sarn '(small) stone' in Sarn Athrad (Sarn Ford on the Brandywine is a half-tran slation of this); also in Sarn Gebir

('stone-spikes': ceber, plural cebir 'stakes'), rapids in the river Anduin . A derivative is Serni, a river m Gondor. sereg 'blood' (Quenya serke) in seregon. sil- (and variant thil-) 'shine (with white or silver light)' in Belthil, Galat hilion, Silpion, and in Quenya Isil, Sindarin Ithil, the Moon (whence Isildur, Narsil; Minas Ithil, Ithilien). The Qu enya word Silmarilli is said to derive from the name silima that Fanor gave to the substance from which they were made. sr 'river', from root sir- 'flow', in Ossiriand (the first element is from the stem of the numeral 'seven', Quenya otso, Sindarin odo), Sirion; also in Sirannon (the 'Gate-stream' of Moria ) and Sirith ('a flowing', as tirith 'watching' from tir), a river in Gondor. With change of s to h in the middle of words it is present in Minhiriath 'between the rivers', the region between the Brandywine and the Greyflood; in Na nduhirion 'vale of dim streams', the Dimrill Dale (see nan[d] and d), and in Ethir Anduin, the outflow or delta of Anduin (from et-sir). sl 'wind' in Amon Sl, Slimo; cf. slim, Quenya name of the third month of the year ( The Lord of the Rings Appendix D). tal (dal) 'foot' in Celebrindal, and with the meaning 'end' in Ramdal. talath 'flat lands, plain' in Talath Dirnen, Talath Rhunen. tar- 'high' (Quenya tara 'lofty'), prefix of the Quenya names of the Nmenrean Kin gs; also in Annatar. Feminine tari 'she that is high, Queen' in Elentri, Kementri. Cf. tarma 'pillar' i n Meneltarma. tathar 'willow'; adjective tathren m Nan-tathren; Quenya tasare in Tasarinan, N an-tasarion (see Nantathren in the Index). taur 'wood, forest' (Quenya taure) in Tauron, Taur-im-Duinath, Taur-nu-Fuin. tel- 'finish, end, be last' in Teleri . thalion 'strong, dauntless' m Cthalion, Thalion. thong 'oppression' in Thangorodrim, also in Durthang (a castle in Mordor). Quen ya sanga meant 'press, throng', whence Sangahyando 'Throng-cleaver', name of a man in Gondor (The Lord of the Rings Appendix A [I, iv]). thar- 'athwart, across' in Sarn Athrad, Thargelion; also in Tharbad (from thara -pata 'crossway*) where the ancient road from Arnor and Gondor crossed the Grey-flood. thaur 'abominable, abhorrent' in Sauron (from Thauron), Gorthaur. thin(d) 'grey' in Thingol; Quenya sinda in Sindar, Singollo (Sindacollo: collo 'cloak'). thl 'helm' in Dor Carthol, Gorthol. thon 'pine-tree' in Dorthonion. thoron 'eagle' in Thorondor (Quenya Sorontar), Cirith Thoronath. The Quenya for m is perhaps present in the constellation-name Soronm. til 'point, horn' in Taniquetil, Tilion ('the Horned'); also in Celebdil 'Silv ertine', one of the Mountains of Moria. tin- 'sparkle' (Quenya tinta 'cause to sparkle', tinwe 'spark') in Tintall; also in tindm 'starry twilight' (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D), whence tindmerel 'daughter of the twilight', a poetic name for the nightingale (Sindarin Tinviel). It appears also in Sindarin ithildin 'starmoon', the substance of which the devices on the West-gate of

Moria were made. tir 'watch, watch over' in Minas Tirith, palantri, Tar-Palantir, Tirion. tol 'isle' (rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river) in Tol Eressa , Tol Galen, etc. turn 'valley' in Tumhalad, Tumladen; Quenya tumbo (cf. Treebeard's tumbalemorna 'lack deep valley'. The Two Towers III 4). Cf. Utumno, Sindarin Udn (Gandalf in Mordor named the Balrog ' Flame of Udn'), a name afterwards used of the deep dale in Moria between the Morannon and the Isenmouth s. tur 'power, mastery' in Turambar, Turgon, Trin, Fanturi, Tar-'Minyatur. uial 'twilight' in Aelin-uial, Nenuial. ur- 'heat, be hot' in Urulki; cf. Urim and Urui, Quenya and Sindarin names of th e eighth month of the year (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D). Related is the Quenya word aure 'sunlig ht, day' (cf. Fingon's cry 'before the Nirnaeth Arnoediad), Sindarin aur, which in the form Or- is prefixed to the names of the days of the week. val- 'power' in Valar, Valacirca, Valaquenta, Valaraukar, Val(i)mar, Valinor. T he original stem was bal-, preserved in Sindarin Balan, plural Belain, the Valar, and in Balrog. wen 'maiden' is a frequent ending, as in Erwen, Morwen. wing 'foam, spray' in Elwing, Vingilot (and only in these two names).