EN0175

10 / 19 / 06

Mechanical Behavior of Solids Linear Elastic solids

= E (1D) ij = Cijkl kl or ij = S ijkl kl (3D)

where C is sometimes called the stiffness tensor and S is sometimes called the compliance tensor. Both of them are 4th order elastic moduli tensors. Symmetry of elastic moduli tensors:

Cijkl = C jikl , Cijkl = Cijlk (minor symmetry)

The minor symmetries reduce the independent elastic constants from 81 to 36. There is also a major symmetr in elastic moduli Cijkl = C klij , independent elastic constants from 36 to 21. which reduces the number of

We use the concept of energy & work to demonstrate the major symmetry of C and S :

F, u
Assume an increment of displacement at the bar end,

u u +u
The work done by the applied load should equal to the stored energy in the material,

W = F u = A (l ) = Al = V
w= W
V = should be the stored elastic energy per unit volume, which is also called the

strain energy density.

w = w( ) , =

w , w( ) = d 0

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10 / 19 / 06

Generalize to 3D

v f

V S
w = t u dS + f u dV
S V

v t
v

= ti ui dS + f i ui dV
S V

= ij n j ui dS + f i ui dV
S V V V

= ( ij ui ) j dV + f i ui dV
V V

= ( ij , j + f i ) ui dV + ij ui , j dV = ij ij dV = w dV
V V

w = ij ij is the strain energy density and

w = ij ij must be integrable.
Knowing ij = Cijkl kl , we have

w=

1 Cijkl ij kl 2

Cijkl

2w = = Cklij ij kl

Elastic moduli for isotropic materials: Isotropic tensor: I a = a ( ij a j = ai ) The 4th order isotropic tensors can be generally written as

Cijkl = c1 ij kl + c2 ik jl + c3 il jk

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10 / 19 / 06

Imposing the symmetry conditions indicate that the elastic moduli can be expressed in terms of just two constants

Cijkl = ij kl + ( ik jl + il jk )
where

and are called Lam constants.

the

Similarly,

S ijkl

can

also

be

expressed

in

terms

of

just

two

constants

as

S ijkl = d1 ij kl + d 2 ( ik jl + il jk )
The constants

, , d1 and d 2 are to be determined experiments.

Since there are only 2 independent elastic constants, it suffices to conduct experiments in 1D:

E=

'

(Youngs modulus)

' = (Poissons ratio)

: We can specify the general stress-strain relation

ij = S ijkl kl = (d1 ij kl + d 2 ( ik jl + il jk )) kl = d1 kk ij + 2d 2 ij
to 1D loading

11 0 , 22 = 33 = 0 . In this case,
11 = d1 11 + 2d 2 11 = (d1 + 2d 2 ) 11 = 22 = d1 11 = 11 = 11
E

11
E

Therefore,

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10 / 19 / 06

E 1 + d2 = 2E
and

d1 =

S ijkl =

ij kl +

1 + ( ik jl + il jk ) 2E

We thus obtain the so-called generalized Hookes law:

ij =
This equation can be inverted as follows.

1 + ij kk ij E E

qq =
The percentage change of volume,

1 + 3 1 2 qq kk = qq E E E

V 1 2 3(1 2 ) = kk = kk = p V E E
p E . (This modulus can also be = V V 3(1 2 )

Defines the so-called bulk modulu K =

calculated using ab initio quantum mechanics techniques.) Invert the generalized Hookes law:

1 + E ij = ij + kk ij = ij + kk ij E E E 1 2 E E ij + ij = (1 + )(1 2 ) kk ij 1 +
Comparing this to the Lam form of Hookes law

ij = Cijkl kl = ( ij kl + ( ik jl + il jk )) kl = ij kk + 2 ij , we identify

(1 + )(1 2 )
E 2(1 + )

For shear deformation:

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10 / 19 / 06

=
G

G =

Let i = 1 , j = 2 in ij = ij kk + 2 ij ,

12 = = 2 12 =
Therefore, the second Lam constant is just the shear modulus:

G==

E 2(1 + )

Alternative derivation of the generalized Hookes law

III II I
Consider a linear superposition of strain in the principal stress directions

1 + I ( I + II + III ) E E E E E II I III 1 + II = = II ( I + II + III ) E E E E E III I II 1 + III = = III ( I + II + III ) E E E E E I =

=
i.e.

II

III

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10 / 19 / 06

Therefore, we have

1 + kk I E E

Through change of coordinates, this relation remains true for any other coordinate systems. Orthotropic materials An orthotropic material (e.g. wood, composites, fiber glass, etc) has three mutually perpendicular symmetry planes.

Sym 2

Sym 1

Sym 3
11 22 33 = 23 13 12 11 22 33 23 13 12

C 66

C11 C:

C12 C22

C13 C23 C33

0 0 0 C44

0 0 0 0 C55

Sym

0 0 0 (9 elastic constants) 0 0 C66

Cubic materials Single crystal metals: FCC (Cu, Al, Ag, etc.); BCC (Fe, etc.)

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C11 C:

C12 C11

C12 C12 C11

0 0 0 C44

0 0 0 0 C44

Sym

0 0 0 (3 elastic constants) 0 0 C44