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Remarks on plastic material behavior 1) Yield surfaces (a surface in the stress space representing the condition/criterion whether the solid responds elastically or plastically to the applied load) The von Mises and Tresca yield conditions are represented by the following yield surfaces in the stress space (view long the

1 (1, 1, 1) direction). 3

von Mises condition

III

I
Tresca condition

II

2) The strain can be decomposed into elastic and plastic parts. In incremental form,

d = d + d
E

The elastic part is related to stress via the usual linear elastic equations. The plastic part of strain in incremental form can be written as

3 ' d P 2 ij , if e = Y , d e 0 e P d ij = 0, otherwise

J 2 - flow theory:
1 ' ' J 2 ' = ij J 2 = ij ij , ' 2 ij
Based on the above relations, the plastic strain can be rewritten in term of J 2 as

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3 J 2 d P 2 ' , loading ij e P d ij = 0, otherwise

3) Normality rule Yield stress:

e =
where f

3 ' ' ij ij = Y 2

' f ij = Y

( )

( )
' ij

represents a general yield surface.

Differentiate the equation

3 ' ' ij ij = e2 gives 2

3 ' ' d ij ij = d e2 2

( )

3 ' ' = e d e ij d ij 2

e 3 ij = ' 2 e ij
'

The plastic strain for a general yield condition f

( )
' ij

can be written as

f ' d P , if f = Y , d P 0 ij P d ij = 0, otherwise
which also indicates d
P

is normal to the yield surfaces.

4) Convexity rule The yield surface must be convex for plastically stable solids. One cannot have a nonconvex yield surface such as the figure below.

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III

I
Nonconvex

II

The convexity rule can be related to principle of maximum plastic resistance.

5) Limitations of von Mises law

e = Y

Cyclic loading:

t
The

= curve under a cyclic loading is illustrated below.

The isotropic hardening as implied by von Mises condition (

3 ' ' ij ij = Y ) is generally not 2

valid in case of cyclic loading. The so-called Bauschinger effect indicates that, if the solid first undergoes plastic deformation in tension and then loaded in compression, the yield stress in

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compression would generally become smaller. Alternatively, deforming the material in compression also tends to soften the material in tension. To account for this, kinematic hardening laws have been proposed to allow the yield surface to translate, without changing its shape, in stress space.

III

I
' f ij =

v
II

To account for the fact that yield surface translate without changing its shape in cyclic loading, the von Mises yield condition can be modified as

( )

3 ' ' ij ij ij ij = Y 2

)(

6) J 2 - deformation theory If there is no unloading and the stresses increase proportionally to each other. The J 2 - flow theory can be integrated to give the so-called J 2 - deformation theory of plasticity.

P ' ' = ij = d ij d ij 0

f P ' ij

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ijE =
7) Single crystal plasticity (1970s-)

1 + ij kk E E

Modeling plastic deformation by considering slip along discrete crystal planes and orientations. e.g. Cu: FCC crystal, 12 slip systems: 4 (111) planes time 3 [110] directions.

Viscoelasticity

0
T
For a constant loading

0 acting from time 0 to T , the strain responses of elastic materials and

viscoelastic materials are illustrated in the figures below.

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0 E
T
elastic
Mathematical tools

creep
relaxation

T
viscoelastic

Spring: = E =

Dash pot:

& &= =

Basic viscoelastic models: Maxwell model:

E
& = &E + & =

&

0 acting from time 0 to T is

E
+

The strain response of Maxwell model to a constant loading

T
Kevin model:

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& = E + = E +
The strain response of Kevin model to a constant loading

0 acting from time 0 to T is

T
Standard linear solid model:

E1

E2

0 acting from time 0 to

The strain response of standard linear solid model to a constant loading

T is

T
More sophisticated models (e.g., for biological systems)

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E1

E2

En

L
1

E1
E2

L
En
General mathematical structure of viscoelstic models:

L
n

2 n 2 n (E ) + L L + + + = + + + + p p p p q q q q 1 2 n 2 n 0 0 1 t t t 2 t n t 2 t n

P = Q(E )
Sometimes fractional derivatives (like

1 2 ) have also been used to describe the stress-strain t 1 2

relations of complex viscoelastic responses. Generalize to 3D,

' ' = E is generalized to ij = 2 ij , kk = 3K kk

Linear elastic: Viscoelastic:

P = Q(E )

can

be

likewise

generalized

to

' ' P ij = Q 2 ij

P kk = Q(3K kk )
Additional remarks on viscoelasticity:

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1) Creep modulus: the strain response to a unit constant stress.

creep modulus

t
Relaxation modulus: the stress response to a unit constant strain.

relaxation modulus

t
2) Storage & loss modulus

= 0 sin t
= 0 sin (t )

Elastic case:

= 0 sin t , =

0
E

sin t = 0 sin t (no delay for strain response)

Viscoelastic case:

= 0 sin (t ) = 0 cos sin t 0 sin cos t

0 cos : storage compliance 0 0 sin : loss compliance 0