Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2004
Objectives
Develop new methodologies to assemble nano-energetic materials that provide concurrent increases in performance and managed energy release rate while reducing sensitivity. Obtain fundamental understanding of the relationship between the design of nanoengineered energetic materials and their reactive and mechanical behaviors.
Design Possibilities
conventionally assembled energetic material with micron-to-millimeter scale energetic structures
micron-crystalline oxidizer nano-energetic materials nano Al & B nano RDX, HMX, & ADN carbon nanotubes nano-metallic particle
polymer binder
nano-crystalline oxidizer
Program Philosophy
Bring together leaders in nanotechnology and propellants and explosives Couple multiscale modeling and multiscale diagnostics Research and develop new concepts for assembling and understanding the dynamics of nano engineered energetic materials
Program Elements
Synthesis and Assembly Theoretical Analysis and Design Experimental Characterization
na no
NEEM
USC PSU
ro -
na no
no na
-m
Significant Research Experience on Al Synthesis, Fabrication, and Surface Chemistry Nuzzo UIUC, Allara - PSU
SAMs on Al(native oxide)/Al Al(metal)-SAM Structures & Interactions Al Vapor Deposition Processes Al Surface Chemistry Materials Characterization
Nano Scale Energetic Materials Synthesis and Passivation: Nuzzo-UIUC & Allara-PSU
Develop new synthetic methodologies for affecting the low temperature synthesis of highly reactive nanoclusters
High surface area aluminum nanoparticles would be ideal high-energy materials Stabilized nano-clusters via A few examples of small aluminum clusters have metal ligand interactions recently been described (reductive syntheses), but there are no investigations of their use as high H Si H energy materials 3/2 H2 H The Al nanoparticles consist of metallic aluminum cores surrounded by a monolayer of a protective Si shell 10 and 100 aluminum atoms and particle diameters between 0.5 and 1.3 nm Generalize and Expand Synthetic Approaches AlH -TMA
3
TMA + 3/2 H2
Nano Scale Energetic Materials Synthesis and Passivation: Nuzzo-UIUC & Allara-PSU
Aluminum cluster (far right) consists of nested shells containing (from left to right) 13, 44, and 20 aluminum atoms
A. Ecker, E. Weckert, and H. Schnckel Nature 1997, 387, 379.
Generalize and Expand Synthetic Approaches to Aluminum Clusters with Sizes Ranging to 100 nm
New SAMs for Cluster Passivation and Size Control Thermal Cluster Growth Ligand-Directed Association Directed Synthesis Full Characterization/Understanding of Structure and Properties at all Length Scales
Swollen particles
Encapsulation by vitrification
Composites from Aerosol and Particle Spray Deposition Processes, e.g., Nanoparticle Metal/Fluorocarbon Composites Dispersible to
~0.2 m Particles PFK/PFE Zonyl MP 1100 Thermal Spray Deposition (e.g. TMAA / TiCl4 / MP 1100)
Adhesive Contact
Laminate Decal
Decal Transfer
Decal Release for 3D Integration
10m
Bottom layer strong oxidant such as HMX, which is readily deposited in thin film form from the vapor phase
Effect depositions for sequential levels. Cap or align second mask for 3D structures Lift-off membrane to reveal pixel array. Cap or align second mask for 3D structures
Shock Precipitation and Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Processing of Nano-sized Oxidizers: Kuo-PSU
Two solvent-based methods will be examined in this study
Shock precipitation (SP) technique; Supercritical fluid (SCF) technique. A combined SP/SCF processing technique will also be considered.
Oxidizer crystals to be considered include: RDX, ADN (ammonium dinitramide), HNF and FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene). Two SCF methods will be investigated for application to energetic materials (w/ Victor Stepanov of ARDEC):
Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS). Supercritical Anti-Solvent precipitation (SAS). Rapid mixing via opposed-jet impinging flows will be applied to increase the rate of nucleation and thus reduce the particle size while increasing yield.
Theoretical Modeling of Nano-Structured Energetic Materials from the Atomistic/Molecular Scale to the Macroscale
Oxide thickness saturates at 40 after 0.5 ns good agreement with experiment (Nieh et al., Acta mater. 44, 3781 (1996)
OAl4 clusters percolate to form a neutral shield around Al nanoparticle, which impedes oxidation
No heat dissipation allows rapid T increase in surface and core. Larger spheres correspond to oxygen and smaller spheres to aluminum; color represents the T.
NEEM Behavior in Two-Phase Flow Environments at Meso & Macro Scales : Yang - PSU
Couple Relevant Processes at Micro and Meso Length Scales to Macroscale Phenomena Investigate the transport and combustion of nanosized particles in reactive flow environments Establish general analysis accommodating particle & thermo-fluid dynamics for two-phase flow interactions Identify key mechanisms and parameters for maximizing energy release 10
1
~ 1 cm
1.9 cm
10
Combustion-Wave Structure of HMXGAP PseudoSecondary Rapid Consumption of Propellant Flame Zone HCN and NO
Tsf = ~ 2000 K Major Species in Dark Zone: N2 , H2O, NO, CO, HCN, H 2CO, N2O, H2, CO2 Tdark zone= ~ 1250 K Decomposition, Evaporation, and Gas-Phase Reactions (Bubble) Ts = ~ 700 K Tmelt = 558 K GAP Polymer Residue Primary Flame Zone (HMX Vapor /Liquid Interface) Foam Layer (HMX Melt Front) Heterogeneous Solid Phase HMX GAP Dark Zone
f = 0.8
100 100
10
-1
10
-1
10
-2
10
-2
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
Optimization of NEEM Fabrication Techniques based on Supercritical (SCF) Processing: Yang - PSU
Numerical Modeling and Optimization of SCF Fabrication Techniques: Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) Supercritical anti-solvent precipitation (SAS) Modeling will include: Important near- and super- critical fluid phenomena, including transcritical thermodynamic and transport anomalies Parametric studies will examine effects of flow parameters and hardware design attributes on production of nano-sized materials Outcome will be improvements to existing techniques and new innovative concepts
Density gradient field
Shadowgraph images for injection of supercritical methane/ethylene fluid into subcritical environments at various conditions xCH4=0.1 and d=1.0 mm.
The Tinj/Tc=1.03 jet has a large jet expansion angle and opaque appearance due to condensation Jet expansion angle differences may come from differences in specific heat ratios and the pressure rise due to the release of latent heat during condensation
100 ps heating pulse is matched to metal particle thermal conduction. Particle is uniformly heated, surroundings cold
1 mm
J = 5.9 J/cm2
intensity (arb)
1% in NC 5.6 J/cm2 3.9 J/cm2 1.8 J/cm2 0.4 J/cm2 2ns several ns 0 10 20 time (ns) 30
Energy release ~2 ns at low concentration Slows down at higher fluence as reaction propagates over greater distances
Surface and Subsurface Analysis of Nano Engineered Energetic Materials: Yetter - PSU
In-situ reacting energetic material studies using upright and inverted optical microscopes with high speed photography, micro particle image velocimetry, micro laser induced fluorescence and micro Raman spectrometry In-situ studies of reacting energetic materials using environmental scanning electron microscope at surface and subsurface temperatures of bulk material
Heating Stage
CO2 Laser Irradiation / Ignition Source / Flame Propagation Spectrometer Energetic Material Microscope Objective Epi-Fluorecent Prism/Filter Cube Microscope
Sample Crucible Heated Cell of FEI Quanta 200 SEM for simulating surface processes during reaction
CCD Camera
ICCD
ESEM
Micro Burner for Combustion Analysis of Nano Composites and Nano Metallic - Metallic Oxidizer Systems: Yetter - PSU
Igniter High-Speed Camera Optical Combustion Chamber Thermite Mixture Pyrometer
Formulate and study the reaction dynamics of nano-composite thermite systems Investigate systems that produce significant gas at high-energy release rates Determine the effect of composition and physical characteristics of the trapped gas, initial temperature, and pressure on regression rates of mixtures
Optical Combustion Chamber Ignite thermite mixture or pressed pellet to study effect of pressure, initial temperature, trapped gas effect High-speed video records to determine regression rate Pyrometer to measure the surface temperature of the condensed phase products LIF to measure presence of AlO
Formulation and Combustion Analysis of New and Advanced Nano-Energetic Materials and Propellants Kuo - PSU
Burning Rate Measurements of Newly Processed Propellants Burning Surface Observation of Propellants with Nano-Particles Laser Ignition Characteristics of New propellants with Nanosized Energetic Particles
Solid Propellant Strand Burner: capabilities/features Optically accessible Up to 9,500 psi capability Temperature control 60oC < T < 80o
100 AHE/AME AHE/Nano-RDX 3.2
2.8
10 Burn Rate
2.4
1.6
1.2
10
0.8
NEEM
Industry