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Evaluation
Continuous Assessment (CA) Quiz - 5 Assigment/Tutorial 4 Test 3
Final Examination (FE)
TOPIC 1
SITE INVESTIGATION
Course content
UNDERSTAND THE OBJECTIVES AND WORK PROCEDURE IN SITE INVESTIGATION. DEFINE SITE INVESTIGATION STATE OBJECTIVE OF SITE INVESTIGATION BASED ON BS5930 (1981) EXPLAIN BRIEFLY THE WORK PROCEDURE IN SITE INVESTIGATION
Course content
UNDERSTAND PROSEDURE OF PRELIMINARY WORK IN SITE INVESTIGATION UNDERSTAND PROGRAMMED PLANNING AND SCOPE OF SITE INVESTIGION UNDERSTAND FIELD TEST UNDERSTAND THE CRITERIA IN DETERMINING NUMBER AND TYPES OF SAMPLES EXPLAIN TYPE OF SAMPLES
Course content
UNDERSTAND THE CONTENT OF SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT USE THE GIVEN CONCEPT IN PERFORMING PRELIMINARY ON-SITE SURVEY
A site investigation in one form or another is always required for any engineering or building structure. The investigation may range in scope from a simple examination of the surface soils with or without a few shallow trial pits, to a detailed study of the soil and ground water condition to a considerable depth below the surface by means of boreholes and in-situ and laboratory test on the materials encountered.
SOIL INVESTIGATION
In the evaluation of an area for construction of buildings or other structures, or as a source of construction material, the soil condition must be investigated before any detailed design are made. A soil investigation involves field sampling
SOIL INVESTIGATION
A soil investigation involves 1. field sampling and testing 2. Laboratory analysis 3. And preparation of report The planning and evaluation of field work are aided by a knowledge of the mechanics of soil deposits formation
Harold N. Atkins. Highway Materials, Soils, and Concretes (Fourth Edition). (2003)
1) Determining the nature of soil at the site and its stratification 2) Obtaining disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for visual identification and appropriate laboratory tests. 3) Determining the depth and nature of bedrock, if and when encountered
4) Performing some in situ field test, such as permeability test, vane shear test and SPT 5) Observing drainage condition from and into the site 6) Assessing any special construction problem with respect to the existing structure nearby 7) Determining the position of the water table
DESK STUDY
This involves collecting as much information as possible about the sit. Sources include i. Geological maps ii. Survey map
DESK STUDY
Sources include i. Geological maps ii. Topography iii. Surface water & groundwater iv. Survey map v. Aerial photographs vi. Mining records vii. Previous site investigation for the site or adjacent site
DESK STUDY
SITE SURVEY
what is needed in light of existing information, provide specific rationale for the scope and methods of site investigation to make it possible for reviewers to assess the adequacy of the investigation. Describe what was carried out. Show location of test holes or pits or geophysical lines if any. Include field observations at the site, soils and existing conditions.
TESTING
Drilling or advancing a hole in the ground Removing soil from the hole Determining characteristics or properties of the soil
LABORATORY TESTING
A preliminary examination of the nature and type of soil brought to the laboratory is very essential before deciding upon the type and number of laboratory tests. Normally the SPT samples are used for this purpose. First the SPT samples should be arranged bore wise and depth wise. Each of the samples should be examined visually. A chart should be made giving the bore hole numbers and the types of tests to be conducted on each sample depth wise.
LABORATORY TESTING
An experienced geotechnical engineer can do this job with diligence and care. Once the types of tests are decided, the laboratory assistant should carry out the tests with all the care required for each of the tests. The test results should next be set out on a suitable format bore wise and the soil is classified according to standard practice. The geotechnical consultant should examine each of the tests before being set out. Unreliable test results should be discarded.
LABORATORY TESTING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Grain size distribution - Mechanical analysis Liquid limit (LL) Plastic limit (PL) Specific gravity Natural water content Shear strength unconfined compression - direct shear - Triaxial
LABORATORY TESTING
7. Compressibility consolidation 8. Permeability 9. Compaction standard proctor & moditied proctor 10. CBR 11. Shear strength (soft clay) vane shear 12. Penetration test
TEST
Moisture content Grain size Atterberg limits Relative density (G.S) Density (unit weight) Unconfined compression
SAMPLE REQUIRED
DISTURBED OR UNDISTURBED X X X X X X UNDISTURBED X X X X X X
SOILS
COHESIVE GRANULAR X X X X
X X
X X x
X X
X x
X X
DESIGNING
The design of the building structure can be made by the engineers. The first structure to be designed is a basic building. With reference to the design load (structure plan), the limit soil deposition and soil type, foundation engineers will analyze and determine the appropriate type of foundation in the study area either in a shallow foundation or base.
DESIGNING
If a soil layer is far from the ground, the basic choice (pile foundation) should be considered. To determine the basis of size or depth, the soil unit weight, cohesion and friction angle of soil should be obtained through the site investigation report.
Discussion
Site investigation should be split up into three section; 1. A walk-over survey 2. An initial desktop study 3. Field investigations using trial pits or boreholes Discuss in group WHAT information should be collect in a walk-over survey.
Discussion
Describe site investigation? What information usually required in soils investigations includes? Describe the technique sampling during soil investigation?
ASSIGNMENT 1
GROUP 1 TOPIC Explain boring borehole method a. Hand Auger b. Rotary drilling c. Hammer drilling d. Wash boring e. Core drilling Explain field test carried out on site Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Explain field test carried out on site Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Explain field test carried out on site Plate Load Test Explain field test carried out on site Trial Test
2 3 4
ASSIGNMENT 1
GROUP 6 TOPIC Explain methods of observation and measurement of ground water, methods of measuring water pressure Vertical pipe Piezometer Explain types of sampler Thin walled sampler Open drive sampler Separate drum sampler/split spoon sampler Explain types of sampler Stationary piston sampler Continuous sampler Compressed air sampler
FIELD TEST
1. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 2. Cone Penetration Tets (CPT) 3. Plate Load Test 4. Trial Test Observation of ground water 1. Vertical pipe 2. Piezometer
FIELD TEST
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) This test is the most common strength test conducted in field. It is used with all soil except gravel and it often used directly for the design of foundation.
FIELD TEST
Cone Penetration Tets (CPT) the cone itself is to forced an additional distance by inner rods, without the drill rods moving through the soil.
TYPE OF SAMPLING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thin walled sampler/shelby tube Open drive sampler Separate drum sampler/split spoon sampler Stationary piston sampler Continuous sampler Compressed air sampler
TYPE OF SAMPLING
Thin walled sampler/shelby tube The sampler is attached to drill rods, lowered to the bottom of the hole, and pushed into the soil in one smooth motion; the sample is waxed when removed; the sample is undisturbed. This technique is used only in clays and silts Separate drum sampler/split spoon sampler The spoon is lowered to the bottom of the hole, attached the drill rods, and driven into the soil; the sample is disturbed. This technique is use d in all soils
In general, dynamic or static cone may be performed at every 100m by dividing the area in grid pattern and the number of bore holes may be decided by examining the variation in the penetration curves. V.N.Vazirani : Handbook of civil Engineering , Khanna Publishers (2008)
ASSIGNMENT 1 (GROUP)
Explain boring borehole method Hand Auger Rotary drilling Hammer drilling Wash boring Core drilling
ASSIGNMENT 1 (GROUP)
Explain types of sampler Thin walled sampler Open drive sampler Separate drum sampler/split spoon sampler Stationary piston sampler Continuous sampler Compressed air sampler
Explain field test carried out on site. Explanations include the standard of the test, method on the site and diagram/picture that equipment. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cone penetration test (CPT) Plate load test Trial test Vertical pipe Piezometer