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= + + = e =
e
=
e + e
N
a b c N
N
V
I I I I V j C
j L
V
j C j L
3I
0
At resonance je3C+1/jeL=0and the neutral
voltage becomes undefined ()
3 1 / e + e j C j L
voltage becomes undefined ( )
Need to add sophistication here
10
Effect of asymmetry and
conductive line charging
hV
N
Increases with
V
pa
h
2
V
pa
hV
pa
N
asymmetry and
resistance
V
N
Normal
C+AC
L
G
C
point of
operation
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ( ))
( ) ( )
= + + e
= + + e + A
= + + e
a N p a
b N p a
I V V G j C
I V h V G j C C
I V h V G j C
Resonance
No-fault situation
I
L
~1/L
Over-comp. Under-comp.
2
0
2
( ) ( )
3 ( ) 3 ( ) ( )
= + + e
= + + = + e + + e A =
e
e A e A
~
c N p a
N
a b c N N p a
p a p p
I V h V G j C
V
I I I I V G j C V h V j C
j L
h V j C V V C
V V V
,max
3 3 1 / 3
1
= = ~
+ e + e A + e
+
p p p
N N N
V V V
s d
G j C j C j L G
j
u u
11
Resonance grounded system
d i f l ( ) during fault (L=constant)
Equivalent circuit (fault phase A) Equivalent circuit (fault phase A)
2
(1 3 ) e
pa g
V L C
I
N A
V
pa
+
I
f
3G
2
(1 3 )
=
e + e
p g
f
f g
I
j L R L C
R
f
3C
g
L
e V j L
0
2
(1 3 )
e
= =
e + e
pa
N
f g
V j L
V V
j L R L C
V
pa
at resonance,
also for large R
f
In reality asymmetry (AC) and conductive In reality asymmetry (AC) and conductive
elements (G||1/R
f
) affect fault current and V
N
A resistance across L is often actively connected A resistance across L is often actively connected
to find the fault (identify faulty feeder)
12
Example of neutral voltage Example of neutral voltage
From ATP simulations
In reality the resonance peek is typically lower
and measurements are required
25
30
35
k
V
]
r
m
s
Stay away from this
resonance area
10
15
20
u
t
r
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
k
Fault0k
Fault3k
Nofault
LCC
0
5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N
e
u
1pu
Normal point
of operation
100 k
U
V
SAT
Y
LCC
50. km
WRITE
max
min
50. km
LCC
50. km
LCC
50. km
M
1
Coil"current"[A]
min
0.1 nF
0-3k
13
Directional over-current relay
d d resonance grounded systems
Start when V
0
goes above a fixed limit; pre-
H lth
measure the coil response max(V
N,healty
);
After a delay connect resistor R (|| to L)
Trip if current I
0
enters trip zone (2
nd
quadrant)
V
N
Healthy
Trip if current I
0
enters trip zone (2 quadrant)
Trip zone set based on natural conductive
current and asymmetry
I
L
I
01
I
02
I
-I
0
For each feeder
V
0
I
03
L R
C
G
V
0
I
0CG
I
0L
I
0R
Trip zone
0R
14
Trip zone Trip zone
The resistive component of I
0
(in phase
with V
0
) is used
I I
V
Trip zone
-I
0
V
I
0CG
I
0L
-I
0
For each feeder
V
0
R
Healty feeder
V
0
T i
0L
I
0R
R
Faulty feeder
I
0CG
Trip zone
y
0
0
3 ( )
(3 3 )
= + +
= + e
i a i b i c i
i i
I I I I
V G j C
0
0 0
3 ( )
(3 3 ) ( ) /
= + +
= + e + +
i a i b i c i
i i p a f
I I I I
V G j C V V R
0
(3 3 ) + e
i i
V G j C 0 0
0
( ) ( )
1
3( ) 3( )
| |
~ + e +
|
e
\ .
i i p a f
t i t i
j
V G G j C C
j L
Angle quite close to 90
15
Relaying logic Relaying logic
Is zero sequence voltage above threshold? Is zero sequence voltage above threshold?
V0>Vlim (type 59G over-voltage relay)
Is zero sequence current above threshold Is zero sequence current above threshold
and in correct quadrant (4th)?
I0 Ili (t 67N di ti l t l ) I0>Ilim (type 67N directional over-current relay)
59G (V0>Vlim)
+
59G (V0>Vlim)
67N (I0>Ilim)
52 trip
-
16
Wave/Wischer relays Wave/Wischer relays
Used in the 132 kV resonance earthed system y
Measure the transient surge and use time of
arrival principles
Communication required
Trip the two relays that first identify the fault
S i i di b lik li h i Sensitive to disturbances like lightning