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NAME OF TRAINEE: 1. ARIJIT DE; 2. DEBABRATA DEY; 3. KUNAL PAHARI; 4. ROSHNI BAGCHI; NAME OF THE COLLAGE: NARULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY... NAME OF THE TRAINING CENTER: TITAGARH 132KV SUBSTATION DUREATION OF TRAINING: 27TH JUNE 2005 TO 26TH JULY 2005.. SUBJECT OF TRAINING: CONTROLLING & TRANSMISSION OF HIGH...
VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY
INTRODUCTION:
In 20th century electricity is one of the most essential things. Without electric power human civilization sinks into the darkness. So we can say that invention and development of electricity is comparable to the invention of fire by ancient people. Now we can generate power by different means, those are 1. Thermal power plant (by burning fossil fuel coal & diesel). 2. Hydroelectric power plant (by using the flow of the water). 3. Nuclear power plant (by using RADIO ACTIVE MATERIAL). The above given means are called as CONVENTIOAL ENERGY SOURCE. But there are other sources like, i) Solar power plant (by using energy of sunlight). ii) Wind power plant (by using flow of wind). iii) Tidal power (by using force of water during tide in river) iv) Terrestrial heat energy. Those are NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCE. Power generated in power plants is of 11KV rating, but to distribute it to the consumers requires two processes, I. Transmission system. II. Distribution system. To transmit the power through conductors we have to increase the voltage step by step from 11KV/66KV/110KV/132KV/220KV/400KV due to minimise the line losses. It is clear that after generation, power does not directly reach to the consumers. From generating station it goes to different grade of SUB-STATIONS where the voltage is stepping down to 33KV, 11KV even 3.3KV and send to the distribution units. In distribution units, voltages again step down to 416volt and send to the consumers. Under WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD many SUB-STATIONS are there, TITAGARH is one of them. W.B.S.E.B. was established on 1955 and during 50 years given excellent service. Now though it is a Govt. under taking sector, it becomes one of the finest service sectors in country. As we see that power sector is PUBLIC ORGANIZATION, therefore it has to do some duties those are, a. Must supply power to all who so ever applies for it. b. Must supply his maximum demand and should be prepared to increase it in future if asked for. c. Must provide the service line to the consumer that must carry the consumers load safely. d. Must not discriminate between consumers of same category, i.e. the categories of consumers may be domestic consumers, industrial consumers and bulk consumers etc. e. May collect revenue at reasonable rate with reasonable profit.
SUB-STATION:
The SUB-STATION is defined as an assembly of equipments, which transform the characteristics ( VOLTAGE, CURRENT and POWER FACTOR) of electrical energy.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-STATION:
The classification of SUB-STATION depends on some factors. Those are given below, SERVICE: Static AC; converting AC to DC. FUNCTION: BHV transmission; Distribution; Industrial; Power factor correction; Frequency changer; DC for light and power. CONTROL: Manual; Automatic; Supervisory. MOUNTING: Indoors; Outdoors; Pole mounting.
COMPONENTS OF SUB-STATION:
TOWERS AND TRANSMISSION LINES .
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POWER TRANSFORMER (voltage rating above 200kVA). CURRENT TRANSFORMER . PROTECTION DEVICES . MEASUREMENT DEVICES . CONTROL PANEL. SECONDARY POWER SOURCE (AC or DC). COMUNICATION. Also a power station should have some properties. Those are given below, RELIABILITY. MINIMUM CAPITAL COST. MINIMUM OPERATING COST. SIMPLE IN DESIGN. SHOULD HAVE LABOUR-SAVING EQUIPMENT. EXTENSIBILITY.
PROPERTIES OF SUB-STATION:
a. b. c. d. e. f.
LOCATION OF SUB-STATIONS:
We know that theoretical considerations are not always used in practice. Therefore, location of SUB-STATION has theoretical considerations but in practice there are various types of problems occurred. Following points helps to relocate the SUB-STATIONS, Theoretically SUB-STATION should be located at the center of load gravity. If commercial locality is at the center then SUB-STATION should be situated to a more appropriate place. If the incoming line passes through any of the zones, the SUB-STATION preferably should be located in that zone.
SOME CONVENTIONS:
When new people visit the power station some conventions are there to know information about that SUBSTATION. 1. HOW CAN YOU recognize WHICH ONE OF THE CONDUCTORS OF THE INCOMING CIRCUIT IS YELLOW phase? In any high voltage transmission line YELLOW phase is always in the middle, like in VIBGYOR yellow colour stands between red & blue colour. Therefore when we see the transmission line according to INDIAN ELECTRICAL CONVENTION the three phases are RYB, the topmost is RED, then YELLOW, then the lower one is BLUE. 2. HOW CAN you recognize the incoming circuit if multi-circuit incoming is there? If there are two or more circuits as incoming , we have to stand by facing towards the source then the extreme right is CIRCUIT 1, next in left is CIRCUIT 2 and go on. 3. HOW CAN YOU RECOGNIZE THE PHASES ENTERING INTO THE TRANSFORMER? If we stand infront of Power Transformer in the primary side then from right to left the RYB phases are arranged, but from secondary side the RYB phases are arranged from left to right.
TITAGARH SUB-STATION:
TITAGARH SUB-STATION is one of the oldest SUB-STATIONS whose age is near about 45. It is situated in the sub-urban area in south-west portion of north 24 parganas. It was built to supply the power to BARRACKPORE industrial zone. Now its primary task is to supply RAILWAYS. The infrastructure has been successively developing time to time. This SUB-STATION is 132/33/25KV SUB-STATION. This SUB-STATION has two bas system in incoming side. MAIN BUS. TRANSFER BUS. In two-bus system every bay has three isolators, three C.T.s, one three-pole circuit breaker, one lightning arrester. Normal width of 132KV bay is 12.2m and Normal length of it is 56m. All the structures are of galvanized steel. BUS COUPLER: The bay which couples the main & transfer bus is called BUS COUPLER. But in two-bus system it should be called bus transfer. This bay is used when there is a fault in SUB-STATION equipment and has to cut off for maintenance then the main bus supply is transferred to bus coupler bay or bus transfer bay.
SALIENT FEATURES:
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Double circuit 132KV incoming source only 28/30 k.m. from 132KV DHARAMPUR SUB-STATION, Nadia where DHARAMPUR 132KV bus is energized by triple circuits from B.T.P.S. and double circuit from JEERAT 400/220/132KV SUB-STATION, Eastern grid SUB-STATION in India. 132KV tied up gas pressure cable line from nearby C.E.S.C. TITAGARH generating station. Import & export of132KV power supply facility in both the ends when it needed. Highest ever 25KV single phase power supply capacity from two 132/25KV 20MVA transformers to Eastern Rail, Sealdha Division. Air-conditioned control room with modern parameters, high sensitive relays and tripping devices in control & operational system. Newly designed SUB-STATION earthing network for safety of the system and equipments. Meets up consumers` supply with many bulk power drawers for heavy industry, civic need of vast area with the capacity or two 132/33KV 50MVA power transformers in parallel operation. Very stable D.C. source with new set of YKP-11 125Amp-hour capacity EXCIDE make STORGE Cell keep the SUB-STATION alive. Two 33/0.4KV 100KVA earthing cum station auxiliary transformers with an extra 415volt auxiliary supply from C.E.S.C. line. Under Frequency relay device now set at 48.3Hz feeders under imposition or exemption is controlled by C.L.D. Howrah. 100% metering system in every stage for line or transformer and further A.T.C. loss calculation. Routine patrolling of incoming transmission line pre-puja and winter maintenance and pre-arranged energy shut down to keep the lines steady and to avoid any interruption. Load diversion facility of most of the 33KV feeders.
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V. Ground clearance i.e. clearance between the bottom conductors and ground level. According to I.E. rules the minimum clearance are as follows,
VOLTAGE (KV)
66KV 132KV 220KV 400KV
CLEARANCE (m)
5.49m 6.10m 7.01m 8.84m
Here in TITAGARH steel tower is used having square base. Generally lattice towers are used, which are mechanically strong and depending upon the angle of deviation the tower design is done. Further vibration Dampers, Jumpers & Arching Horns are also used. As we mentioned earlier that this SUB-STATION developing successively, conductors used here in earlier days are ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) type in which the core of the conductor is made of Steel wires and the periphery is made of Aluminium wires. But we know that steel is used here only to strengthen conductor, it does not help in transmission. Therefore, it is not economically allowable. Now these conductors are changed to AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor) which is made of Aluminium alloy gives the strength more then Aluminium conductor and also the whole conductor transmit the power which save the amount of conductor needed for certain amount of power transmission. Though the conducting capacity of alloy is lower than Aluminium but overall this is economically sound. Different types of conductor are there, depending upon its voltage and current rating. MOUSE 400KV SYSTEM, 800Amps. ZEBRA 220KV SYSTEM, 700Amps. PANTHER .132KV SYSTEM, 400Amps.
Busbar:
132 KV bay has two parallel busbars one is main bus other is transfer bus. The provision of another parallel busbar makes the scheme expensive but its advantages out merit the extra cost. The main advantage consists in fact that whole of the load is transferred to the auxiliary busbar when maintenance or repairs are being done on the main busbar. Normally, however, the main busbar is used and the auxiliary busbars serve the purpose of a reserve busbar. In testing of the circuit breaker on the various feeders and commissioning of the new feeders can be easily undertaken by running them on the auxiliary busbar without tempering with the main busbar. It involves the use of double isolating switches for one breaker. The advantage & disadvantage of the system are:
ADVANTAGES:
1. It ensures supply in case of bus fault, incase of any fault in one of the bus, the circuit can be transferred to the transfer bus. 2. The circuit breaker can be maintained with uninterrupted supply as the load can be transferred to the other bus through the bus coupler circuit breaker. However, the relaying will be scarified as the relaying system is not transferable. 3. It is easy to connect the circuit from either bus. 4. The maintenance cost of substation decreases. 5. The bus potential can be used for relays.
DISADVANTAGE:
The bus is maintained or expanded by transferring all of the circuits to the transfer or auxiliary bus depending upon the remote back up relays and breakers for eliminating faults of the bus would shut down the entire station.
SECTIONALIZED BUSBAR:
Under the scheme duplicate busbar are used with main busbar in sections connected through a bus coupler. In this method of connection, any section of the busbar can be isolated for maintenance while any section may be synchronized with any other auxiliary busbars. It will be noted that the auxiliary busbar is not sectionalized because this is not necessary and is expensive. The main busbar is sectionalized by high voltage isolator.
FEEDERS:
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There are two types of feeders in SUB-STATION, import & export. Import or incoming feeder is double circuit feeder is coming from DHARAMPUR. These two feeders consist of lightning arrestors, transfer bus isolator that are generally kept open. The export or outgoing feeders also consists of isolators, C.B.s, lightning arrestors, C.T.s. Five feeders are going out
BARRACKPUR These feeders have the supply 33KV for the connecting substations. There are other four feeders from traction transformer supplied 25KV single phase for railways. Also there is a tie up line with C.E.S.C. Through which power can be taken from generating station or given to the C.E.S.C. grid.
INSULATOR:
In power sector INSULATOR is one of the most wanted things. For high voltage transmission insulator is must to prevent shock hazard, short circuit, and leakage of power. Mainly it separate line conductors from each other & from supporting structures. For using insulator in high voltage purpose it should have some considerations. Those are, 1) The insulator should have high permittivity so that it can tolerate high electrical stresses i.e. the dielectric strength of insulating material is high. The insulator should be able to with stand the lightning & switching surge. 2) It should possess high mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load even in worst condition like in hail storm, high velocity wind etc. 3) It needs to have a high resistance to temperature changes to reduce damages from power flash over i.e. insulator should have high ratio of PUNCTURE STRENGTH to flash over. 4) The electrical resistance of insulating material should be high to prevent the leakage of current to earth to keep corona loss and ratio interference within reasonable limits. 5) The insulating material should not be porous and should be impervious to gases in atmosphere and should be free from impurity and cracks which may lower the permittivity. Here in TITAGARH three types of insulators are used, PIN TYPE OR STACK INSULATOR. SUSPENTION TYPE INSULATOR. STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR. PIN types are used for holding solid G.I. pipes act as conductor. SUSPENSION types are used for holding and separating the incoming & outgoing feeders from horizontal towers and from each other. STRAIN types are used in the lattice tower to hold the conductors, busbars etc. with certain calculated amount of strain to make sure that the conductors suspended in air with perfect SAG and height from earth. Different grade of insulator is used depending upon the supply voltage & the span of conductor. SUSPENTION TYPES FOR 70KN TENTION. STRAIN TYPES FOR 90KN TENTION. STRAIN TYPES FOR 120KN TENTION. Pin type insulators are mainly used for <33KV voltage but here those are installed in stack format and used for even 132KV voltage. Suspension type insulators are used for almost 66KV voltage and here it is used in parallel to increase its rating.
TRANSFORMER:
Transformers are oil filled equipments confirming to IS: 2026 with ONAN/ONAF/OFWF type cooling condition. The transformers are provided with radiator fans, pumps, and accessories according to needs. Radiators are either directly mounted on tank or on head. The important parts of transformer's are as follows:
CORE:
The magnetic circuit is a single limb, 3 limb plus 2 limb (auxiliary type) or3 limb made from high grained non ageing cold rolled grain oriented (CROG) silicon alloy steel. The insulations are of calcite coating. Yokes are clamped by frames.
WINDINGS:
LV windings are next to the core over which HV tapping and HV main windings are placed. Tapping windings with same no of turns are placed after HV main winding depending on impedance. Windings are arranged in concentric formation with lowest voltage winding next to core to avoid insulation. In case, tertiary winding is arranged then this winding be placed next to core. i) ii) iii) iv) Various types of windings used for making coils are Tertiary winding: - Spiral/Helical/Disc. Low voltage: - Helical/Disc. High voltage: - Partially inter leaved disk/layers winding/ disc winding. Tapping winding: - Inter wound spiral or helical coil/ Interleaved disc or ordinary disc.
BUSHING:
Transformers are connected to H.V lines & therefore care must be taken to prevent flash over from H.V connection to earthed bank. Connections for cables are made in cable boxes but overhead connections should be brought through bushing. The simplest bushing is molded, high quality glazed porcelain insulator with a condenser through center. The conductor is in the axis of porcelain cylinder. The spaced between this two is filled by oil. The active part of bushing consists of an oil impregnated paper (OIP) condenser core manufactured from superior grade craft paper, wound on metal tube. The bushings are voltage graded by suitably interposed Aluminum foils forming condenser layer.
TANK:
The core & windings of transformer are placed in main tank. Each tank is generally equipped with the following valves: i) One drains & lower filter valve (at L.V side). ii) One filter valve (on the top of the tank). iii) One filter valve (on the bottom of tank on the L.V side). iv) One relief valve. This is made from mild steel plate.
CONSERVATOR:
Transformers are not totally filled with oil & some space is left between oil level & tank. This space is filled by air. As the temperature of oil is increases or decreases during operation there is a corresponding rise & fall in volume. To account for this an expansion vessel called conservator is connected to the transformer tank. It is provided with a magnetic oil level indicator on one of the end covers that has a low level alarm.
BREATHER:
A dehydrating breather is used to dry air that enters the transformer as the displacement of air due to the change of oil volume because of fall in temperature. It contains calcium chloride or silica gel to dehydrate. Air entering the breather is first drawn through an oil seal then passed through silica gel crystals to the connecting pipe at the top. During this upward passing of air any moisture presents is absorbed by dry silica gel & it becomes white or pinkish.
TRANSFORMER OIL:
Transformer oil is used as an insulating &cooling medium in power transformer .The mineral oil which have a paraffin base are used as transformer oil. The characteristic of transformer oil is as follows,
SL. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
CHARACTERISTICS
Appearance Density Kinematics viscosity at 27 oc Interfacial tension Flash point (min) Pour point (max)
UNIT
-----------gm/cc cst N/m C C
REQUIRMENTS
Oil shall be clear, transparent & free from suspended matter. 0.89 27 0.04 140 -6
MARSHALLING BOX:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) To keep some necessary equipments marshalling box is used. The instruments are Temperature indicator; Tap changer; Terminal & control cable & grand plate Metal clad Louver (for air passing)
TAP CHANGER:
The on load tap changer consists of the diverter switch installed into a pressure tight oil compartment separated from transformer oil & the tap selector mounted below. There are three pole & single pole tap changers. DISTRIBUTION & POWER TRANSFORMER: The transformer used in the power system may be divided into two categories depending upon type of service. These are: i. Distribution transformer. ii. Power transformer. Distribution Transformer: Transformers up to size of 200 kVA, used to step down the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage or from transmission voltage to distribution voltage are known as Distribution Transformer. As these transformers are running all day long either in load or in no-load, so the iron losses are more than copper loss because the copper loss depends on the load on the transformer. This argument concludes that the construction of distribution transformer should have small iron loss than copper loss. So that the distribution transformers should be designed to have the maximum efficiency at a much lower load than full-load. So the value of leakage reactance is much smaller. Power Transformer: They have the rating above 200 kVA and are used in generating station and substations at both end of power transmission line for stepping up and down the voltage. These transformers are put in operation during load period so these transformers should be designed to have maximum efficiency at or near the full load. So for power transformers the leakage reactance should be high which effects to limit the current through transmission line.
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In TITAGHAR Substation both of the transformers are there. They distribute power in local areas at the rate of 416volts. There are 7 transformers in the substation. 1. T1 (20 MVA)(FOR RAILWAYS) 2. T2 (20 MVA)(FOR RAILWAYS) 3. T3 (50 MVA)(FOR TRANSMISSION 33KV POWER) 4. T4 (50 MVA)(FOR TRANSMISSION 33KV POWER) 5. T5 (33/0.416KV)(FOR DISTRIBUTION) 6. E1 (33/ 0.4KV)(STATION TRANSFORMER) 7. E2 (33/0.4KV)(EARTHING TRANSFORMER)
9 IN OVER CURRENT 4. BUCHOLZ 5. DIFFERENTIAL 6. a) TEMPARATURE OIL b) WINDING 7. PRESSURE RELEASE VALVE (P.R.V) 8. MAGNETIC OIL BREAK (M.O.B) I. OVER CURRENT RELAY:
Over current protection is one so devised that it comes into action when the current in the circuit it protects rises above some pre set value. The minimum value of current in the winding at which the relay will operate is called pick up current.
II. EARTH FAULT RELAY: Another vital shortcoming consisting in its relatively low sensitivity to the currents that appear in the event of single-phase fault to earth. The protection employs an over current relay & three current transformer, with the secondaries of the latter arranged so that all the like terminals are connected to each other. When overloads, three phase & phase-to-phase short circuit occurs a unbalanced current flows through circuit & relay coil, that is why relay operate.
SPECIFICATION OF GAS
Gas yellow in colour Gas grayish white with pungent odour Gas colourless & odourless Gas dark gray
CONCLUSION
Surface leakage in material like wood Overheated or faulty condition Gas is air trapped in the oil or insulation Flash over or excessive heating of oil caused by fault in windings or coil.
V. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:
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A differential scheme is one of the most widely used forms of quick acting protection against interphase short circuit, in system with an isolated neutral, against single phase fault to earth etc. This type of protection mostly achieved by using current transformer.
109.3 437.4
218.7 874.8
45 55 55 60 TAP1 TAP9 TAP17 12.33 11.591 11.338 DOUBLE WOUND YNd1 97000kg GEC ALSTHOM, NAINITAL, INDIA
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(LV) Maker 170KVP BHEL
13.5
132 27 25 102 500 Single 50Hz
20
(L.V.) Phase
Frequency
151.5 750
AT NO LOAD (L.V):
AMPERE (H.V.): (L.V.): PHASE (H.V&L.V): TYPE OF COOLING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE IMPEDENCE: VECTOR GROUP TEMP.RISE IN OIL TOTAL WT
TRANSFORMER EARTHING:
According to the I.E rule the two neutral points are earthed separately. In each earth connection there are two separate electrodes. There are two separate earthing connections in the transformer tank also. There are 3 types of earthing arrangements in transformer 1. Core earthing; 2. Tank to tank cover earthing; 3. Earthing of tank; Apart from 4 power transformers there are 2 earthing transformers at the 33KV side in TITAGARH substation. One is used for earthing cum station service transformer & other is used as neutral earthing transformer. Their nameplate ratings are given below.
EARTHING TRANSFORMER:
Some times it is essential to create an artificial neutral when the access to the existing neutral is not possible or the system is in delta formation. Earthing transformers are used for the same. It is core type of transformer having three limbs built up in the same manner as that of power transformer. Each limb accommodates two equally spaced windings. It will be seen that the current in two halves of the winding on each limb is in opposite direction. These opposite directional currents will not allow the undesirable harmonics prevail in the circuit and thereby the stresses on the insulation of the transformer are considerably reduced.
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The impedance of the earthing transformer is quite low, therefore the fault current will be quit high. The magnitude of the fault current is limited by inserting resistance either in the neutral circuit or in the windings of the earthing transformer. The terminals of the earthing transformer for obtaining solid connection between them. The capacity of earthing transformer is denoted by the fault current it is capable of handling, Under normal condition, only iron losses will be continuously occurring but at the time of fault due to heavy fault current there will also be copper losses in the earthing transformer. As the duration of the fault is usually between 30-60 seconds, therefore the copper losses will occur only for a short interval.
EARTHING TRANSFORMER I
(With 200A combine fuse switch) KVA: VOLTS (H.V) 100 33KV 400V 1.75 144.3 3 ONAN 50Hz 115 ZNYN11 3 800Lts 500A FOR 30 sec
AT NO LOAD (L.V):
AMPERE (H.V.): (L.V.): PHASE (H.V&L.V): TYPE OF COOLING: FREQUENCY ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDENCE: VECTOR GROUP %IMPEDENCE AT 70: OIL QUANTITY: RATED SHORT TIME CURRENT & DURATION: (With 200A combine fuse switch) KVA: VOLTS (H.V)
EARTHING TRANSFORMER II
100 33KV 400V 1.75 144.3 3 ONAN 50Hz 114 Znyn11
AT NO LOAD (L.V):
AMPERE (H.V.): (L.V.): PHASE (H.V&L.V): TYPE OF COOLING: FREQUENCY ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDENCE: VECTOR GROUP
PROTECTION DEVICES:
Protection for the transformer & other transmission lines is provided by a set of Circuit breaker & Relays. The circuit breakers are activated by relays whose main control is done from the panel. CIRCUIT BREAKER: The circuit breaker is one of the most important units in the electrical power system. The PROTECTION, STABILITY & CONTINUITY of the system depends on the circuit breakers ability to switch line load and exciting currents and to interrupt fault currents. There are different types of circuit breaker, but in TITAGARH two types of circuit breakers are installed, such as
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1. MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER. 2. GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER OF SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER.
OPERATING MECHANISM:
CLOSING SPRING DISCHARED, TRIPPING SPRING DISCHARED. (BREAKER OPEN) At the initial state of the breaker both the Closing spring and Tripping spring remain discharged. Now control circuit is connected to power supply and motor starts running. Due to the presence of eccentric crankshaft the motion of pawls is reciprocating. Thereby, the Ratchet wheel rotates in counter clockwise direction. As the crank lever is fixed with cam-shaft as well as with Ratchet wheel, it rotates and charges the closing spring. CLOSING SPRING CHARGED, TRIPPING SPRING DISCHARGED. (BREAKER OPEN) When closing spring is fully charged the limit switch cut-off the power supply to stop motor. The moment when spring charge completed crank lever gives slight rotating force. But, since the closing spring release latch supports the stop roller provided at the ratchet wheel, the closing spring remains charged. CLOSING SPRING DISCHARGED, TRIPPING SPRING CHARGED. (BREAKER CLOSED) Under closing signal the closing coil pulled up the plunger & the hook is lifted. Thereby, the closing trigger disengaged. The closing latch losing the support of the closing trigger rotates and the cam makes half turn in counter clockwise direction. In the mean time, due to the movement of cam roller the main operating lever rotates in the clockwise direction, which closes the breakers contacts through connecting rod, shaft seal and inner lever. On the other hand the tripping spring is charged and gives the main operation lever a rotating force in counter clockwise direction. As the roller is caught by the tripping latch the force sustained & the closed state is maintained. Due to support given by the tripping trigger, the tripping latch cant move and the main operating lever is maintained in the closed state. When closing spring discharged, the limit switch turns on again; the motor starts to charge it again. CLOSING SPRING CHARGED, TRIPPING SPRING CHARGED. (BREAKER CLOSED) The charging of closing spring is completed. This is the most common state of the breaker in service. After getting tripping signal, the tripping trigger pulls up the plunger and disengages itself through hook. The roller lever losing the hold of the tripping trigger is freed, and the roller that had been caught by the tripping latch becomes free. The operating lever is rotated by the force of the tripping spring. TRIP FREE: When a trip signal is give to the breaker on the way of closing. It trips immediately after the closing has been completed. This is known as TRIP FREE operation. GAS CHARACTERISTICS: To work as a insulating & arc quenching medium SF6 should have some specific characteristics about gas pressure depending on temperature. CONTROL SYSTEM: To control circuit breaker there is a control system having 4 steps. 1. The circuit breaker is open. 2. The closing spring is discharged. 3. Auxiliary power is not applied. 4. The gas pressure is zero.
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ANTIPUMPING: The ANTIPUMPING feature is provided to assure that only one closing operation will result
when the closing control device is initiated and continuously energized. This feature is provided with both electrical controls and mechanical controls.
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR:
These are used for the protection of substation equipments including the power transformer. They are capable of discharging lightning & switching surges & temporary power frequency overvoltages. It should be capable of withstanding continuous overvoltages. They are normally mounted on the secondary side of the transformer. The several types of arrestor are Rod Gap, Explosion type, Valve type or Tynite type. In TITAGARH substation gapless arrestors are used. Typical specification is: To Indian Standard : 3070. Model No. : 2AB 120SM. Voltage : 30KV.
ISOLATOR:
The isolator operates under no-load condition& has no specified making or breaking capacity. It is not even used for breaking load current. They are used in addition to circuit breakers & are provided on each side of every circuit breaker to provide isolation & enable maintenance. Automatic switching of isolators is preferred. Three pole isolators are generally used in substations. The poles are identical & consist of 2 or 3 insulator posts connected in a fabricated support. The conducting parts are supported on insulator rod fixed & moving contacts. For all three-pole isolators there is a common pneumatic mechanism. The operating mechanism is manual plus either electrical motor mechanism or it is pneumatic. There are generally three types of isolators according to construction- vertical break type, horizontal break type & vertical photograph type (used for >400 KV).
CONTROL PANEL:
2. Attached Armature Type. 3. Electrodynamics Type. 4. Moving Coil Type. 5. Induction Type. 6. Directional or Reverse Current Type. 7. Under Voltage, Under Current & Under Power Type. 8. Direction or Reverse Power Type. 9. Thermal Relay. 10. Differential Relay. 11. Distance Relay.
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This is the main operating unit of the whole substation. All equipments such as switchboard, carrier control equipments, batteries, battery charger etc are housed in the control room. There are different sections in charge of different devices having many panels for each. The major sections are:
132KV SECTION:
There are several panel boards for transformers, incoming feeders & the bus coupler. The transformer has panels provisioned for metering (ammeter for each phase, MVA meter & TOD meter), control (main bus isolator, transfer bus isolator) & protection relays. The protection relays include:
ALARM
TRIP
9. OVER FLUX RELAY 10. UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY 11. DISTANCE RELAY 12. AUXILIARY RELAY
The Bus Coupler panel has provision for metering (ammeter, KV meter), control (isolator bus section) & protection (zone time relay, distance relay). The feeder panel has definite time relays, instantaneous over current relay, Earthfault relay & tripping or auxiliary relay.
33KV SECTION:
The section has 12 panels for 12 outgoing feeders & one for maintenance bay. Each has provisions for ammeter, MVA meter & Overcurrent, Earthfault, DC supply failure relay etc.
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AUXILIARY POWER:
This is divided in two parts, the auxiliary AC power that comes from auxiliary Ac transformer & Auxiliary DC power that comes from the Battery room. The panels in this section are Ac panel, DC panel & Battery charger.
D.C. SYSTEM:
Although the substation carries AC power, the protecting devices are used in DC & so a Dc battery system is essential. The battery room consists of 110 cells each of 2.2V. These are used to control the relay & alarm panel operation. A system of regular charging is used to maintain the power.
METERING:
Electrical energy meter is very important of each EHV substation. TITAGARH substation has got energy metering equipments against the following feeders: 1. WBSEB-CESC interconnection (132 KV). 2. WBSEB-Eastern Railway (25KV). For Traction power TOD meter (Time of Delay meter) is used having appropriate capacity.
COUPLING CAPACITOR:
It blocks the low frequency signal & acts as a high pass filter. The protecting devices connected with coupling capacitor are Earthing Isolator, Drainage coil, Lightning arrestor etc .
WAVE TRAP:
It is basically an inductor connected with R & Y phases of the incoming feeders, which blocks the high frequency signal.
CARRIER SET:
It helps to send signal from mother substation to other places. For its operation 18V DC is needed.
Remarks:
By this vocational training we are very much benefited. Not only the theoretical conception is cleared but also the practical considerations to make power system economical, cleared. As power sector is a public organization therefore the revenue collection procedure, perfect metering, & repairing jobs are also noticeable subject. Also in real life how can a control room attendant manage the problems is a remarkable thing. Most important thing is all of the personals in TITAGARH help us to understand every single thing and we are glade to get your proximity. Also to H.R.D. DEPARTMENT, thanking you for arranging vocational training for us.