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A ASSIGNMENT ON
A assignment submitted in partial fulfillment of course requirement (HS-201) Dynamics of Social Change.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Would like to express my gratitude to Prof. R. C. Ramola, Centre Head ICFAI TECH, Dehradun for allowing me to take up this course on DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE. I am also thankful to Dr. P C Rao, Instructor-In-Charge of Dynamics of social change, for giving useful knowledge and clarifying on writing good assignment and above all for giving me this opportunity to present my work with this report. Above all, I am grateful to my colleagues, who encouraged me at every step of preparing this assignment and also have helped me in gathering the data for this report.
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Introduction
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, (NREGA) was notified on September 7, 2005 with the objective to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act came into force on February 2nd; 2006 and was implemented in phased manner. In the first phase it was introduced in 200 most backward districts of the country. It was then extended to additional 130 districts in the financial year 2007-2008. From the current financial year, the Act was extended to cover all the districts, with the exception of districts that have a hundred percent urban population. Giving a statutory framework to wage employment programmes Based on the experience of these programmes, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was enacted to reinforce the commitment towards livelihood security in rural areas. The Act was notified on 7th September, 2005. The significance of NREGA lies in the fact that it creates a right- based framework for wage employment programmes and makes the Government legally accountable for providing employment to those who ask for it. In this way, the legislation goes beyond providing a social safety net towards guaranteeing the right to employment.
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National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Guaranteeing the Right to Work Objectives
To provide legal guarantee for 100 days of wage employment to every household in the rural areas of the country each year. To combine the twin goals of providing employment and asset creation in rural areas.
Salient Features
a) First such effort in the world to provide legal guarantee for the Right to Work. b) Covers all districts of the country. c) All rural households in rural areas, whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work eligible. d) Job card under the Act is the right of every rural household willing to work on NREGA and applies for it. e) Choice of works done through village level plans and 50% or more of work to be executed by panchayati raj institutions.
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f) Work focuses on areas like water conservation, land development, provision of irrigation facility on private land of people below the poverty line, rural connectivity etc. g) Contractors banned in NREGA works. h) Payment made through post office and bank accounts. i) Unemployment allowance to be paid if Government unable to provide jobs within 15 days of application. j) All muster rolls put up on the internet. k) Social audit made mandatory.
Communication of Nrega
Awareness generation through Information, Education and Communication ( IEC ) For people to know their rights under the Act, effective communication of information about the Act and Scheme is essential.
Planning
Planning is critical to the successful implementation of the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). A key indicator of success is the timely generation of employment within 15 days while ensuring that the design and selection of works are such that good quality assets are developed. The need to act within a time limit necessitates advance planning. The basic aim of the planning process is to ensure that the District is prepared well in advance to offer productive employment on demand.
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Nrega household
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) will be open to all rural households in the areas notified by the Central Government. The entitlement of 100 days of guaranteed employment in a financial year is in terms of a household. This entitlement of 100 days per year can be shared within the household; more than one person in a household can be employed (simultaneously or at different times).
All adult members of the household who register may apply for work. To register, they have to:
a) Be local residents: Local implies residing within the Gram
Panchayat. This includes those that may have migrated some time ago but may return.
b) Be willing to do unskilled manual work.
Job cards
The Gram Panchayat will issue Job Cards to every registered household. The timely issue of well-designed Job Cards is essential; this is a critical legal document, which also helps to ensure transparency and protect labourers against fraud.
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Time-bound employment
The Gram Panchayat/Programme Officer shall be responsible for providing wage employment to the applicant within 15 days of the date of receipt of the application in the case of advance applications, employment will be provided from the date that employment has been sought, or within 15 days of the date of application, whichever is later. Gram Panchayat is unable to provide employment within 15 days, it will be the responsibility of the Programme Officer to do so. The employment allotted by the Programme Officer will be intimated to the Gram Panchayat and vice versa.
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b) Equal wages shall be paid to both men and women workers, and the provisions of the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 shall be complied with. c) The State Government may provide for a portion of the wages to be paid to the labourers on a daily basis during the period of employment.
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Unemployment allowance
a) If a worker who has applied for work under NREGA is not provided employment within 15 days from the date on which work is requested, an unemployment allowance shall be payable by the State Government at the rate prescribed in the Act.This entitlement comes into effect as soon as the Act is notified in a particular District or area. b) The Programme Officer shall be responsible for the prompt payment of unemployment allowances throughout the Block.
Records to be Maintained
s/n. Name of Register 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Muster Roll Issue Register Muster Roll Issue Register Job Card Application Register Employment Register Works Register Complaint Register Monthly Allotment and Utilization Certificate Watch Register Level at which Register is to be maintaind Gram Panchayat Implementing Agency other than Gram Panchayat Gram Panchayat/ Programme Officer Gram Panchayat/ Programme Officer Programme Officer/Gram Panchayat/other Implementing Agencies Programme Officer/DPC/ Gram Panchayats/ other Implementing Agencies DPC/ Programme Officer/ Gram Panchayat/Other Implementing Agencies
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2. Accredited engineers
a) The State Government may constitute panels of accredited engineers at the District and Block levels for the purpose of assisting with the estimation and measurement of works. b) The District Programme Coordinator, the Programme Officer, PRIs and other Implementing Agencies may engage the services of accredited engineers of their choice for any NREGS work. c) The State Government shall prescribe the minimum qualifications of accredited engineers and the procedures for accreditation as well as cancellation of such accreditation. TECHNICAL RESOURCE SUPPORT FOR QUALITY 80 THE NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, 2005
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The State Government shall fix the rates to be paid to accredited engineers in cases where they are not Government servants. Sam Vikas Yojana.
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DRAW-BACKS
First drawbacks of the NREG scheme, the decision on the project and the process to be undertaken seems to be arbitrarily done. For example in the pond project the silt which was removed were put beside the pond bunds itself which would flow back into the pond during the next torrential monsoon rain. Ideally the whole pond should be provided with a stone embankment which is plastered so that it can last for few years. Thus may be the wells would not be fortunate the next summer. The next project is to widen a "thoodu" (a small stream) which ask anyone in the village including the workers is considered a waste of money. Second drawback seems to be that it is having serious effects on the agriculture. This has caused lack of people during the harvesting season and an unplanned increase in the cost of production. I think this is now the last straw in making at least paddy cultivation unrenumerative. In addition to general productivity decrease this could further reduce the output. One better option would be to have a framework where by all the marginal land holdings are pooled together as a pool and then it is cultivated under NREGS and the output is bought by the government itself through FCI. The money is given to the owner of the land after deducting the subsidized employee cost. This can be the masterstroke to improve the agriculture productivity and a better way to target fertilizer and power subsidy to agriculture. As this is what 60% of Indian population are doing and are good at. This now takes off one major drawback of land segmentation and harvest sales.
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SUGGESTION
1. How will the wages be calculated?
The worker can be paid either as daily wage or as piece-rate. If wages are paid on a piece-rate basis, the schedule of rates has to be such that a person working for seven hours would normally earn the minimum wage.
f) Financial Inclusion: Savings accounts of wage earners in Banks/Post Offices in some States: AP (more than 20.00lakh Post Office Accounts), Karnataka (entire Gulbarga NREG workforce with Bank Accounts) , Jharkhand, TN. g) Insurance of wage earners in some districts: Pakur, Gumla, Ranchi (Jharkhand). h) Developing Literacy skills among wage earners (Karnataka, Raichur. i) Distress Migration Chhattisgarh.
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somewhat
stemmed:
Rajasthan,
AP,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com www.encarta.com Wikipedia The national rural Employment guarantee act 2005 (nrega) Operational guidelines 2008 (3rd edition)
(Ministry of rural development Department of rural development Government of India (New Delhi))
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) Guaranteeing the Right to Work
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