Tronics1-Clampers Clippers Multipliers Rectifiers Zener

Chapter 2:
Diode Applications
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Load-Line Analysis
Load-Line Analysis
22
The load line plots all possible
combinations of diode current (I
D
)
and voltage (V
D
) for a given
circuit. The maximum I
D
equals
E/R, and the maximum V
D
equals
E.
The point where the load line and
the characteristic curve intersect is
the Q-point, which identifies I
D

and V
D
for a particular diode in a
given circuit.
Series Diode Configurations
Constants
Silicon Diode: V
D
= 0.7 V
Germanium Diode: V
D
= 0.3 V
Analysis (for silicon)
V
D
= 0.7 V (or V
D
= E if E < 0.7 V)
V
R
= E V
D
I
D
= I
R
= I
T
= V
R
/ R
33
Forward Bias Forward Bias
Diodes ideally behave as open circuits
Analysis
V
D
= E
V
R
= 0 V
I
D
= 0 A
44
Reverse Bias Reverse Bias
Parallel Configurations
Parallel Configurations
55
mA 14
2
mA 28
D2
I
D1
I
mA 28
.33k
V .7 V 10
R
D
V E
R
I
V 9.3
R
V
V 0.7
O
V
D2
V
D1
V
V 0.7
D
V


Half-Wave Rectification
Half-Wave Rectification
66
The diode only
conducts when it is
forward biased,
therefore only half
of the AC cycle
passes through the
diode to the
output.
The DC output voltage is 0.318V
m
, where V
m
= the peak AC voltage.
PIV (PRV)
PIV (PRV)
77
Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of the AC cycle, it is
also reverse biased for one-half cycle.
It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be
high enough to withstand the peak, reverse-biasing AC voltage.
PIV (or PRV) > V
m
PIV = Peak inverse voltage
PRV = Peak reverse voltage
V
m
= Peak AC voltage
Full-Wave Rectification
88
Half-wave: V V
dc dc
= 0.318 = 0.318V V
m m

Full-wave: V V
dc dc
= 0.636 = 0.636V V
m m
The rectification process can be improved by
using a full-wave rectifier circuit.
Full-wave rectification produces a greater
DC output:
99
Bridge Rectifier Bridge Rectifier
Four diodes are connected in a
bridge configuration
V
DC
= 0.636V
m
10 10
Center-Tapped Transformer Center-Tapped Transformer
Rectifier Rectifier
Requires
Two diodes
Center-tapped transformer
V
DC
= 0.636V
m
Summary of Rectifier Circuits
Summary of Rectifier Circuits
11 11
V
m
= peak of the AC voltage.
I In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC voltage
is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.
Rectifier Rectifier Ideal Ideal V V
DC DC
Realistic Realistic V V
DC DC
Half Wave Rectifier V
DC DC
= 0.318V
m
V
DC DC
= 0.318V
m m
0.7
Bridge Rectifier V
DC DC
= 0.636V
m
V
DC DC
= 0.636V
m
2(0.7 V)
Center-Tapped Transformer
Rectifier
V
DC DC
= 0.636V
m
V
DC DC
= 0.636V
m
0.7 V
I mportant Equations
TRANSFORMER EQUATIONS
N
1
N
2
=
I
1
I
2

N
1
N
2
=
I
2
I
1

I
ms
= u.7u7Ipk

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER EQUATIONS (TRANSFORMER COUPLED)

I
P
= I
2
u.7 I
P
= I
p
R

I
dc
= I
uc
= I
p
n I
dc
= I
uc
= I
p
n

I
ms
= I
c]]
= I
p
2 I
ms
= I
c]]
= I
p
2

PIV=V
2
f
out
= f
in

Efficiency of Rectification = n = (P
dc
P
uc
)x1uu%

CENTER-TAPPED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER EQUATIONS (TRANSFORMER COUPLED)

I
P
= I
2
2 u.7 I
P
= I
p
R

I
dc
= I
uc
= 2I
p
n I
dc
= I
uc
= 2I
p
n

I
uc
= I
c]]
= I
p
2 I
uc
= I
c]]
= I
p
2

PIV=V
2
0.7 f
out
= 2f
in

BRIDGE-TYPE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER EQUATIONS (TRANSFORMER COUPLED)

I
P
= I
2
1.4 I
P
= I
p
R

PIV=V
2
0.7 f
out
= 2f
in

Diode Clippers
Diode Clippers
12 12
The diode in a series clipper series clipper clips
any voltage that does not forward
bias it:
A reverse-biasing polarity
A forward-biasing polarity less than
0.7 V (for a silicon diode)
Biased Clippers
Biased Clippers
13 13
Adding a DC source in
series with the clipping
diode changes the
effective forward bias of
the diode.
Parallel Clippers
Parallel Clippers
14 14
The diode in a parallel clipper parallel clipper
circuit clips any voltage that
forward bias it.
DC biasing can be added in
series with the diode to change
the clipping level.
Summary of Clipper Circuits
15 15
more more
16 16
Clampers
Clampers
17 17
A diode and capacitor can be
combined to clamp an AC
signal to a specific DC level.
Biased Clamper Circuits
Biased Clamper Circuits
18 18
The input signal can be any type
of waveform such as sine, square,
and triangle waves.
The DC source lets you adjust
the DC camping level.
Summary of Clamper Circuits
Summary of Clamper Circuits
19 19
Zener Diodes Zener Diodes
20 20
The Zener is a diode operated
in reverse bias at the Zener
Voltage (V
z
).
When V
i
V
Z
The Zener is on
Voltage across the Zener is V
Z
Zener current: I
Z
= I
R
I
RL
The Zener Power: P
Z
= V
Z
I
Z
When V
i
< V
Z
The Zener is off
The Zener acts as an open circuit
Zener Resistor Values
Zener Resistor Values
21 21
ZK R L
I I I
min
min
max

L
Z
L
I
V
R
min
max
L
Z
L
L
L
R
V
R
V
I
Z i
Z
L
V V
RV
R
min
If R is too large, the Zener diode cannot conduct because the available amount of
current is less than the minimum current rating, I
ZK
. The minimum current is
given by:
The maximum value of resistance is:
If R is too small, the Zener current exceeds the maximum current
rating, I
ZM
. The maximum current for the circuit is given by:
The minimum value of resistance is:
Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Tripler
Voltage Quadrupler
22 22
Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and
capacitors to step up the output voltage of rectifier circuits.
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Doubler
23 23
This half-wave voltage doublers output can be calculated by:
V
out
= V
C2
= 2V
m
where V
m
= peak secondary voltage of the transformer
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Doubler
24 24
Positive Half-Cycle
o D
1
conducts
o D
2
is switched off
o Capacitor C
1
charges to V
m
Negative Half-Cycle
o D
1
is switched off
o D
2
conducts
o Capacitor C
2
charges to V
m
V
out
= V
C2
= 2V
m

Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler
Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler
25 25
Practical Applications
Practical Applications
Rectifier Circuits
Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
Battery Charging Circuits
Simple Diode Circuits
Protective Circuits against
Overcurrent
Polarity Reversal
Currents caused by an inductive kick in a relay circuit
Zener Circuits
Overvoltage Protection
Setting Reference Voltages
26 26

Tronics1-Clampers Clippers Multipliers Rectifiers Zener

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Tronics1-Clampers Clippers Multipliers Rectifiers Zener

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 2:

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Вам также может понравиться