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Doctrine has its foundation in history - it is enduring but not unchanging. The Royal
Navy's Submarine H3 (in service 1902-1913) seen here passing Nelson's Flagship
HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour early this century. Picture courtesy of the Imperial
War Museum.
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The Nature of Doctrine

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The Importance of Doctrine

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The Principles of War

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1 AAP-6: NATO Glossary

2 Sir Julian Corbett (1854 - 1922) - maritime historian and strategist.


 BRITISH DOCTRINE HIERARCHY

British
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British
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BR1806

United Kingdom Allied

British Doctrine for Joint
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Joint and Combined Doctrine
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Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

Figure 1
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Doctine is relevant across the whole

range of military operations. Seen here,
British and Canadian troops come
ashore in Normandy, 6 June 1944.
Picture courtesy of the Imperial War
Museum.

3 BR 1806 dated 1995; Army Code No 71451 Second edition dated 1996 ("Military" is used here in the narrower sense of
pertaining to the Army); and AP 3000 Second Edition dated 1993.
4 AJP-1, Allied Joint Operations Doctrine, 1994 (Second Edition (AJP1A) due for publication in 1997).


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Chapter 2

WAR AND ARMED CONFLICT

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A useful definition of war is:"When differences between states reach a point at which both parties resort to force, or one of them
does acts of violence, which the other chooses to look on as a breach of the peace, the relation of war is set up, in which the
combatants may use regulated violence against each other until one of the two has been brought to accept such terms as his
enemy is willing to grant". Hall on International Law Driefontein Consolidates Mines v Janson [1900] 2QB 339 at 343.
2
On War, Carl Von Clausewitz, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1984, .page
87
3
On War, page 121


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The Dimensions of Conflict

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Sun Tzu's advice - that one should seek victory in the shortest possible time, with the least possible effort and at the least cost in
casualties to one's enemy, remembering that one had to live next door to him when the fighting was over - seems relevant still.


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"No fly zones" are increasingly used as part of

control regimes imposed by the United Nations.
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In lower intensity operations there will be

an greater emphasis on minimising civilian
casualties and collateral damage. A
British Army Scimitar in Bosnia in 1996.


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Conflict in the Modern World

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Above:
Symblizing the asymmetry of some
types of modern conflict, a British
Challenger tank passes a civilian car -
frequently used to transport warring
faction fighters to and from the
confrontation line in Bosnia.
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Chapter 3

SECURITY AND DEFENCE

The Nature of Security

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Formal treaties and

alliances provide mutual
security guarantees
between states. Russia
joins Partnership for
Peace (PfP), June
1994. (Picture courtesy
of the NATO Office of
Information and Press).

The Pursuit of Security

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Seen here, the aftermath of an air
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aircraft shelter during the Gulf War


Chapter 4

STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS
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1 David Fraser, "Alanbrooke", London, 1982, page 215


In some circumstances - for example peacekeeping operations (see Chapter 6) - there may not be a clearly defined enemy.
However, in almost all circumstances in which a military force is deployed there are likely to be forces or groups of people seeking
to frustrate the military force achieving its objectives or to attain conflicting objectives. References to the enemy or the opponent in
the remainder of this Chapter should be read in this light.


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The ULTRA intelligence produced by breaking the German Enigma codes

was crucial to Allied success during the Second World War. Seen here,
General Heinz Guderian and his Enigma operators, France, June 1940.


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JSP 398 describes the policy and application of UK national rules of engagement.


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Chapter 5

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NATO remains
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an Allied fleet
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The Defence Council comprises the Secretary of State for Defence, Ministers of State for the Armed Forces and for Defence
Procurement, the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, the Chief of Defence Staff, the Permanent Under Secretary of State,
Chiefs of the Naval, General and Air Staffs, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, the Second Permanent Under Secretary, the Chief
of Defence Procurement and the Chief Scientific Adviser.


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The Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1996.

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 The Ministry of Defence
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CDS may take the chair for particular items of business, depending on the subject matter


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The procurement
Executive is
responsible for the
acquisition of major
weapons systems,
such as the Apache
attack helicopter.
Picture courtesy of
Westland Helicopters.

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A type 42
Destroyer at
speed in the
Atlantic.


Chapter 6

BRITISH MILITARY CAPABILITY

Capability

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 Training overseas
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invariably operate jointly and
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Firepower - Challenger 2
undergoing night firing trials.


Chapter 7

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

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The Secretary of
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accompanied by the
Chief of the Defence
Staff and the Chief of
Joint Operations
opening the new
United Kingdom
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Headquarters in April
1996

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Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Convention, Article 51(2). The new rules introduced by this Protocol are not intended to have
any effect on and do not regulate the use of nuclear weapons (c.f. UK Misc 19 (1977), Cmnd. 6927 and C Pilloud et al,
'Commentary on the additional Protocols of 8 June 1977', ICRC, 1987).

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COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND DEFENCE

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Following such an attack each member will take such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore
and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. NATO Handbook Page 235.


Partnership for Peace helps Partner nations to prepare their forces to operate alongside NATO forces in peace support and
humanitarian operations. It also prepares those states that aspire to membership of NATO, and offers states which may never join
the opportunity of a substantial relationship with the Alliance.

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For example, the Western European Union played a large part in naval embargo operations during the conflicts in the Gulf and in
former Yugoslavia.

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Oganisations in Europe

EU Ireland (2)

Austria (2,4) PfP

Finland (2,4) WEU
Sweden (2,4)

Denmark (2)
Belgium France NATO NACC
Germany Greece Albania
Italy Luxembourg United States Armenia
Netherlands Portugal Canada Azerbaijan
Spain United Kingdom Belarus
Norway (1) Georgia
Turkey (1) Kazakhstan
Iceland (1) Kyrgyzstan
Moldova
Bulgaria (3) Estonia (3) Russia
Hungary (3) Latvia (3) Turkmenistan
Lithuania (3) Poland (3) Uzbekistan
Romania (3) Slovakia (3) Ukraine
Czech Republic (3) Slovenia (3,4)

OSCE Bosnia-Herzegovina Monaco

Croatia San Marino
Cyprus Switzerland
Holy See F.R. Yugoslavia (5)
Liechtenstein Tajikistan

EU: European Union (1) Associate Members of WEU

NACC: North Atlantic Co-operation Council (2) Observers of WEU
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (3) Associate Parners of WEU
OSCE: Organisation on Security and Co-operation in Europe (4) Observer of NACC
PfP: Partnership for Peace (5) Membership suspended
WEU: Western European Union
WEAG: Western European Armaments Group

Figure 3
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Operational Command is the authority to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces
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Operational Control is the authority to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks,
which are usually limited by function, time or location, to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assign tactical control of those
units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of the units concerned. Neither does it of itself include
administrative or logistic control.


Command and control of operations in support of the civil power in Northern Ireland is covered in Chapter 6 under Military Aid to
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