Greek 101 Is The Linking Verb

Is
The Linking Verb 9/4 & 9/6
Scriptio Continua
P46 200 C.E. Letters of Paul (Romans & hebrews)
Marble stele, letter from Hadrian to the Macedonian Koinon, 137 CE
Translation tips From last time: The definite article needs to be supplied your English translations This definite article sometimes serves the function of a possessive adjective in English (e.g., his farm his life his home)
Grammar Terms Review
definite article: a prefix or suffix that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun (in English: a/an) pronominal: pertaining to, resembling, derived from, or containing a pronoun
The Greek definite article (e.g., o) or w}) often goes untranslated in English. One exception is invoking the gods (e.g., O Zeus!) A pronominal subject often has to be supplied in English au)tourgo_v ga&r e)stin for he is a farmer
Translation tips From last time: Note that your adverb for not takes different forms, depending on the word that follows it. ou) before consonants (not verbs), ou)k before vowels; ou)x before diphthongs (e.g., ai) Be careful not to mistake the adverb ou}n (so or and so) with ou)k (not)!
adverbs: function as modifiers of verbs or clauses (versus modifying nouns or pronouns, which is the function of adjectives) conjunctions: words that function as connectors between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
As we begin to translate sentences, our best approach will be to look for sense units. These units will often be punctuated by our conjunctions a)lla& (but) ga&r (for) kai& (and) You are John Lennon. These conjunctions are Paul, George and Ringo. They are your friends. You will make beautiful music together.
Translation tips From last time: Beyond: a)lla& (but) ga&r (for) kai& (and) Keep your eyes peeled for the particle: de& (and or but) So or And so can often help you get your Bearings in a sense unit as well: ou}n (and so)
NB (nota bene): ou}n, ga&r and de& are postpositive or placed after that is, they are never the first word in their clause

particle: a small word with functional or relational use within a sentence (for our purposes, it delineates a sense unit)
1a Paragraph Exercise xalepo_v de& e)stiv o( bi&ov : o( ga_r klh~ro&v esti mi<kro&v, makro_v de_ o( po&nov: a)ei_ ou}n ponei~ o( Dikaio&poliv kai_ polla&kiv stena&zei kai_ le&gei...
*After reading chapter 2b, can you tell me why this is incorrect?
But life is hard; for the farm is small, but the work is long. And so D. is always working and often groans and says
1a Paragraph Exercise xalepo_v de& e)stiv o( bi&ov : o( ga_r klh~ro&v esti mi<kro&v, makro_v de_ o( po&nov: a)ei_ ou}n ponei~ o( Dikaio&poliv kai_ polla&kiv stena&zei kai_ le&gei... But life is hard; for the farm is small, but the work is long. And so D. is always working and often groans and says
o( au)tourgo&v
o( au)tourgo&v
o( au)tourgo&v
au)to&v = himself
o( au)tourgo&v e)rg-
o( au)tourgo&v e)rgto_ e!rgon = to work
Anthropology Polysyllabic Philosophy Microscope
o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov
o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov polu&v + h( sullabh&
o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov polu&v + h( sullabh& filo- + h( sofi&a>
o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov polu&v + h( sullabh& filo- + h( sofi&a> mi<kro&v + skope&w
Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems: Greek nouns, pronouns and adjectives

Stems: Greek nouns, pronouns and adjectives Gives the meaning of the word

Stems: Greek nouns, pronouns and adjectives Gives the meaning of the word klhro, farm

Stems: Greek nouns, pronouns and adjectives Gives the meaning of the word klhro, farm Ending: Shows the function of the word in the sentence

Stems: Greek nouns, pronouns and adjectives Gives the meaning of the word klhro, farm Ending: Shows the function of the word in the sentence In the case of nouns, pronouns and adjectives, these endings are called Cases

Cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative and Vocative


klhro, farm

klhro, farm klhro + - v

klhro, farm klhrov

klhro, farm klh~rov

klhro, farm klh~rov NOM = Subject

klhro, farm klh~rov NOM = Subject

klhro, farm klh~rov NOM = Subject + compliment (after verb)
is : The Linking Verb
Dicaeopolis is big. o( Dikaio&poliv e)sti makro&v.
Dicaeopolis is big. o( Dikaio&poliv e)sti makro&v. Nom = Nom
Life is hard.
Life is hard. Kalepo_v de& e)stin o( Bi&ov.
e)stin =
e)sti
nu moveable -- before words that start with a vowel
o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v
o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v The house is beautiful
o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v The house is beautiful kalo_v e)sti_n o( oi}kov o( oi}kov kalo_v e)sti_n
e)sti_ kalo_v o( oi}kov
o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v kalo_v e)sti_n o( oi}kov o( oi}kov kalo_v e)sti_n
e)sti_ kalo_v o( oi}kov

All of these translate into English the same way
o( oi)~kov e)sti_ kalo&v kalo_v e)sti_n o( oi)~kov o( oi)~kov kalo_v e)sti_n e)sti_ kalo_v o( oi)~kov
All of these translate into English the same way The house is beautiful subj LV adjective
linking verb be
She is a student. Life is good. We are students. I am a student.
She is a student. Life is good. We are students. I am a student.
She is a student.
Linking verb = to be
Life is good. We are students. I am a student.
am, are, is
Dicaeopolis is a farmer. o) Dikaio&poli&v e)stin au)tourgo&v.
Dicaeopolis is a farmer. o) Dikaio&poli&v e)stin au)tourgo&v. Nominative Case -os subject with linking verb e)sti&
T ransitive & Intransitive Verbs
T ransitive Verbs: take direct objects Intransitive Verbs: do not take direct objects
I see the man. I see him. He sees me. He sees her. She sees him. They see him. He sees them. You see us. We see you.
see = Transitive Verb (T)
see = Transitive Verb (T) T takes a Direct Object
The farmer loves the field. o( au)tourgo_v filei~ to_n a)gro&n.
Accusative Case - on Direct Object
The farm provides work.
The farm provides work.
The farm provides work. o( klh~rov pa&rexei to_n po&non. o( klh~rov to_n po&non pa&rexei. to_n po&non pa&rexei o( klh~rov. to_n po&non o( klh~rov pa&rexei. pa&rexei o( klh~rov to_n po&non. pa&rexei to_n po&non o( klh~rov.
The farm provides work. o( klh~rov pa&rexei to_n po&non. to_n po&non pa&rexei o( klh~rov. pa&rexei o( klh~rov to_n po&non.
Nominative Case: Subject Accusative Case: Direct Object Verb: does action

Greek 101 Is The Linking Verb

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Is

The Linking Verb 9/4 & 9/6

P46 200 C.E. Letters of Paul (Romans & hebrews)

Marble stele, letter from Hadrian to the Macedonian Koinon, 137 CE

Grammar Terms Review

o( au)tourgo&v e)rgto_ e!rgon = to work

Anthropology Polysyllabic Philosophy Microscope

Anthropology Polysyllabic Philosophy Microscope

Anthropology Polysyllabic Philosophy Microscope

o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov polu&v + h( sullabh&

Anthropology Polysyllabic Philosophy Microscope

o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov polu&v + h( sullabh& filo- + h( sofi&a>

Anthropology Polysyllabic Philosophy Microscope

o( a!nqrwpov + o( lo&gov polu&v + h( sullabh& filo- + h( sofi&a> mi<kro&v + skope&w

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

Stems, Endings, Cases

klhro, farm klhro + - v

Stems, Endings, Cases

klhro, farm klhrov

Stems, Endings, Cases

klhro, farm klh~rov

Stems, Endings, Cases

klhro, farm klh~rov NOM = Subject

Stems, Endings, Cases

klhro, farm klh~rov NOM = Subject

Stems, Endings, Cases

klhro, farm klh~rov NOM = Subject + compliment (after verb)

is : The Linking Verb

is : The Linking Verb

Dicaeopolis is big. o( Dikaio&poliv e)sti makro&v.

is : The Linking Verb

Dicaeopolis is big. o( Dikaio&poliv e)sti makro&v.

is : The Linking Verb

Dicaeopolis is big. o( Dikaio&poliv e)sti makro&v.

is : The Linking Verb

Dicaeopolis is big. o( Dikaio&poliv e)sti makro&v. Nom = Nom

is : The Linking Verb

is : The Linking Verb

Life is hard. Kalepo_v de& e)stin o( Bi&ov.

is : The Linking Verb

Life is hard. Kalepo_v de& e)stin o( Bi&ov.

is : The Linking Verb

Life is hard. Kalepo_v de& e)stin o( Bi&ov.

nu moveable -- before words that start with a vowel

o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v

o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v The house is beautiful

e)sti_ kalo_v o( oi}kov

o( oi}kov e)sti_ kalo&v kalo_v e)sti_n o( oi}kov o( oi}kov kalo_v e)sti_n

e)sti_ kalo_v o( oi}kov

She is a student. Life is good. We are students. I am a student.

She is a student. Life is good. We are students. I am a student.

Life is good. We are students. I am a student.

Dicaeopolis is a farmer. o) Dikaio&poli&v e)stin au)tourgo&v.

Dicaeopolis is a farmer. o) Dikaio&poli&v e)stin au)tourgo&v.

Dicaeopolis is a farmer. o) Dikaio&poli&v e)stin au)tourgo&v.