Chapter 5

Handy Circuit Analysis Techniques

Prof. SeongHwan Cho
Dept. of EE, KAIST
Linear Elements and Circuits
A linear circuit element has a linear voltage-current relationship:
if i(t) produces v(t), then Ki(t) produces _____
if i
1
(t) produces v
1
(t) and i
2
(t) produces v
2
(t), then i
1
(t) + i
2
(t)
produces _____________,
resistors, sources are linear elements
1
a linear circuit is one with only linear elements
1
Dependent sources need linear control equations to be linear elements.
The Superposition Concept
For the circuit shown, the solution can be expressed as:
Question: How much of v
1
is due to source A, and how much is
because of source B?
We use the superposition principle to answer.
1
2
0.7 0.2
0.2 1.2
a
b
i v
i v

( ( (
=
( ( (

The Superposition Concept
If we define A as
A=
0.7 0.2
0.2 1.2



(

(
then
v
1
v
2



(

(
= A
1
i
a
i
b



(

(
= A
1
0
i
b



(

(
+A
1
i
a
0



(

(
Superposition:
the response is the sum of experiments A and B.
The Superposition Theorem
In a linear network, the voltage across or the current
through any element may be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents
caused by the separate independent sources acting
alone, i.e. with
all other independent voltage sources replaced by
_______ circuits and
all other independent current sources replaced by
________ circuits.
Applying Superposition
Leave one source ___ and turn all other sources____:
How to turn off sources:
voltage sources: set v=_____.
These become _______ circuits.
current sources: set i=_____.
These become _______ circuits.
Find the response from this source.
Add the resulting responses
to find the total response.
Superposition Example
x
i
'
=
x
i
''
=
Superposition with a Dependent Source
When applying superposition to circuits with dependent sources,
these dependent sources are never turned off.
Practical Sources
Ideal voltage sources: a first approximation model for a battery.
Why do real batteries have a current limit and experience
voltage drop as current increases?
Practical Battery model:
Practical Voltage Source
The source has an internal resistance or output resistance,
which is modeled as R
s
______circuit current (when R
L
=____)
______ circuit voltage (when R
L
=____)
v
L
i
L
0
Practical Current Source
Practical Current Source
The source has an internal parallel resistance which is modeled as
R
p
_____ circuit current (when R
L
=___)
_____ circuit voltage (when R
L
=___)
v
L
i
L
0
Source Transformation & Equivalent Sources
The sources are equivalent if
Source Transformation
The circuits (a) and (b) are equivalent at the terminals.
If given circuit (a), but circuit (b) is more convenient, switch
them!
This process is called source transformation.
Example: Source Transformation
We can find the current I in the circuit below using source
transformation, as shown.
I = (45-3)/(5+4.7+3) = 3.307 mA
Thvenin Equivalent Circuits
Thvenins theorem: a linear network can be replaced by its
Thvenin equivalent circuit, as shown below:
How to find Thevinin Equivalent
1. Source transformation
2. Thevenin Theorem
Thvenin Equivalent using Source Transformation
Thvenin Theorem
Disconnect the load.
Find the open circuit voltage v
oc
Find the equivalent resistance R
eq
by applying a _____________
with all independent sources turned off.
Then: V
TH
=v
oc
and R
TH
=R
eq
Thvenin Equivalent using Thvenin Theorem
Norton Equivalent Circuits
Nortons theorem: a linear network can be replaced by its Norton
equivalent circuit, as shown below:
How to find Norton Equivalent
1. Source transformation
2. Norton Theorem
Norton Equivalent using Source Transformation
Norton Theorem
Replace the load with a short circuit.
Find the short circuit current i
sc
Find the equivalent resistance R
eq
by applying ____________
with all independent sources turned off.
Then: I
N
=i
sc
and R
N
=R
eq
Norton Equivalent using Norton Theorem
Use either Norton or Thevenin, (dont do both) as they are basically the same
thing.
Example: Norton and Thvenin
Find the Thvenin and Norton equivalents for the network faced
by the 1-k resistor.
Example: Handling Dependent Sources
2O
3O
4
x
v
Source transformation? Theorems?
Thvenin Ex.: Handling Dependent Sources
Maximum Power Transfer
What is the maximum power that can be delivered to the load?
What load resistor will results in maximum power to the load?
Maximum Power __________
What is the maximum power that can be
delivered from the practical source?
What is the maximum power efficiency, P
L
/P
S
?
What load resistor results in maximim power efficiency?
Dont be confused about the term maximum power transfer
-Y (delta-wye) Conversion
The following resistors form a :
The following resistors form a Y:
-Y (delta-wye) Conversion
this is equivalent to the Y if
this Y is equivalent to the if