16 Tenses in English

Program Sarjana Ekonomi Manajemen UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

Mata Kuliah Nama Lengkap Npm Dosen Kelas Judul Makalah

: Bahasa Inggris : Sri Setiawaty : 18211261 : Dwi Prakosa Dicky : 1EA26 : 16 Tenses in English

PROLOGUE

The author praises and thanksgiving pray Allah SWT for all His mercy and grace so that authors can complete a paper for English course work, entitled "16 ENGLISH tenses" just in time. The author would like to thank all those who have helped to motivate and give useful suggestions that authors can make this paper as well. In particular, authors thank Mr. Dwi Prakosa Dicky as a lecturer in English who has been given the task of this paper. Thereby increasing knowledge about the author that there are 16 tenses in English. In this paper I will discuss about the various and use of tenses in English. Tenses is the syntax. As we know, tenses are important in learning English, or the use of English in all respects. Therefore I would like to discuss about the tenses so that we better understand about the tenses, so we did not err in applying the English language. Like the Indonesian language, we must consider the use of tenses in a sentence. What should we say if you make a sentence which we do, we're doing, and we will do. In English, the pattern of negative and positive sentences are different, there is the addition of the words in the pattern of negative sentences. Not much different from Indonesian, English only more specific in the use of the word. Okay, let's start discussing about the tenses. The author realized that the paper is still far from perfect, for that author expects criticism and constructive suggestions for the perfection of this paper. Hopefully this paper is particularly useful to readers and fellow students in general.

Jakarta, March 16th, 2012

Author

DAFTAR ISI

Contents
16 TENSES IN ENGLISH...............................................................1 PROLOGUE................................................................................. 2 DAFTAR ISI................................................................................. 3 BAB I......................................................................................... 5 ENGLISH TENSE SYSTEM.............................................................5
I.1 I.2 English Tense System..........................................................................5 What is Tense?....................................................................................6

TENSE (NOUN) IS A FORM OF A VERB USED TO INDICATE THE TIME, AND SOMETIMES THE CONTINUATION OR COMPLETENESS, OF AN ACTION IN RELATION TO THE TIME OF SPEAKING. (FROM LATIN TEMPUS = TIME). TENSE IS A METHOD THAT WE USE IN ENGLISH TO REFER TO TIME - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. MANY LANGUAGES USE TENSES TO TALK ABOUT TIME. OTHER LANGUAGES HAVE NO TENSES, BUT OF COURSE THEY CAN STILL TALK ABOUT TIME, USING DIFFERENT METHODS...........................6
I.3 I.4 I.5 I.6 Tense and Time...................................................................................7 Basic Tenses........................................................................................8 Basic Tenses: Regular Verb..................................................................9 Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb...............................................................10

THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF TENSES FOR REGULAR VERBS AND IRREGULAR VERBS IS EXACTLY THE SAME (EXCEPT TO BE). THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS THAT WITH REGULAR VERBS THE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE ARE ALWAYS THE SAME (WORKED, WORKED), WHILE WITH IRREGULAR VERBS THE PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE ARE NOT ALWAYS THE SAME (SANG, SUNG). BUT THE STRUCTURE IS THE SAME! IT WILL HELP YOU A GREAT DEAL TO REALLY UNDERSTAND THAT..................................................................11
I.7 Basic Tenses: Be................................................................................12 BAB II 14 ENGLISH TENSES TIMELINE.....................................................................14 a. Simple Present Tenses........................................................................14 b. Present Continuous /Progressive Tenses .............................................15 c. Present Perpect Tense.........................................................................15 d. Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive...............................................16 e. Simple Past tense ..............................................................................17 f. Countinuous or Progressive Tense........................................................17 g. Past Perfect Tenses............................................................................18 h. Past Perfect Continuous/Progessive Tense...........................................18 i. Future tense .......................................................................................19 j. Future Continuous/Progressive Tense...................................................19 19

k. Future perfect Tense...........................................................................20 l. Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense .....................................21 m. Past Future Tense..............................................................................21 The Pattern of Past Future Tense.........................................................................22 n. Past Future Continuous Tense.............................................................22 The Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense......................................................22 o. Past Future Perfect Tense...................................................................23 The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense.............................................................23 p. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense.................................................24 The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense..........................................24 BAB III................................................................................................... 25 EXAMPLE OF 16 TENSES.........................................................................25 a. Present Tenses ..................................................................................25 b. Present Continuous/Progressive Tenses...............................................27 c. Present Perpect Tense.........................................................................28 d. Present Continuous/Progressive Tense ...............................................29 e. Simple Past Tenses.............................................................................30 f. Past Countinuous/Progressive Tense....................................................31 g. Past perfect Tenses ............................................................................31 h. Past Perfect Countinuous/Progressive Tense .......................................32 i. Future Tense.......................................................................................32 j. Future Continuous/Progressive Tense...................................................33 k. Future Perfect Tense...........................................................................34 l. Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense .......................................34 m. Past Future Tense..............................................................................35 The Pattern of Past Future Tense........................................................................35 n. Past Future Continuous Tense.............................................................35 The Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense.....................................................35 o. Past Future Perfect Tense...................................................................36 The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense................................................36 p. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense.................................................36 The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense.............................36

REFERENCES............................................................................37 A HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR (TATA BAHASA INGGRIS LENGKAP)- OLEH SLAMET RIYANTO, EMILIA NH, LEILA NH............37 HTTP://WWW.ENGLISHCLUB.COM/GRAMMAR/VERB-TENSES_SYSWHAT.HTM...............................................................................37

BAB I

ENGLISH TENSE SYSTEM

I.1 English Tense System
In some languages, verb tenses are not very important or do not even exist. In English, the concept of tense is very important. In this lesson we look at the idea behind tense, how to avoid confusing tense with time, and the structure of the basic tenses, with examples using a regular verb, an irregular verb and the verb be. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is Tense? Tense & Time Basic Tenses Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Be

I.2 What is Tense?

Tense (noun) is a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time). Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods. So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but: we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense) one tense does not always talk about one time (see Tense & Time for more about this)

Here are some of the terms used in discussing verbs and tenses : a. Mood Indicative mood expresses a simple statement of fact, which can be positive (affirmative) or negative. I like coffee. I do not like coffee.

Interrogative mood expresses a question

Why do you like coffee?

Imperative mood expresses a command

Sit down!

Subjunctive mood expresses what is imagined or wished or possible

The President ordered that he attend the meeting. b. Voice Voice shows the relationship of the subject to the action. In the active voice, the subject does the action (cats eat mice). In the passive voice, the subject receives the action (mice are eaten by cats). Among other things, we can use voice to help us change the focus of attention. c. Aspect Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to time, such as completion or duration. Present simple and past simple tenses have no aspect, but if we wish we can stress with other tenses that : The action or state referred to by the verb is completed (and often still relevant), For example : I have emailed the report to Jane.

(so now she has the report) (This is called perfective aspect, using perfect tenses.) The action or state referred to by the verb is in progress or continuing (that is, uncompleted), For example : We are eating. (This is called progressive aspect, using progressive [continuous] tenses.)

I.3 Tense and Time

It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time. For example : a present tense does not always refer to present time: I hope it rains tomorrow. "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow). Or a past tense does not always refer to past time: If I had some money now, I could buy it. "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now).

The following examples show how different tenses can be used to talk about different times. TIME Past Present I want a coffee. She likes coffee I am having dinner. She likes coffee I have finished. Future I leave tomorrow. I am taking my exam next month.

Tense Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous Past Simple

I have seen ET. I have been playing tennis. We have been working for four hours. I finished one hour If she loved you now, If you came tomorrow, ago. she would marry you. you would see her.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Simple

I was working at 2 am this morning. I had not eaten for 24 hours. We had been working for 3 hours. If I had been working tomorrow, I could not have agreed. I'll see you tomorrow. I will be working at 9 pm tonight. I will have finished by 9pm tonight. We will have been married for ten years next month. They may be tired when you arrive because they will have been working. In 30 minutes, we will have been working for four hours. If I had been working now, I would have missed you. Hold on. I'll do it now.

Future Perfect Continuous

I.4 Basic Tenses

For past and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary verbs). To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using modal auxiliary verbs will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice. Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice. So now we have 24 tenses.

24 Tenses simple tenses

past past past perfect past continuous past perfect continuous past past perfect past continuous past perfect continuous

present present present perfect present continuous present perfect continuous present present perfect present continuous present perfect continuous

future* future future perfect future continuous future perfect continuous future future perfect future continuous future perfect continuous

ACTIVE complex tenses formed with auxiliary verbs PASSIVE

Some grammar books use the word progressive instead of continuous. They are exactly the same. The use of tenses in English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English tenses is actually very simple. The basic structure for a positive sentence is:

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb An auxiliary verb is used in all tenses. (In the simple present and simple past tenses, the auxiliary verb is usually suppressed for the affirmative, but it does exist for intensification.) The following table shows the 12 tenses for the verb to work in the active voice. structure auxiliar y simple normal intensive perfect continuous continuous perfect do have be have been main verb base past participle present participle -ing present participle -ing past I worked I did work I had worked I was working I had been working present I work I do work I have worked I am working I have been working future* I will work I will have worked I will be working I will have been working

* Technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". The examples are included here for convenience and comparison.

I.5 Basic Tenses: Regular Verb

This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?). The basic structure is: positive: negative: question: + ? subject + auxiliary verb + main verb subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses: base verb work past worked past participle worked past SIMPLE do + base verb (except future: will + base verb) SIMPLE PERFECT have + past + ? + ? I did work I worked I did not work Did I work? I had worked I had not worked Had I worked? present participle -ing working present I do work I work I do not work Do I work? I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? future I will work I will not work Will I work? I will have worked I will not have worked Will I have worked?

participle CONTINUOUS be + ing + ? + CONTINUOUS PERFECT have been + ing ? I was working I was not working Was I working? I had been working I had not been working Had I been working? I am working I am not working Am I working? I have been working I have not been working Have I been working? I will be working I will not be working Will I be working? I will have been working I will not have been working Will I have been working?

I.6 Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb

This page shows the basic tenses with the irregular verb sing. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?). The basic structure is: positive: + negative: question: ? subject + auxiliary verb + main verb subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses: base verb sing past sang past participle sung present participle -ing singing present I do sing I sing I do not sing Do I sing? future I will sing I will not sing Will I sing?

SIMPLE do + base verb (except future: will + base verb) SIMPLE PERFECT have + past participle CONTINUOU S be + -ing CONTINUOU

+ ?

past I did sing I sang I did not sing Did I sing?

+ ? + ? +

I had sung I had not sung Had I sung? I was singing I was not singing Was I singing? I had been singing

I have sung I have not sung Have I sung? I am singing I am not singing Am I singing? I have been singing

I will have sung I will not have sung Will I have sung? I will be singing I will not be singing Will I be singing? I will have

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S PERFECT have been + -ing

I had not been singing Had I been singing?

I have not been singing Have I been singing?

been singing I will not have beensinging Will I have been singing?

The basic structure of tenses for regular verbs and irregular verbs is exactly the same (except to be). The only difference is that with regular verbs the past and past participle are always the same (worked, worked), while with irregular verbs the past and past participle are not always the same (sang, sung). But the structure is the same! It will help you a great deal to really understand that.

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past SIMPLE + present simple or past simple ? (except future: will + be) SIMPLE PERFECT + have + been ? CONTINUOUS be + being CONTINUOUS PERFECT have been + being + ? + ? I was I was not Was I? I am

present I will be I am not Am I?

future I will not be Will I be?

I had been I had not been Had I been? I was being I was not being Was I being? I had been being I had not beenbeing Had I been being?

I have been I have not been Have I been? I am being I am not being Am I being? I have been being I have not beenbeing Have I been being?

I will have been I will not have been Will I have been? I will be being I will not be being Will I be being? I will have been being I will not have beenbeing Will I been being? have

I.7 Basic Tenses: Be

This page shows the basic tenses with the verb be. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?). The basic structure is: positive (+): negative (-): question (?): subject + auxiliary verb + main verb subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

But for simple past and simple present tenses, the structure is not the same. In fact, it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure: positive (+) : negative (-) : subject + main verb subject + main verb + not

question (?) : main verb + subject These are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses: base be past simple was, were past participle been present participle being present simple am, are, is

In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.

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SIMPLE singular I you he/she/it plural we you they PERFECT singular I you he/she/it plural we you they CONTINUOUS singular I you he/she/it plural we you they CONTINUOUS PERFECT singular I you he/she/it plural we you they

past was were was were were were past had been had been had been had been had been had been past was being were being was being were being were being were being past had been being had been being had been being had been being had been being had been being

present am are is are are are present have been have been has been have been have been have been present am being are being is being are being are being are being present have been being have been being has been being have been being have been being have been being

future will be will be will be will be will be will be future will have been will have been will have been will have been will have been will have been future will be being will be being will be being will be being will be being will be being future will have been being will have been being will have been being will have been being will have been being will have been being

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BAB II

ENGLISH TENSES TIMELINE

a. Simple Present Tenses
This is the form of the Simple Present of To Be: Subject I We / You / They He / She / It Be (is, am, are) + Complement Am Are Is . . ....

We use am with I. We use are with we, you, they, and with all plural subjects We use is with he, she, it, and all singular subjects in the third person. am am are Is Is not Is are are are Is Is not Is Is is a teacher Indonesian a student diligent a TV repoter 17 years film starts happy on Holiday cold sunday healthy Very good a new car

I I you She He Samsul They (example : James and Jane) We You and I (= We) Ice It Running every week To study hard What he wants to buy

This is the form of the Simpe Present Tenses of Read, Learn, Stop, Speak, Go, etc : Subject I/We/You/They He/She/It Present Tenses or Verb-1 Read learn Stop reads Learns stops

speak speaks

Go goes

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We use read, learn, stop, speak and go with I, we, you, they. We use reads, learns, stop, speaks and goes with he, she, it, and all singular subjects in the third person. The students They I They bus They Earth The Sun Smoking That this food contains poison To love him Speak Learn finish Stops Revolves around Rises Damages Surprises brings English on Wednesdays Mathematics everday My job At the bus stop The Sun In the east Your lungs All of us Her to Europe

b.

Present Continuous /Progressive Tenses

This is the form of the Present Continuous /Progressive Tenses of Practice, Watch, Discuss, Leave,etc : 1A Subject I We/You/They He/She/It Be (is/am/are) Am practising Are practising Is practising Am watching Are watching Is watching +Verb-1+ing Am discussing Are discussing Is discussing Am leaving Are leaving Are leaving

We use am practising, am watching, am discussing, am leaving with I. We use are practising, are watching, are discussing, are leaving with we, you they, and with all plural subjects. We use is practising, is watching, is discussing, is leaving with he, she, it and all singular subjects in the third person.

Examples : They I We Anita We Are practicing Am watching Are discussing Is writing Are leaving English now TV at the moment a problem tomorrow a letter now For Sumatra next week

c.

Present Perpect Tense

This is the form of the Present Perpect Tense of read, Returned, Lived, Written, etc: Subject I We/You/They have/has + Verb Past Participle or Verb3 have read have returned have read have returned 15 +........................................... have lived have written have lived have written

He/She/It has read has returned has lived has written We use have read, have returned, have lived, have written with I, we, you, they, and with all plural subjects We use has read, has returned, has lived, has written with he, she, it and all singular subjects in the third person. Examples: Rita I Rina Those people Irwansyah Mr. Simon That old man The worker We has read have turned on have just returned have lived has worked for has written has smoked has painted have eaten up the letter the letter the light in Java for 25 years PT. Astra Internasional In Jakarta three books this month ten cigarettes today the wall all apple

d.

Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive

This is the form of the Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense of Learn, Travel, Visit, Do , etc: Subject I We/You/They He/She/It have/has + Verb Past Participle or Verb-3 + .................... have been learning have been have been have been doing traveling visiting have been learning have been have been have been doing traveling visiting has been learning has been traveling has been has been doing visiting

We use have been learning, have been traveling, have been visiting, have been doing with I, we, they, and with all plural subjects. We use has been learning, has been traveling, has been visiting, has been doing with he, she, it, and all singular subjects in the third person.

Examples : She I I They Greg The mechanic has been learning have been traveling have been visiting have been doing has been playing has been repairing English since she was in Elementary School to Australia since 10 oclock Bogor Palace a TOEFL test preparation tennis for five hours his car

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e.

Simple Past tense

This is the form of the Simple Past tense of TO BE:

Subject I We/You/They He/She/It

was/were was were was

+.................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... .......................................................

We use was with I We use were with we, you, they, and with all plural subjects We use was with he, she, it, and all singular subjects in the third person.

Example : I Farida He You We Rose It Her daughter They Mr. Simon and Mrs. Grace was was was were were was was was were were a student at that time a teacher in 1975 a TV reporter an actor then there yesterday busy last night a nice day in Japan for 5 years at the beach last Saturday in Semarang a week ago

This is the form of the Simple Past Tenseof Visit, Meat, Busy, Build, etc: Subject I/We/You?They He/She/It Verb-2 visited visited +....................................................... met bought built went met bought built went

We use visited, met, bought, built, went, with: I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects. Examples : I Rini Mr. Hasan They Thomas A Edison This hotel Amanda visited met bought went invented was build worked for Bali Last year her old friend a new car two day ago to China yesterday Electricity in 1975 TV7 for ten years

f.

Countinuous or Progressive Tense

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This is the of the Past Countinuous or Progressive Tense of Watch, Attend, Do, Ask , etc: Subject + was/were + Verb-1 + ing Subject + Verb-2 I We/You/They He/She/It was watching ware watching was watching Subject + Verb-2 or Subject + was/were + Verb-1 + ing was doing was doing was doing was asking ware asking was asking

WHEN WHILE was attending was attending was attending

We use was wathching, was attending, was doing, was working with I, he, she it, and all singular subjects in the third person. We use were watching, were attending, were doing, were asking with we, you, they, and with all plural subjects.

Examples: Someone knocked the door Adam was talking to the policeman I met Lenny She was having lunch They were doing their jobs when while when while when I was watching TV his wife was crying she was attending a party a beggar was asking for money the bomb exploded

g.

Past Perfect Tenses

This is the form of the Past Perfect Tenses of Arrive, Finish, Get, Wait, etc: Subject + had + verb Past participle or Verb-3 + .. I Had arrived Had finished Had got We/You/They Had arrived Had finished Had got He/She/It Had arrived Had finished Had got

Had waited Had waited Had waited

We use had arrived, had finished, had got, had waited with I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects. Examples: All ministers had arrived at the Presidential Palace Before before Mr. President came after when Before Mr. President came All ministers had arrived at the Presidential Palace I had finished my homework The plane came He became a mananger of PT. Suzi.

I went to Galeria Mall Hundreds of passengers had waited for two hours Tanaka had got his university degree

h.

Past Perfect Continuous/Progessive Tense

This is the form of the Past Perfect Continuous/Progessive Tense of Work, Live, Travel,

etc:

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Subject + Had + been + Verb-1 + ing I Had been working We/You/They Had been living He/She/It Had been traveling

Before / after + Subject + past Participle/Verb-3 Had been living Had been traveling Had been living Had been traveling Had been living Had been traveling

We use had been working, had been living, had been traveling with I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects. Examples: Samson had been working at the PT. Gobel for before twenty years I had been living in this town for ten years before Henny had been traveling to Sumatra for a week before He died I moved She went back to Semarang

i.

Future tense

This is the form of The Future tense of Will take , Will Go, Will Stay, Will Be, etc: Subject I/We/You/They He/She/It Will + Verb-1 Wil take Wil go

Will stay Will be

Will reach Will consider

We use will take, will go, will be, will stay, will reach, will consider with: I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects. Examples: I They The soldiers We The government You Mr. Simon Will take Will go Will be Will reach Will consider Will be Will stay An examination tomorrow To Aceh next Sunday Home tonight Kintamani soon Your proposal Safer when you drive carefully Her ten years from now

j.

Future Continuous/Progressive Tense

This is the form of The Future Continuous/Progressive Tense of Will be arriving, Will be shining, Will be coming, etc: Subject I/We/You/They He/She/It Will be + ing + .. Will be coming Wil be arriving Will be coming Wil be arriving

Will be shining Will be shining

We use will be coming, will be arriving, Will be shining with: I,We,You,They, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects.

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Examples: I The guests The sun Will be coming Will be arriving Will be shining Tomorrow At this time tomorrow brightly

The Future Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb form that is used to express: An activity that will be in progress at a time in the future , for example: I will be coming tomorrow The guests will be arriving at this tomorrow The sun will be shining brightly Time Markers that are usually used: At this time tomorrow Next week Next month Next year Until + S + Verb-1 When, etc.

k.

Future perfect Tense

This is the form of the Future perfect Tense of Pass, Marry, and Check, etc:

Subject

I/We/You/They He/She/It

Will + have + Verb in Past Participle/Verb-3 + . Will have Will have Will have By + a phrase passed married checked atau Will have Will have Will have Before/when + Subject + Verb-1 passed married checked Will have Will have Will have passed married checked

We use will have passed, will have married, will have checked, with I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects Examples: I Dessy The Mechanic Will have passed Will have got married Will have checked My examination by the end of this moth To Robby when you come back The engine before the pilot flies the plane

The Future Perfect Tense is a verb form that is used to express: 1. An action that will be completed before another event or a certain time in the future, for example: I will have graduated from Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung

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Dessy will have left for Jakarta when you come back The mechanic will have checked the car before I drive it.

l.

Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense

This is the form of the Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense of Sleep, Work, Fight, etc Subject Will have + been + Verb-1 + ing + . Will have sleeping Will have sleeping Will have sleeping been Will have working been Will have working been Will have working been been been Will have fighting Will have fighting Will have fighting been been been For..

I/We/You/They He/She/It

We use will sleeping, Will have been working, Will have been fighting, with I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects. Examples: I The firefighters We Will have been sleeping Will have been fighting Will have been working For two hours before my wife gets home Against the fire for five hours For the supermarket

The Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb that is used to express: 1) An action that will be in progress before another time or event in the future, for example: I will have been sleeping for two hours before my wife gets home. The firefighters will have been putting the fire out for five hours. We will have been working for the supermarket for two years.

2) An action that emphasizes the continuity of future achievement, for example: I will have been teaching here for fifteen years this year My daughters will have been sleeping for three hours by the time I get home

m.

Past Future Tense

This tense is also basically the same with simple future tense. It explains an activity which will happen after the conversation happened. The tense is normally used to describe plan or to explain an estimation. Normally Past Future tense is used as a conditional sentence type 2.

I would come if you invited me

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Tom would travel if he had more money

The characteristic of this tense is the use of the word will. Adverbs which are usually used in future tense are TOMORROW, NEXT etc. The Pattern of Past Future Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Tense Verbal sentence: S + would + Verb1 Nominal sentence: S + would be + Examples: Ann would play in the final match tonight if she could recover faster. Andrea would be at home next week if he finished his exam. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Tense Verbal sentence: S + wouldnt + Verb1 Nominal sentence: S + wouldnt + Examples: Joko wouldnt come to the ceremony next Friday if he got sick. The students would not be absent tomorrow the teacher came to the school. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Tense Verbal sentence: Would + S + Verb1 Nominal sentence: Would + S + be + . Examples: Would Emma accompany me to the party tonight if I brought a girlfriend? Would they be able to come to the class on time if an accident happened? D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Tense Verbal sentence: QW + would + S + Verb1 Nominal sentence: QW + Would + S + be + Examples: What would you wear for the party tonight if you did not have one? When would the room be available if we did not book one?

n.

Past Future Continuous Tense

Past Future Continuous Tense is used to explain an event or activity that will be happening in the future in a specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes place. This tense is almost the same like Present Future Tense but it is commonly used in conditional sentence. The difference is only in the specification of the time. Present Future Continuous Tense has more specific time. The adverbs used in this tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Tense. In Present Future Continuous Tense, the use of specific time is often found. The Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense

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S + would + be+ Ving Examples: I would be studying math tonight at 8 pm if I had no other schedule. The teachers will be holding an annual teacher meeting at 9 oclock if they wanted to. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense S + would + not + be + Ving Examples: The employees would not be working tomorrow if boss did not pay them. The national soccer players would be performing a charity match at 22nd of June if they won the PPD competition. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense Would + S + be + Ving Examples: Would Nami be going to Paris next 22nd of July if she graduated now? Would he be playing for our volley team tomorrow night if we asked him? D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense QW + would + S + be + Ving Examples: What would you be doing tomorrow at 8 pm at your house if I came? Where would the teachers be sitting if we occupied all of them? By using Past Future Continuous Tense Pattern, we can explains an event or activity that will be happening in the future in a specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes place. If you like to find other tenses, you should go to Learn English Category.

o.

Past Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Tense is actually similar with Present Perfect Tense in the sense of time and meaning. This tense is normally used as conditional sentence type 3. It has contradictory meaning with the conditional sentence which is used. He would have become a rider if his team had won in the previous race. The adverbs used in Past Future Perfect tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Perfect Tense. The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Verbal sentence: S + Would + have + V3 Nominal sentence: S + Would + have + been + Examples: Jim would have finished his job in the next month if he had not watched the movie. Mia would have been a good pianist if she had practiced a lot. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Verbal sentence: S + Wouldnt + have + V3 23

Nominal sentence: S + Wouldnt + have + been + Examples: Kai wouldnt have passed the exam if he had not studied sincerely. The students would have not been in the suspension if they did not play in the class. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Verbal sentence: S + Would + have + S + V3 Nominal sentence: Would + have + S + been + Examples: Would have Emma accompanied her friends to the party tonight? Would have they been able to come by the time class starts? D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Verbal sentence: QW + Will/shall + have + S + Verb1 Nominal sentence: QW + will/shall have + S + be + Examples: What would have you done by the time I arrived there? Why would have the room been available if I ask the janitor first?

p.

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense is basically the same with Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Similar with Past Future Perfect Tense, this tense is also used in conditional sentence type 3 normally for its positive and negative pattern. The race would have been starting since this morning if all riders had come on time. The adverbs used in this tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense. The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been Ving Examples: Clevany would have been sleeping if she did not drink much coffee. Rose will have been studying for two hours if she did not watch a serial drama. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + wouldnt + have + been Ving Examples: Ika wouldnt have been filling the requirement if she had come late. The students would have not been watching a movie if the school had ended faster. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Would + have + S + been + Ving Examples: Would have Mina been listening to her favorite song if the electricity had downed? Would have they been playing soccer if the principle had come? D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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QW + would + have + S + been + Ving

Examples: What would have you been doing if I had fractured your leg? Where would have the students been studying if the teacher had not come?

BAB III

EXAMPLE OF 16 TENSES

a. Present Tenses
Simple Present Tenses is a verb form that is used to express: 1) An action that happens all the time or habits. It happens: everyday, every week, every month, every year, on Sundays, Mondays, etc, for example: Rose always comes on time. James goes to school by car

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Hassan and I are classmates. We often meet each other. The students speak on Wednesdays. I learn English everyday.

2) A thing that is true in general, for example: I am Indonesian Ice is cold I am a student You are a nurse Chriseye is a singer Bruce Lee and Jet Lee are film stars Jimmy is a hard worker The Sun rises in the east Smoking damages your lungs 3) A schedule/timetable or a plan , example: The bus arrives at 5:30 a.m The bank opens at 8:30 and closes a 4:00 Festival on Javanese Culture starts tomorrow 4) A description and definition, for example: A doctor works in a hospital. He examines the sick people. He gives medicine too. Teachers teach in schools. They explain and give homework and correct students worksheet An architect is a person who plans a new building. Note: Adjunct can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence, for example: I learn English everyday or Everyday I learn English.

Time Markers that are usually used for example: Always Every day Every month Every week Everyday Never Often On Sunday Rarely Seldom Sometime

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Usually

RULES OF THE ENGLISH SPELLING When a verb ending in : ch, sh, ss and _x, o add es to the stem of the verb, for example: watch = watches pass = passes finish = finishes fix = fixes go = goes When a verb end in : y after a consonant, y changes into ie. Then s is added to the stem of the verb , for example: carry = carries study = studies cry = cries When a verb ends in : y after a vowal, y does not change. Then s is added to the stemof the verb, for example: play = plays buy = buys

b. Present Continuous/Progressive Tenses

The Present Continuous/Progressive Tenses is a verb form that is used to express: 1. An action which is happening now or at the moment of speaking, for example: They are speaking English now We are discussing a problem at the moment Anita is writing a letter now I am watching a boxing champion on TV 2. A future time, for example: We are leaving for Sumatra tomorrow I am leaving for Lombok next week I am listening to BBC radio tonight Time Markers that are usually used : Note : now at the moment at present tonight tomorrow

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The following verb may not be formed in The Present Continuous/Progressive Tense: 1. Verb of Perceptions See,look, hear, feel, taste, smell, seem, recognize, appear. 2. Verbs of Emotion or Wishing Verbs Want, prefer, inted, dont mind, refuse, forgive, hope, wish, care for, cant bear, love, hate. 3. Verb of Thingking Agree, believe, expect, forget, guess, have, having a party, having dinner, imagine, know, mean, need, note, own, realize, remember, sound, suppose, suspect, taste, think, understand, wonder. RULERS OF THE ENGLISH SPELLING 1. Verb ending in e drop it when ing is added to them, for example : come+ing = coming blame+ing = blaming hope+ing = hoping BUT dye+ing = dyeing flee+ing = fleeing see+ing = seeing 2. when ing is added to a verb ending in y, its y does not charge to i, for example : carry + ing = carrying marry + ing = marrying obey + ing = obeying cry + ing = cryin 3. when ing is added to verb ending in ie, it changes into y, for example: die + ing = dying lie + ing = lying

c. Present Perpect Tense

Present Perpect Tense is a verb form that is used to express: 1. An action that has completed before the present time , for example: Rina has just returned from school Sella has played tennis I has lost my chance to study abroad

2. An action that has an effect on the present situation, for example: I have read this letter.

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He has turned on the light. The worker has painted the wall. Tommy has seen that film twice She has eaten up all apples

3. An activity or a state that has continued for a period of time from a point in the past until the present. This action is not completed; it is still going on up to present, for example: They have lived in Jakarta for twenty years. Betty has got married to Rico since 1990. He has worked for PT. Free Port Indonesia. Time Markers that are usually used : Already Just Not yet Since, for example : since 1997, since I was a child. For, for example: for three hour, for five years, for the last two years, etc. Note : We use The Present Perfect Tense when we are interested in the action that has been completed or finished. We are interested in the result of the action, Not the action itself . We use The Present Perfect Tense when we wish to say how much we have done, or how many times we have done something.

d. Present Continuous/Progressive Tense

The Present Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb form that is used to express: An action ( quite a long action ) which began in the past and has continued to the present. The action or state has not stopped at the present time; IT IS STILL HAPPENING OR GOING ON, for example: I have been learning English since 1997. Mr. Smith has been painthing the ceiling of the house since 9:00a.m. Miranda has been traveling to Australia. Greg has been playing tennis since 10 oclock. The mechanic has been repairing his car for five hours.

Time Markers that are usually used: Since : since 1997, since I was at Senior High School, since I was a child. For : for tho hours, for five years, for the last two years, etc.

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e. Simple Past Tenses

The Simple Past Tenses is a verb form that is used to express: 1. One action which happened or took place at a particular time in the past, for example: I was a student at that time She was a teacher in 1975. He was a TV reporter then. You were there yesterday. I was busy last night He was in Japan last month. They were at the beach a weak ago. You and I were in Tegal last year Rini met her old friend yesterday Mr. Hassan bought a new car two days ago. They went to China last night. Thomas A Edison invented electricity. This hotel was built in 1975 Hessa worked for Trans TV for ten years.

2. Repeated, habitual action in the past, for example: He used to have five goats and two cows. I always went to mosque at night. Colt used to be the only means of transportation then Time Markers that are usually used: Note : Sometimes , always, never, often, each year,year after year can be repeated habitual actions. used here to describe Yesterday, for example: yesterday afternoon, yesterday morning, ect. Last, for example: last week, last month, last year, etc. Ago, for example: two days ago, a week ago, a month ago, a year ago, etc. In, for example: in 1975, in 1999, in 2010, ect. At , for example: at 7:00, at 8:30, at 10:15, etc For, for example: for 25 years, for ten years, etc. From . to, for example: from 5 years to 50, from 1975 to 1985. When, for example: whwn I was young, . , etc.

RULERS OF THE ENGLISH SPELLING 1. When a word ends in y after a consonant, y changed into ie when d is added to the word. For example:

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Carry carried Try tried Copy copied 2. When a suffix is added to a short word ending in a consonant after a vowal, its consonant is doubled, for example: Beg begged Stop stopped Plan planned

f. Past Countinuous/Progressive Tense

The Past Countinuous/Progressive Tense is a verb form that is used to express: 1. An action that was taking place simultaneously when it was interrupted by another activity in the past. This tenses is rarely used by itself , example: Shanty was watching TV when someone knocked the door. Adam was talking to the policeman while his wife was crying. I met Tom when he was attending a party. I was having lunch when the robbery happened.

2. An action which was occurring at some specific time in the past , for example: What were you doing at 9:50? At 9:50 I was doing my assignment. Gita was watching TV at 7:00p.m. last night

Time Markers that are usually used: When While At, for example: 9 oclock

g. Past perfect Tenses

The Past perfect Tenses is a verb form that is that is used to express: 1. An action that had happened or was completed in the past before another action in the past, for example: All ministers had arrived at the Presidential Palace before Mr. President came. Before Mr. President came, all ministers had arrived at the Presidential palace. She went to Galeria Mall after she had finished her homework. Hunderds of passengers had waited for two hours when the plane landed.

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Tanaka had got his Master Degree from a reputable university before he became a manager of PT. Suzuki. Before I traveled to spain, I had visited London. Tania went home after she had bought a plane tiket. Lorenza had gone to the supermarket before she went home. The policeman came after the robber had shot dead the security staff of the bank. After he had won the grand prize from PT. Nezo, he went for a tour to Europe.

Time Markers that are usually used: After, before, and when

h. Past Perfect Countinuous/Progressive Tense

The Past Perfect Countinuous/Progressive Tense is a verb from that is used to express: 1. A longer action that had happened and continued up to the time in the past, and ended or stopped just before something else in the past, for example: James had been working at the Pluit Hospital for fifteen years before he died. I had been living in this city for ten years before I moved to Malang, East Java. Henny had been traveling to Kalimantan for a week before she went back to Yogyakarta.

2. An activity which is in progress in the past. Her hair was dirty because she had been sweeping the yard. When he got home, he was very tired because he had been working all day.

Time Markers that are usually used: When Before For

i. Future Tense
The Future Tense is averb from that is used to express: 1. An action that is going to happen in the future, for example: I will take an examination tomorrow They will go to Aceh next Sunday. The soldiers will be home tonight. We will reach Kintamani soon. Mr. Simon will stay here for 2 years from now.

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 Note:

The government will consider your proposal. You will be safer when you drive carefully.

We can also use be going to + Verb-1, for example: I am going to invite a lot of guests. I am going to visit her tomorrow I feel I am going to be better.

Time Markers that are usually used: Tonight Tomorrow Next week Next year In the future In ten days From now Ten years from now This weekend Until + S + Verb-1 when

j. Future Continuous/Progressive Tense

The Future Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb from that is used to express: An activity that will be in progress at a time in the future, for example: I will be coming tomorrow. The guests will be arriving at this time tomorrow. The Sun will be shining brightly.

Time Markers that usually used: At this time tomorrow Next week Next month Next year Until + S + Verb-1 When, etc.

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k. Future Perfect Tense

The future Perfect Tense is a verb from that is used to express: 1. An action that will be completed before another event or a certain time in the future , for example: I will have graduated from Bandung Institute of Technology by the end of June. Dessy will have left for Jakarta when you came back. The mechanic will have checked the car before I drive it.

Time Markers that are usually used: By this time next week By June, by September, etc. By next month By next year By 2025 When + S + Verb-1 Before Note : Adjunct can be put in front of or behind the sentence, for example: By the end of this month, I will have graduated from Gadjahmada University I will have graduated from Gadjahmada University by the end of this month.

l. Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense

The Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb from that is used to express: A. An action that will be in progress before another time or event in the future, for example: I will have been sleeping for two hours before my wife gets home. The firefighters will have been putting the fire out for two years.

B. An action that emphasizes the continuity of a future achievement, for example: I will have teaching here for fifteen years this year. My daughters will have been sleeping for three hours by the time I get home. Time Markers that are usually used: For three hours at that time. Two hours by six oclock. The whole time.

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Too long by that time.

m. Past Future Tense

The Pattern of Past Future Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Tense Examples: Ann would play in the final match tonight if she could recover faster. Andrea would be at home next week if he finished his exam. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Tense Examples: Joko wouldnt come to the ceremony next Friday if he got sick. The students would not be absent tomorrow the teacher came to the school. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Tense Examples: Would Emma accompany me to the party tonight if I brought a girlfriend? Would they be able to come to the class on time if an accident happened? D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Tense Examples: What would you wear for the party tonight if you did not have one? When would the room be available if we did not book one?

n. Past Future Continuous Tense

The Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense Examples: I would be studying math tonight at 8 pm if I had no other schedule. The teachers will be holding an annual teacher meeting at 9 oclock if they wanted to. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense Examples: The employees would not be working tomorrow if boss did not pay them. The national soccer players would be performing a charity match at 22nd of June if they won the PPD competition. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense Examples: Would Nami be going to Paris next 22nd of July if she graduated now? Would he be playing for our volley team tomorrow night if we asked him?

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D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense Examples: What would you be doing tomorrow at 8 pm at your house if I came? Where would the teachers be sitting if we occupied all of them? By using Past Future Continuous Tense Pattern, we can explains an event or activity that will be happening in the future in a specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes place.

o. Past Future Perfect Tense

The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Examples: Jim would have finished his job in the next month if he had not watched the movie. Mia would have been a good pianist if she had practiced a lot. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Examples: Kai wouldnt have passed the exam if he had not studied sincerely. The students would have not been in the suspension if they did not play in the class. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Examples: Would have Emma accompanied her friends to the party tonight? Would have they been able to come by the time class starts? D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense Examples: What would have you done by the time I arrived there? Why would have the room been available if I ask the janitor first?

p. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense A. The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Examples: Clevany would have been sleeping if she did not drink much coffee. Rose will have been studying for two hours if she did not watch a serial drama. B. The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Examples: Ika wouldnt have been filling the requirement if she had come late. The students would have not been watching a movie if the school had ended faster. C. The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Examples: 36

Would have Mina been listening to her favorite song if the electricity had downed? Would have they been playing soccer if the principle had come?

D. The Question-word Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Examples: What would have you been doing if I had fractured your leg? Where would have the students been studying if the teacher had not come?

REFERENCES
A Handbook of English Grammar (Tata Bahasa Inggris Lengkap)- Oleh Slamet Riyanto, Emilia NH, Leila NH. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_sys-what.htm

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