Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Severe sign/symptom:
Decreased conciousness, difficult to drink/eat, seizure
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1-5 6-11 12-23 Age in Months 24-35 36-50
Distribution of 12.2 million deaths among children less than 5 years old in all developing countries, 1993
Other (33.1%)
Malnutrition (29%)
/ a year 12.500 / a month 416 / a day = passengers of 1 jumbo jet plane 17 / an hour 1 / four minutes
Pneumonia
Classifications
Anatomical classification
Lobar pneumonia Lobular pneumonia Intertitial pneumonia Bronchopneumonia
Etiological classification
Bacterial pneumonia Viral pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia Aspiration pneumonia Mycotic pneumonia
Etiology of Pneumonia
Predominantly : bacterial and viral In developing countries: bacterial > viral
(Shann,1986): In 7 developing countries: bacterial 60 % (Turner, 1987): In developed countries: bacterial 19 %, viral 39 %
Bacterial etiology
Streptococcus pneumoniae Hemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus group A B Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chlamydia spp Mycoplasma pneumoniae
BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM LUNG ASPIRATES IN 370 UNTREATED CHILDREN WITH PNEUMONIA
%
50 40 30 20 10 0
S Pneumoniae
H Influenzae
S Aureus
Characteristic features
S pneumoniae
mucosal
Staphylococcus, Klebsiella
destruction
Chest Indrawing
(subcostal retraction)
Sign/Symptom Tachypnea (+) Chest indrawing (+) Tachypnea (+) Chest indrawing (-) Tachypnea (-) Chest indrawing (-)
Management Refer
Pneumonia
Antibiotic
No antibiotic
Red Hepatization Stadium alveoli consist of : leucocyte, fibrine, erythrocyte, bacteria Grey Hepatization Stadium fibrine deposition, phagocytosis Resolution Stadium neutrophil degeneration, loose of fibrine, bacterial phagocytosis
Bronchopneumonia Early stages of acute bronchopneumonia. Abundant inflammatory cells fill the alveolar spaces. The alveolar capillaries are distended and engorged.
Bronchopneumonia Acute bronchopneumonia. The alveolar spaces contain abundant PMNs and an inflammatory infiltrate rich in fibrin.
Acute Bronchopneumonia Acute bronchopneumonia; the alveolar spaces are full and distended with PMNs and a proteinaceous exudate. Only the alveolar septa allow identification of the tissue as lung.
Radiographic patterns
1. Diffuse alveolar and interstitial pneumonia (perivascular and interalveolar changes) 2.Bronchopneumonia (inflammation of airways and parenchyma) 3. Lobar pneumonia (consolidation in a whole lobe) 4. Nodular, cavity or abscess lesions (esp.in immunocompromised patients)
O2 3 L/min without O2
52,4 % 100 %
Management
Severe Pneumonia Hospitalization Antibiotic administration
Amphycillin Chloramphenicol
or Gentamycin
Complications
Bronchiolitis
Bronchioles Clinical
inflammation
Predominantly
Difficult
Bronchiolitis
Etiology Predominantly RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus), adenovirus etc. Diagnosis Etiological diagnosis Microbiologic examination Clinical diagnosis Signs and symptoms Age Resource of infection
Bronchiolitis
Clinical Manifestations cough, cold, fever, fast breathing, retraction, wheezing, irritable, vomitus, poor intake Physical Examinations tachypnea, tachycardia, retraction, expiration >, wheezing, fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media.
Bronchiolitis
Radiologic examination
diffuse hyperinflation
flat
Bronchiolitis
Management
Supportive Severe
disease hospitalization intra venous fluid drip oxygen (antibiotics) Bronchodilator: controversial Corticosteroid: controversial
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis