7 above and performing measurements to determine the Z- and h-parameters as in Parts III and IV above. First, port b was open-circuited and 10 V DC was applied to port a. Next, V2 was measured at 1.997 V and I1 was measured at 19.86 mA. From this information, Z11 and Z21 were computed as follows: Z11 = V1 / I1 = 10 V / 19.86 mA = 504 Z21 = V2 / I1 = 1.997 V / 19.86 mA = 101 (by Eq. 1) (by Eq. 2)

Next, port a was open-circuited and 10 V DC was applied at port b. V1 was then measured at 5.99 V, and I2 was measured at 58.3 mA. From this information Z12, Z22, h12, and h22 were all found as follows: Z12 = V1 / I2 = 5.99 V / 58.3 mA = 103 Z22 = V2 / I2 = 10 V / 58.3 mA = 172 h12 = V1 / V2 = 5.99 V / 10 V = 0.599 h22 = I2 / V2 = 58.3 mA / 10 V = 5.83 mS (by Eq. 3) (by Eq. 4) (by Eq. 7) (by Eq. 8)

15 Finally, port b was short-circuited and 10 V DC was applied at port a. I1 was measured to be 22.52 mA and I2 was measured at 13.15 mA. From this information, h11 and h21 were found as follows: h11 = V1 / I1 = 10 V / 22.52 mA = 444 h21 = I2 / I1 = -13.15 mA / 22.52 mA = -0.584 (by Eq. 5) (by Eq. 6)

For step (c), these results are compared with the analytical results in Results and Conclusions. Step (d) explains that for passive linear networks, a T or equivalent network can be constructed. These equivalent circuits are shown in Figs. 10 and 11 below [6].

Fig. 10 T Network

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Fig. 11 Network Step (d)-1 required finding Za, Zb, and Zc from Fig. 10 above in terms of Z11, Z12, Z21, and Z22 from Eqs. 1 4. This involved first solving for the Z-parameters of the T network above. The circuit of Fig. 12 below was used to solve for Z11 and Z21.

Fig. 12 Circuit to Find Z11 and Z21 of T Network The following equations were written for the circuit above using circuit theory:

These equations allow Z11 and Z21 to be solved as shown below:

17 Z11 = V1 / I1 = Za + Zc Z21 = V2 / I1 = Zc These equations give: Zc = Z21 Za = Z11 Zc = Z11 Z21 Next, the circuit of Fig. 13 below was used to find Z12 and Z22 of the T network. (by Eq. 1) (by Eq. 2)

Fig. 13 Circuit to Find Z12 and Z22 of T Network

Using circuit theory, the following equations were written for the above circuit:

From these equations Z12 and Z22 were calculated as follows: Z12 = V1 / I2 = Zc Z22 = V2 / I2 = Zb + Zc (by Eq. 3) (by Eq. 4)

From this is can be seen that Z12 = Z21 = Zc. Also Zb = Z22 Zc = Z22 Z12 = Z22 Z21. For Step (d)-2, The Z-parameters were found for the network of Fig. 11 above. First the circuit of Fig. 14 below was used to find Z11 and Z21 as before.

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Fig. 14 Circuit to Find Z11 and Z21 of Network

Using the principles of circuit theory, yet again, the following equations were written for the above circuit:

Utilizing Eqs. 1 and 2, the following solutions were found for Z11 and Z21:

Next, the circuit of Fig. 15 below was used to solve for Z12 and Z22.

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Fig. 15 Circuit to Find Z12 and Z22 of Network

Employing everyones old friend circuit theory once more, the following equations were written for the circuit above:

Next, Eqs. 3 and 4 were used to arrive at the following solutions for Z12 and Z22:

Results:

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Table 1 Results of Part III

Z-parameter Value () 21.4 Z11 0.552 Z12 3.80k Z21 2.76k Z22
Table 2 Results of Part IV

h-parameter Value 18.8 h11 2.00 * 10-4 h12 0.976 h21 362 S h22

Table 3 Comparison of Gain by Direct Measurement and Through Equivalent Z-parameter Circuit

Voltage Gain Current Gain

Direct Measurement 133 0.238

Equivalent Circuit 140 -0.298

% Difference 5.13% 22.4%

The above percent difference for the current gain was found using the absolute values of the current gain values. This is explained in Conclusions.

Table 4 Comparison of Gain by Direct Measurement and Through Equivalent h-parameter Circuit

Voltage Gain Current Gain

Direct Measurement 133 0.238

Equivalent Circuit 115 0.211

% Difference 3.63% 2.97%

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Table 5 Comparison of Z- and h-parameters for Passive Network

Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22 h11 h12 h21 h22

Theoretical 499 99.9 99.9 167 440 0.599 -0.599 5.99 mS

Measured 504 103 101 172 444 0.599 -0.584 5.83 mS

% Error (%) 1.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 0.909 0.00 2.50 2.67

The formula for percent difference as used above is shown below:

% difference = | (standard value questioned value) / [(standard value + questioned value) / 2] | *100%

ex. % diff = (0.238 0.211) / [(0.238 + 0.211) / 2] * 100% = 2.97%

The formula for percent error as used above is shown below: % error = | (standard value questioned value) / (standard value) | * 100% ex. % error = (499 504 ) / 499 * 100% = 1.00%

Conclusions: Judging from the general quality of the data and the success of the procedure, the experiment was a success. However, some error was significant. As shown in Table 3, there is a problem with the current gain as calculated from the equivalent circuit. First, the 22.4 % difference is gross. This is probably due to a bad measurement somewhere. Also, the value is negative. The sign difference is due to the nature of AC voltage. The RMS voltmeter used in this experiment only measures the magnitude of voltages, so the polarity remains unknown. It is also known that in some cases Z-parameters are less accurate than h-

22 parameters due to imperfect measuring devices. This could be true in this case since the voltage and current gain calculated from the h-parameter circuit each differs less than 4.00%. Part VII was a complete success. As shown in Table 5, all experimental data has a percent error of 3.00% or less as compared to the theoretical data. The remainder of Part VII was completed successfully as the alternative equivalent network information was found as required. The goals of this experiment were essentially to learn about equivalent two-port circuits and to verify their validity. As the data has generally low error, the methods were verified. The satisfactory completion of this experiment implies that a general understanding of two-port networks and their equivalent circuits was gained. All goals were met. Further knowledge could be obtained by experimenting with other networks.