CEEN

470 Water and Wastewater Treatment Unit Opera/ons

Preliminary Unit Opera/ons and Processes

In Water Treatment
p Intake structure
n

Screening

p Presedimenta2on p Aera2on p Adsorp2on p prechlorina2on

Physical Processes

Chemical Processes

Intake Structures
p Control withdrawal of raw water from a surface

water source p Primary purpose is to

n

selec2vely withdraw the best quality water n exclude sh, oa2ng debris, coarse sediment and other objec2onable suspended maDer

Types of Intake Structures: Diversion

Types of Intake Structures: Diversion

Types of Intake Structures: Diversion

Component Block Diagram

Source Water Supply Intake Conduit

Bar Rack

Fine Screens

Intake Structure

Shore Well or Pump Station

Types of Intake Structures: Exposed or Submerged

p Floa2ng intakes p Submerged intakes p Exposed or tower intakes

Wet-intake tower n Dry-intake tower

n

p Shore-intake structures p Pier intakes

Floa/ng Intakes
p Rela2vely inexpensive p Intake in an exis2ng lake or reservoir with small

water level changes p Draws water from a xed depth below the water surface

Floa/ng Intakes

Submerged Intakes
p Rela2vely inexpensive p Withdraw water from streams or lakes with small

water level changes

p Near boDom p Gra2ng is inaccessible

Submerged Intakes Siphon Wells

Submerged Intakes Design Criteria

p Intake Crib

Depth: deeper than 3 m (~10 S), in a loca2on where it will not get buried by sediments or washed away n If water level is higher than 3 m (~10 S), top of intake should be 1 m (~3 S) above river boDom n If water level is lower than 3 m (~10 S), crib should be buried 0.3-0.9 m (1-3 S) under river bed n All sides should be protected by riprap or concrete slabs n Openings should be designed to provide maximum ow velocity of 0.08-0.15 m/s (0.25-0.5 S/s) n Pipe or conduit ow velocity: 0.9-1.2 m/s (3-4 S/s)
n

Exposed or Tower Intakes

Exposed or Tower Intakes

Lake Mead, Hoover Dam

Exposed or Tower Intakes

Exposed or Tower Intakes

Sacramento River Water Intake

http://www.city-data.com/picfilesv/picv4626.php

Exposed or Tower Intakes: Pump Sta/on

Public supply water intake in Bay County, Florida http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/01-180/issue2.html

Tower Intake: Design Criteria

p Intake tower

As close to shore n Minimum depth: 3 m (~10 S) n Cross sec2on: circular, oval, or rectangular n Top of tower at least 1.5 m (~5 S) above highest water level (same for bridge) n Interior diameter to allow easy access for maintenance n Strong and durable construc2on materials n Solid founda2ons
n

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Tower Intake: Design Criteria

p Intake ports:

Provided at various depths n The lowest port: approximately 1 m (~3 S) from boDom n Ver2cal intervals between ports: 3-4.5 m (10-15 S) n Flow velocity through gross area: ~0.1 m/s (0.3 S/s) n If icing condi2ons expected, ow should not exceed 0.15 m/s (0.5 S/s) n Sluice gates or buDery valves must be specied (internal or external)
n

Exposed or Tower intakes

p p

Moderate to high cost Intake in large projects on rivers or reservoirs with signicant water level changes

Wet-intake tower

Dry-intake tower

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Shore Intakes

http://www.eng.ucalgary.ca/CSCE-Students/WR_intake.htm

Columbia River, WA

Shore Intakes
p Moderate to high cost p Used on rivers and lakes with near-constant water

levels and deep shorelines

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Shore Intakes
p Minimum water depth: 1.8 m (~6 S) p Structure: basically same as tower p Intake bay:
n

Port opening capable of accommoda2ng ow velocity of 0.45 m/s (1.5 S/s) and should not exceed 0.3 m/s (1 S/s) if oa2ng debris expected

Thermal Stra/ca/on in Lakes

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Intake-Site Selec/on: Factors to consider

p Water quality p Water depth p Stream or current veloci2es: > 0.6 m/s; eddy currents p Founda2on stability p Accessibility under all weather condi2ons

p Power availability: gates, screens, and hazard ligh2ng p Proximity to water treatment plant cost of

conveyance p Hazards to naviga2on p Environmental impact recrea2onal uses, wildlife habitats, endangered species, and historical sites

Intake-Design Considera/ons
p Intake veloci2es < 0.08 m/s (<0.3 S/s)
n n

low velocity
p larger structure higher cost

high velocity
p increase head loss

p entrain suspended solids p trap sh

p Maximum day demand p Intake-port loca2on

consider mul2ple ports where sources are stra2ed top port not less than 2 m below water level n boDom port at least 1 m above boDom
n n

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Intake-Design Considera/ons
p Gates

control the inow of water from the raw water source into the water conveyance system n gates should not be used to regulate the ow into the system n Control of ice:
n
p anchor ice can form on metal surfaces and obstruct ow p in cold climates, top port at least 8 m below water surface p steam piping and space heaters within the intake structure

http://www.thomasnet.com/products/sluice-gates-33503004-1.html

Screening
p p p p

Removes suspended maDer from water Coarse screen / trash rack / bar racks Fine screen Microstrainer

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Screening Coarse screen

p p

Bars spaced up to 7.5 cm (3") apart (center-to-center) Velocity through screen: <0.08 m/s (<0.3 S/s)

Screening Coarse Screen

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Screening Fine Screen

p p p p

Heavy wire mesh with 0.5-1.5 cm (-") of clear opening Velocity through screen 0.4-0.8 m/s (1.3-2.6 S/s) Screen area eciency factor 0.5-0.6 Usually require automated cleaning

Screening Microstrainer

p Removal of algae and plankton p Wash water = 1-3 % of microstrainer capacity

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Screening Fine Screen

StaticOrbTM Surface Water Intake Screens

http://www.screenservices.com/StaticOrb.htm

Screening Fine Screen

StaticOrbTM Surface Water Intake Screens

Intake screens awai2ng posi2oning during construc2on work. The plant takes raw water from the mid-ow of the WillameDe River, OR

http://www.water-technology.net/projects/williamette/williamette1.html

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Design of Intakes and Screens

Headloss through intake port and fine screen:

hL (m) =

1 Q 2 ( ) 2g AC d

Cd = coefficient of discharge for orifice (0.6-0.9) A = active submerged orifice area m2

Headloss through bar screens:

2 (v 2 v ) 1 hL #(m) = 2g 0.7

v = velocity through the screen opening, m/s vv = velocity upstream of the screen, m/s g = acceleration of gravity, m/s2

Design Example
Propose a shore intake structure including a coarse screening device for a new water treatment facility with a maximum day demand of 113,500 m3/day (~30 mgd). The water level of your raw water varies between maximum ow condi2ons at 90 m msl (mean sea level) and minimum ow condi2ons at 70 m msl. The average ow is at 85 m msl. River boDom is at 60 m msl.
n n n

Propose gates for the intake structure with a maximum velocity of 0.08 m/s Propose layout of the gates Design coarse screen using 13 mm square bars, 8 cm spaced on center (3.5 m long and stretch over 3 m)

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Design Example
Propose a shore intake structure including a coarse screening device for a new water treatment facility with a maximum day demand of 113,500 m3/day (~30 mgd). The water level of your raw water varies between maximum ow condi2ons at 90 m msl (mean sea level) and minimum ow condi2ons at 70 m msl. The average ow is at 85 m msl. River boDom is at 60 m msl.
n

Design ne screen using: p 2 screens p Bars 9.5 mm spaced on center p Depth of ow 9.53 m p Max velocity 0.2 m/sec p Screen eciency 0.56 p Available screens in 0.9 m width sec2ons

Presedimenta/on

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Presedimenta/on
p Two scenarios:
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River water with low-moderate turbidity and coliform counts and occasional heavy rainfall (turbidity <10,000 NTU)
p Plain sedimenta2on in concrete tank with sludge removal

mechanism p Deten2on 2me: -1 hour p Overow rate: 1,000-3,000 gal/day/S2 (1.5-5 m/hr)
n

River water with high turbidity and high coliform counts

p Plain sedimenta2on in large basins / long deten2on 2me

(turbidity >10,000 NTU) p Deten2on 2me: 30-60 days p Some solar disinfec2on p 80-90% removal of virus and bacteria within 30 days

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