Tour of the Cell 2: Making Energy

AP Biology

2007-2008

Cells gotta work to live! What jobs do cells have to do?

make proteins
proteins control every

cell function

make energy
for daily life for growth

make more cells

growth
repair renewal

AP Biology

Making Energy

ATP

AP Biology

2007-2008

Cells need power! Making energy

take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste

ATP
AP Biology

Lysosomes Function

Where old organelles go to die!

little stomach of the cell

digests macromolecules

clean up crew of the cell

cleans up broken down

organelles

Structure

vesicles of digestive enzymes

only in animal cells

synthesized by rER, transferred to Golgi AP Biology

1960 | 1974

Lysosomes

white blood cells attack & destroy invaders = digest them in lysosomes
AP Biology

1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve Lysosomes discovery in 1960s

Cellular digestion

Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles

polymers digested into monomers

pass to cytosol

to become nutrients of cell

vacuole

lyso = breaking things apart

AP Biology some = body

Lysosomal enzymes
Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5

organelle creates custom pH how?

proteins in lysosomal membrane pump H+ ions from

the cytosol into lysosome

why?
enzymes are very sensitive to pH

why?
enzymes are proteins pH affects structure

why evolve digestive enzymes which function at pH different from cytosol?

digestive enzymes wont function well if some leak into

cytosol = dont want to digest yourself!

AP Biology

When things go bad

Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal

digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up biomolecules, but cant digest one

lysosomes fill up with undigested material

grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function
lysosomal storage diseases more than 40 known diseases example:

AP Biology

Tay-Sachs disease build up undigested fat in brain cells

Lysosomal storage diseases Lipids

Gauchers disease Niemann-Pick disease Tay Sachs

Glycogen & other poylsaccharides

Farber disease Krabbe disease

Proteins

Schindlers disease

AP Biology

But sometimes cells need to die Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed

some cells have to die for proper development in an organism

apoptosis auto-destruct process lysosomes break open & kill cell ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed

when it turns into a frog ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development
AP Biology

syndactyly

Fetal development
6 weeks

15 weeks

AP Biology

Apoptosis programmed destruction of cells in multicellular organisms

programmed development control of cell growth

example:

if cell grows uncontrollably this self-destruct mechanism is triggered to remove damaged cell cancer must over-ride this to enable tumor growth

AP Biology

Making Energy Cells must convert incoming energy to

forms that they can use for work
mitochondria: ATP from glucose to ATP chloroplasts: from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates

ATP = active energy carbohydrates = stored energy

ATP
AP Biology

Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Important to see the similarities

transform energy
generate ATP

double membranes = 2 membranes semi-autonomous organelles

move, change shape, divide

internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes

AP Biology

Mitochondria

Function
cellular respiration generate ATP

from breakdown of sugars, fats

& other fuels in the presence of oxygen break down larger molecules into smaller to generate energy = catabolism generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic respiration
AP Biology

Mitochondria
Structure

2 membranes
smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane

cristae

fluid-filled space between 2 membranes internal fluid-filled space

mitochondrial matrix

DNA, ribosomes & enzymes

Why 2 membranes? increase surface area for membranebound enzymes that synthesize ATP

AP Biology

Mitochondria

AP Biology

Membrane-bound Enzymes

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide

AP Biology

C6H12O6 +

6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Dividing Mitochondria
Who else divides like that?

AP Biology

What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?

Mitochondria
Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria

there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity
more activity = more energy

needed = more mitochondria

What cells would have a lot of mitochondria? active cells: muscle cells AP Biology nerve cells

Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

AP Biology

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are plant organelles

class of plant structures = plastids

amyloplasts store starch in roots & tubers chromoplasts store pigments for fruits & flowers chloroplasts store chlorophyll & function
in photosynthesis in leaves, other green structures of plants & in eukaryotic algae

AP Biology

Chloroplasts Structure

2 membranes stroma = internal fluid-filled space

DNA, ribosomes & enzymes thylakoids = membranous sacs where ATP

is made grana = stacks of thylakoids

Why internal sac membranes? increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP AP Biology

Membrane-bound Enzymes

carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide light C H O + 6O 6CO + 6H O + 6 12 6 2 2 2 AP Biology energy

Chloroplasts Function
photosynthesis generate ATP & synthesize sugars

transform solar energy into chemical energy

produce sugars from CO2 & H2O

Semi-autonomous
moving, changing shape & dividing can reproduce by pinching in two

Who else divides like that?

AP Biology

bacteria!

Chloroplasts
Why are chloroplasts green?

AP Biology

AP Biology

Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different

Organelles not part of endomembrane system Grow & reproduce

semi-autonomous organelles

Proteins primarily from free ribosomes in

cytosol & a few from their own ribosomes Own circular chromosome

directs synthesis of proteins produced by own internal ribosomes

ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes

Who else has a circular chromosome not bound within a nucleus?

AP Biology

bacteria

Endosymbiosis theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once

free living bacteria

1981 | ??

engulfed by ancestral eukaryote

Endosymbiont

cell that lives within another cell (host)

as a partnership evolutionary advantage

for both
one supplies energy the other supplies raw materials
& protection
AP Biology

Lynn Margulis
U of M, Amherst

Endosymbiosis theory
Evolution of eukaryotes

AP Biology

Compare the equations

Photosynthesis carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Respiration glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 +
AP Biology

6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

The Great ENERGY Circle of Life

sun

Photosynthesis
plants

ATP

CO2 + H2O Respiration

animals & plants

glucose sugar + O2

ATP
AP Biology

food vacuoles

Food & water storage

plant cells
central vacuole

animal cells

AP Biology

contractile vacuole

Vacuoles & vesicles Function

little transfer ships

Food vacuoles phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists, pump excess H2O out of cell Central vacuoles in many mature plant cells

AP Biology

Vacuoles in plants Functions

storage
stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions depositing metabolic byproducts storing pigments storing defensive

compounds against herbivores selective membrane control what comes

in or goes out
AP Biology

Peroxisomes Other digestive enzyme sacs

in both animals & plants breakdown fatty acids to sugars

easier to transport & use as energy source

detoxify cell
detoxifies alcohol &

other poisons

produce peroxide (H2O2)

must breakdown

H2O2 H2O

AP Biology

Putting it all together

AP Biology

animal cells

plant cells

Any Questions??

AP Biology

2007-2008