TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PULCHOWK CAMPUS

A Project Proposal On

Speed control of Dc motor Using microcontroller

Submitted To: LOCUS

Submitted By: Sarsij Kaystha (059/bct) Tula Ram Poudel (059/bel) Tuesday, December 20, 2005

Speed control of dc motor

The proposal deals with an electric motor, a machine which converts electric energy into mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. When the field magnets are excited and their armatures conductors are supplied with current, they experiences a force F which tends to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction. These forces collectively produce a driving torque which sets the armature rotating. DC motors have variable characteristics and are used extensively in variable-speed drives. DC motors can provide high starting torque and it is also possible to obtain speed control over a wide range. Methods of speed control are simpler and less expensive than those of ac drives. DC motors play a significant role in modern industrial drives. The speed of motor can be varied by: Armature voltage control: by varying Va Field control: by varying If Armature Resistance Control: by varying Ra Our project uses the armature voltage control using PWM. We have chosen MOSFET as it is voltages driven deice and it can be directly interfaced with a microcontroller or ICs. The MOSFET ( metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) is a very fast switching transistor that has shown great promise for applications involving high frequency ( up to 1 MHz) and low power ( up to a few Kilowatts). The project uses 8251 microcontroller. Microcontroller is the heart and brain of our project. It coordinates all of the activities of our project. It changes the key press from the keypad into a suitable meaningful form and converts into a value and stores in memory in the form of reference speed. Next it does the counting of speed of the motor in terms of actual speed and converts it into a value and stores in memory in the form of actual speed. It then compares two values and finds the difference. Since firing angle and speed of the motor are inversely proportional, it then finds out whether to increase or decrease the firing angle to achieve the reference speed. Next microcontroller senses the signal from zero crossing detectors. The signal indicates when the sine wave of the supply voltage crosses zero. This signal is used by the microcontroller as a reference value to start the delay for the firing angle. The gate signal in the form of pulse is fed by microcontroller to thyristor via phototransistor optocoupler which then chops the voltage and desired or reference speed is achieved. The project uses Optocoupler for determining the speed of the motor. It uses a beam of light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical barrier, and achieve excellent isolation. Analog signals can be transferred by means of frequency or pulse-width modulation. In our project the light emitting diode is coupled to its corresponding photo sensitive element. The purpose of use of optocoupler is two folds- firstly, it provides biasing signals for the

switch and secondly it provides complete isolation between the low voltage direction and the main supply as the coupling means of light energy. Due to commutators, DC motors are not suitable for the very high speed applications and requires more maintenance then do the ac motors Flowchart of the working. project

Start

Initialize registers, flags and timers, interrupts, start timer for pulse counting

Delay for RPS

Stop Timer

Read timer data

Are the observed value and the set value same?

Decrease or increase the values to be loaded in the timer registers

Output actual and set value in LCD display one at a time