Dental terminology:

Apical towards the tip of the root Coronal towards the crown Interproximal space space between 2 adjacent teeth (Nb: interproximal surface is the adjacent surfaces between those teeth) Mesial surface interproximal surface of the tooth nearest to the central incisor C.f.: distal surface which is surface of tooth farthest from central incisor Labia/buccal aspect outer surface next to cheeks/lips C.f.: lingual (for mandibular teeth) and palatal for maxillary teeth Crown visible portion, covered by enamels Apex tip of root Cementum roots covered in this Cervical line = cement-enamel junction Furcation point where roots on a multi-rooted tooth branch from the crown Alveolar bone bone in which the roots lie Alveolar juga prominence of the roots in the maxillary canine and caudal cheek teeth that can be palpated and occasional seen Dentin hard, pale yellow layer, forms bulk of tooth structure (covered by enamel in crown and cementum in the root) Starts off thin, becomes thicker as tooth matures Pulp inner most layer = nervous, vascular and loose CT Pulp chamber portion of pulp in the down (from the chamber down the roots are the pulp canals) Apical foramen at apex of root = small hole for blood vessels and nerves to enter the tooth

Diphyodonts (aka 2 sets of teeth)

Dogs, cats, cows, horses, people Deciduous (aka primary) Permanent (secondary) teeth Non-successional teeth permanent (i.e. molars which not have a deciduous counterpart) Successional i.e. had a deciduous set before them Mixed dentition combo of deciduous and permanent teeth, i.e. when you havent finished loosing your baby teeth Retained deciduous teeth malocclusions of permanent teeth Usually located labial to permanent tooth (except maxillary canine teeth that are located behind the permanent canine tooth

Cat and Dog Dentition

Deciduous Dentition Dog Cat 2 (I3/3, C1/1, P3/P3) = 28 teeth 2 (I3/3, C1/1, P3/P2) = 26 teeth Permanent Dentition 2 (I3/3, C1/1, P4/P4, M2/M3) = 42 teeth 2 (I3/I3, C1/C1, P3/P2, M1/M1) = 30 teeth

Nb: largest cheek teeth Mandibular M1 (aka carnassial)

Maxilla M4 Oligodontia = number of teeth Problems with genetics Puppies missing deciduous teeth will also miss the same permanent teeth Supernumerary teeth = extra teeth Crowding and misalignment (consider extraction) periodontal disease Mandibular P4 = most common in cats Incisors = 1 root Canines = 1 root PM1 = 1 root PM2, 3, 4 = 2 roots M1 & 2 = 2 roots M3 = 1 root

M1 & 2 = 3

PM4= 3 PM2 & 3 = 2 PM1 = 1

Dog: The first maxillary cheek tooth has one root, the next two have two roots, and the next three have three roots. The mandibular cheek teeth in the dog all have two roots except for the first and the last cheek teeth which have one root each Cat: all the incisors and canines have one root. The first maxillary cheek tooth has one root, the next tooth has two roots, and the next tooth has three roots. The small maxillary first molar in the cat has two small roots that are often adhered to each other, a condition known as concrescence. The mandibular cheek teeth in a cat all have two roots.

Enamel hypoplasia - Incomplete/defective formation of enamel - Caused by disruption of ameloblasts whilst teeth are developing High fever, infections (Canine distemper), trauma, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic or system disorders Brittle enamel peels off

Dentine underneath becomes stained

Fractured teeth - Cat: most common = canine tooth (trauma) - Dog: most common fractures = canine, incisors and maxillary PM4 - Pulpal exposure Bacterial pulpitis Pulp necrosis Apical granuloma Periapical abscess Acute alveolar periodontitis Osteomyelitis, sepsis - Signs of pulp exposure on radiographs Periapical lysis Dark halo around root tip Large asymmetrical pulp chambers/canals c.f. contralateral teeth Gutta-percha point (as a radioopaque maker) placed in draining tract pointing to apex of affected tooth - Tx: endodontic tx (i.e. root canal) or extraction

Gingival Tissue
Non-attached = free or marginal gingival Most coronal part No attachment to tooth/bone Gingival sulcus = non-pathological space between free gingival and tooth Dogs: 1-3mm Cats: 0.5-1mm Depth varies with age, size, specific tooth, breed etc Attached Covers neck of each tooth and covers alveolar process When making mucoperiosteal flaps you are elevating the gingival and the attached periosteum Alveolar mucosa over the alveolar bone, located apical to the attached gingival Only attached loosely to the underlying bone Line separating the two = mucogingival junction Draining tracts 2 to periodontal disease are located coronal to the junction Draining tracts 2 to pulpal/endodontic disease located apical to junction Interdental I.e. between teeth

Periodontium
Gingica + epitherlial attachment (cuff of gingica at bottom of gingival sulcus that holds gongova and tooth together) + periodontal ligament + alveolar bone + cementum

epitherlial attachment = cuff of gingica at bottom of gingival sulcus that holds gongova and tooth together rads periodontal ligament = radiolucent line outlining tooth roots

Periodontal disease
most common cat/dog disease 85% dogs > 4yrs have significant disease Begins as gingivitis Progresses and affects deeper tissues (inc epithelial attachment, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone) Measure depth of sulcus with periodontal probe Lead to haemorrhage, oronasal fistula, abscess, pathological #, may penetrate retrobulbar space/globe