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TRNG I HC IN LC

GIO TRNH I HC

BO V RLE
TRONG H THNG IN

Ti liu tham kho ni b dng trong

Khoa H thng in
TRNG I HC IN LC

CC TC GI

THs.
TS.

Nguyn Vn t
Nguyn ng Ton

Khoa H thng in
Khoa H thng in
H ni 2010

ii

LI TA
Gio trnh Bo v rle trong h thng in c dng ging dy cho sinh vin
ngnh H thng in trng i hc in lc v lm ti liu tham kho cho nhng ngi lm
cng tc k thut v vn hnh cc thit b bo v trong h thng in.
Gio trnh a ra mt s vn c bn ca k thut bo v h thng in bng rle, cc
nguyn tc tc ng v cch thc hin cc loi bo v thng gp. i vi mi phn t trong
h thng in, gio trnh trnh by tm tt cc ch lm vic, tnh trng h hng v lm vic
khng bnh thng, m t nguyn l lm vic v chc nng cc phn t chnh trong s bo
v.
Gio trnh gii thiu v xem xt vic bo v cc phn t chnh trong h thng in bao
gm: ng dy truyn ti, my pht in, my bin p, thanh gp, ng c in, t in,
khng in, cp in.
Ton b cun sch chia lm 8 chng. y l ln ti bn th nht, cc tc gi c
gng chnh sa nhng thiu st ca ln xut bn trc v cp nht thm mt s kin thc mi,
nhng chc chn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nhng nhn xt v gp ca bn c
xin gi cho Khoa H thng in Trng i hc in lc 235 Hong Quc Vit - H Ni.
Email.
Tel :

iii

LI CM N

iv

MC LC
LI TA...................................................................................................................................... iii
LI CM N............................................................................................................................... iv
MC LC ......................................................................................................................................v
DANH MC HNH V ................................................................................................................ ix
DANH MC BNG.....................................................................................................................xv
PHN I: CC NGUYN L BO V........................................................................................xvi

CHNG 1: KHI NIM CHUNG ........................................................................1

1.1 NHIM V BO V R LE................................................................................................... 1
1.2 YU CU CA BO V R LE............................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 Tnh tin cy ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Tnh chn lc..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Tnh tc ng nhanh .......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.4 nhy............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.5 Tnh kinh t ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 CC B PHN CA H THNG BO V RLE................................................................ 4
1.4 MY BIN DNG IN (BI, CT).......................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Khi nim v my bin dng in ...................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 S thay th v k hiu my bin dng in.................................................................... 7
1.4.3 Sai s ca my bin dng v yu cu v chnh xc ........................................................ 8
1.4.4 Tnh ton ph ti ca my bin dng in .........................................................................10
1.4.5 Ch h mch th cp ca my bin dng in ..............................................................10
1.4.6 Cc s ni my bin dng in.....................................................................................11
1.5 MY BIN IN P (BU, VT, PT).......................................................................................14
1.5.1 Khi nim v my bin in p .........................................................................................14
1.5.2 Sai s ca my bin in p v yu cu v chnh xc....................................................15
1.5.3 Cc s ni my bin in p.........................................................................................16
1.6 NGUN IN THAO TC ...................................................................................................18
1.6.1 Ngun in thao tc mt chiu..........................................................................................18
1.6.2 Ngun in thao tc xoay chiu ........................................................................................19
1.7 KNH THNG TIN TRUYN TN HIU .............................................................................21
1.7.1 Cc loi knh truyn tn hiu.............................................................................................21
1.7.2 Yu cu i vi knh truyn tn hiu.................................................................................23
1.7.3 Mi trng truyn tn hiu v nhiu...................................................................................23

1.8 THNG TIN CN THIT PHC V TNH TON BO V RLE.....................................25

1.8.1 Nguyn l lng dng trong mc ch bo v ...............................................................25

1.8.2 Tnh ton ngn mch/s c ...............................................................................................27

1.9 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................28

CHNG 2: CC K THUT CH TO RLE...............................................29

2.1 LCH S PHT TRIN CA RLE .....................................................................................29
2.2 PHN LOI RLE ................................................................................................................30
2.3 RLE IN C .....................................................................................................................34
2.3.1 Rle dng in kiu in t ..............................................................................................34
2.4 RLE DNG IN KIU CM NG ..................................................................................37
2.4.1 Nguyn tc tc ng .........................................................................................................37
2.4.2 Lnh vc ng dng: ..........................................................................................................39
2.4.3 Rle in p .....................................................................................................................39
2.4.4 Rle thi gian ...................................................................................................................40
2.4.5 Rle trung gian .................................................................................................................40
2.4.6 Rle tn hiu .....................................................................................................................41
2.5 RLE IN T .....................................................................................................................41
2.6 RLE K THUT S ...........................................................................................................44
2.7 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................46

CHNG 3: CC NGUYN L BO V R LE H THNG IN.............47

3.1 BO V QU DNG IN ..................................................................................................47
3.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng .........................................................................................................47
3.1.2 Bo v dng in cc i. .................................................................................................47
3.1.3 Bo v dng in ct nhanh ..............................................................................................49
3.1.4 Bo v dng in cc i c b kim tra in p ...............................................................49
3.1.5 Bo v dng in ba cp ...................................................................................................50
3.1.6 nh gi bo v qu dng in .........................................................................................52
3.2 BO V QU DNG IN C NH HNG CNG SUT............................................53
3.2.1 Nguyn tc tc ng .........................................................................................................53
3.2.2 Phn t nh hng cng sut ...........................................................................................54
3.2.3 La chn thi gian cho bo v dng in c nh hng cng sut....................................54
3.2.4 La chn dng in khi ng..........................................................................................55
3.2.5 Bo v dng in c hng ba cp ....................................................................................56
3.2.6 nh gi bo v dng in c nh hng cng sut .........................................................56
3.3 NGUYN L BO V KHONG CCH .............................................................................57
3.3.1 Nguyn tc tc ng .........................................................................................................57
3.3.2 Cc c tnh khi ng ca bo v khong cch................................................................59
3.3.3 Nguyn tc thc hin rle khong cch .............................................................................60
3.3.4 La chn gi tr khi ng................................................................................................60
3.3.5 Nhng yu t lm sai lch n s lm vic ca rle khong cch ......................................61
3.3.6 nh gi v bo v khong cch .......................................................................................62

vi

3.4 BO V SO LCH.................................................................................................................62
3.4.1 So lch dng in .............................................................................................................62
3.4.2 So snh pha ca dng in ................................................................................................65
3.4.3 nh gi v bo v so lch................................................................................................66
3.5 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................66
PHN II: BO V CC PHN T TRONG H THNG IN ................................................67

CHNG 4: BO V CC NG DY TI IN ........................................68
4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG.............................................................................................................68
4.2 BO V QU DNG IN ..................................................................................................69
4.2.1 Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh........................................................................................69
4.2.2 Bo v qu dng in c thi gian ....................................................................................70
4.2.3 Bo v qu dng c kho in p thp ..............................................................................71
4.2.4 Bo v qu dng in c hng ........................................................................................72
4.2.5 Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng ................................................................................74
4.3 BO V SO LCH DC NG DY TI IN ..............................................................75
4.3.1 Bo v so lch dng in c hm ......................................................................................75
4.3.2 Bo v so lch dng dy dn ph ......................................................................................77
4.3.3 Bo v so snh pha dng in ...........................................................................................78
4.4 BO V KHONG CCH ...................................................................................................81
4.4.1 Chn gi tr khi ng v thi gian lm vic r le khong cch .........................................81
4.4.2 Bo v khong cch cc ng dy c t t in b dc :.............................................83
4.5 BO V SO SNH HNG .................................................................................................85
4.6 NGUYN L BO CHNG CHM T.............................................................................87
4.6.1 Nguyn tc tc ng .........................................................................................................87
4.6.2 Bo v qu dng in th t khng...................................................................................88
4.6.3 Bo v qu dng in th t khng c hng....................................................................88
4.6.4 Bo v chng chm t chp chn .................................................................................91
4.7 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................92

CHNG 5: BO V MY PHT IN NG B .........................................93

5.1 CC DNG H HNG V TNH TRNG LM VIC KHNG BNH THNG CA
MY PHT IN .......................................................................................................................93
5.2 BO V CHNG CHM T CUN DY STATO ...........................................................94
5.3 BO V CHNG NGN MCH GIA CC PHA ..............................................................98
5.3.1 Bo v so lch hm...........................................................................................................99
5.3.2 Bo v khong cch ........................................................................................................101
5.3.3 Bo v qu dng in .....................................................................................................102
5.4 BO V CHNG CHM CHP CC VNG DY TRONG MT PHA CA CUN
STATO .......................................................................................................................................103

vii

5.5 BO V CHNG CHM T CUN DY R TO ..........................................................105

5.6 BO V CHNG DNG IN TH T NGHCH............................................................109
5.7 BO V CHNG MT KCH T.......................................................................................110
5.8 BO V CHNG QU TI CHO CUN DY STATO V RTO MY PHT IN ....112
5.9 BO V CHNG QU IN P........................................................................................113
5.10 BO V CHNG TN S GIM THP ..........................................................................114
5.11 BO V CHNG LUNG CNG SUT NGC ...........................................................115
5.12 CU HI N TP .............................................................................................................116

CHNG 6: BO V MY BIN P................................................................ 117

6.1 CC H HNG V NHNG LOI BO V THNG DNG .......................................117
6.2 BO V SO LCH DC......................................................................................................117
6.3 BO V QU DNG IN ................................................................................................119
6.4 BO V KHONG CCH ..................................................................................................120
6.5 BO V BNG R LE KH (BUCHHOLZ)........................................................................121
6.6 BO V CHNG CHM T CA MY BIN P .........................................................122
6.7 BO V QU NHIT CHO MY BIN P .......................................................................123
6.8 LA CHN PHNG THC BO V MY BIN P ....................................................126
6.9 CU HI N TP ...............................................................................................................127

CHNG 7: BO V CC H THNG THANH GP ...................................115

7.1 CC DNG H HNG .......................................................................................................115
7.1.1 Nhng trng hp khng cn t bo v ring ................................................................115
7.1.2 Nhng trng hp cn t bo v ring cho thanh gp ....................................................116
7.2 CC LOI S THANH GP ........................................................................................116
7.2.1 S mt h thng thanh gp.........................................................................................116
7.2.2 S hai h thng thanh gp c mt my ct trn mch .................................................117
7.2.3 S thanh gp mi mch in c ni vi h thng thanh gp qua hai my ct in...119
7.3 BO V SO LCH TON PHN THANH GP.................................................................120
7.3.1 Nhng c im khi thc hin bo v so lch ton phn thanh gp..................................120
7.3.2 Bo v so lch dng in c hm ....................................................................................122
7.3.3 Bo v so lch thanh gp dng r le tng tr cao ............................................................124
7.3.4 Bo v thanh gp dng nguyn l so snh pha dng in ................................................126
7.4 BO V SO LCH KHNG TON PHN THANH GP ..................................................127

viii

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh v 1-1: V d v tnh chn lc ca bo v rle ........................................................................... 3
Hnh v 1-2: Cu trc tng qut ca h thng bo v .......................................................................... 5
Hnh v 1-3: V d v mt cu trc ca h thng bo v ..................................................................... 6
Hnh v 1-4: S cu trc ca h thng bo v c d phng tng cng tin cy...................... 6
Hnh v 1-5: My bin dng cao p, h p v s nguyn l ca my bin dng .............................. 7
Hnh v 1-6: Sai s ca BI v s thay th ca BI dng trong bo v............................................... 9
Hnh v 1-7: Ni tip hai my bin dng ...........................................................................................10
Hnh v 1-8: ng cong t ho (a) v quan h ca dng in s cp iS, t thng F,.........................11
Hnh v 1-9: Cc ni BI v rle theo s hnh sao ..........................................................................11
Hnh v 1-10: S ni mt rle vo hiu dng in hai pha v s vc t ca dng in th cp
qua rle khi ngn mch 2 pha v ba pha ............................................................................................12
Hnh v 1-11: Cc s b lc dng in th t khng: a) s nguyn l, b) b lc dng ba my
bin dng, c) b lc mt my bin dng dng cho ng dy trn khng, d) b lc mt my bin dng
dng cho ng dy cp ngm ..........................................................................................................13
Hnh v 1-12: Cc s b lc dng in th t nghch LI2: a) S cu trc, b) mch in, c) th
vc t i vi thnh phn th t thun, d) th vc t thnh phn th t nghch ..............................14
Hnh v 1-13: My bin in p cao p, h p v s nguyn l ca my bin in p ....................15
Hnh v 1-14: S ni cc BU theo hnh sao: a ni vo in p dy, b) ni vo in p pha, c) in
p ba pha v dy trung tnh ca HT ................................................................................................16
Hnh v 1-15: S ni cc BU theo hnh V/V .................................................................................16
Hnh v 1-16: Cc s b lc th t khng, a) cun tam gic h, b) b lc in p th t khng
trung tnh my pht in ...................................................................................................................17
Hnh v 1-17: S nguyn l ca b lc in p th t nghch........................................................18
Hnh v 1-18: S dng rle dng in c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn lm vic vi
dng in thao tc mt chiu.............................................................................................................19
Hnh v 1-19: S bo v dng in dng ngun thao tc xoay chiu theo phng php kh ni tt
cun ct ca my ct .........................................................................................................................20
Hnh v 1-20: S bo v dng in ni vo dng in thao tc xoay chiu qua bin dng bo ho
trung gian .........................................................................................................................................20
Hnh v 1-21: S b cung cp lin hp .........................................................................................21
Hnh v 1-22: S ngun cung cp bng b t np sn ...................................................................21
Hnh v 1-23: Lin h gia cc thit b lm vic vi knh truyn tn hiu ..........................................22
Hnh v 1-24: Nguyn l so snh bin hai i lng u vo ........................................................26
Hnh v 1-25: Nguyn l so snh pha (a) v biu so snh hai tn hiu u vo hnh sin lch pha
nhau (b) ............................................................................................................................................27
Hnh v 2-1: So snh gia rle s v rle thng thng.....................................................................30

ix

Hnh v 2-2: Phn loi rle theo cc i lng u vo .....................................................................31

Hnh v 2-3: Cc loi s ca h thng bo v rle ........................................................................32
Hnh v 2-4: Mt s loi rle in t: a) Rle in t c phn ng ng m, b) C phn ng quay,
c) phn chuyn ng tnh tin............................................................................................................35
Hnh v 2-5: Quan h gia tr s tc thi ca m men quay Mt v cc thnh phn ca n vi thi gian
i vi rle dng in in t ...........................................................................................................36
Hnh v 2-6: Vng ngn mch ca rle v th vc t.....................................................................36
Hnh v 2-7: Rle dng in: a) c vng cm ng ngn mch, b) v th vc t..............................38
Hnh v 2-8: R le thi gian ..............................................................................................................40
Hnh v 2-9: Cc s ni r le trung gian: a)S ni cc rle RG song song, b) ni tip, c) song
song c t gi bng cun dy ni tip ...............................................................................................41
Hnh v 2-10: S ni dy ca rle tn hiu, a) ni tip, b) song song .............................................41
Hnh v 2-11: Rle dng in chnh lu: a) S nguyn l, b) dng in chnh lu [I]....................42
Hnh v 2-12: Cc s san bng dng in chnh lu,.....................................................................43
Hnh v 2-13: S so snh dng in I vi i lng chun Ich ......................................................44
Hnh v 2-14: S khi ca r le s................................................................................................45
Hnh v 2-15: S t kim tra cc khi chc nng trong rle s .....................................................46
Hnh v 3-1: Th d v cch tnh dng in khi ng ca bo v dng in cc i a) S nguyn
l, b) Chn dng in khi ng .......................................................................................................48
Hnh v 3-2: Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh, a) S nguyn l, b) Cch chn dng in khi ng
.........................................................................................................................................................49
Hnh v 3-3: S nguyn l ca bo v dng in cc i c b phn kim tra in p. ..................50
Hnh v 3-4: S nguyn l ca bo v dng ba cp. ......................................................................51
Hnh v 3-5: Tnh dng in v thi gian tc ng ca bo v dng ba cp........................................52
Hnh v 3-6: Bo v qu dng in c hng a) Mch vng, b) ng dy song song, c) ng dy
c hai ngun cung cp,......................................................................................................................53
Hnh v 3-7: Bo v qu dng in c hng: a) S nguyn l bo v qu dng, b) c tnh pha
ca b phn nh hng cng sut.....................................................................................................54
Hnh v 3-8: Phi hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng in c hng vi thanh gp c nhiu
mch ng dy................................................................................................................................55
Hnh v 3-9: Cc cu hnh li in phc tp bo v qu dng c hng khng m bo tnh chn lc:
a) Mng vng c nhiu ngun cung cp. b) Mng vng c mt ngun cung cp khi c lin h ngang
khng c ngun (ng dy BD)......................................................................................................57
Hnh v 3-10: Nguyn l o tng tr, a) S li in; b) Vng bin thin ca tng tr ph ti;
c)Tng tr o trong iu kin s c; d) c tnh khi ng ca b phn khong cch........................58
Hnh v 3-11: Cc c tuyn tng tr khi ng thng gp: a) Tng tr khng hng (ZK=const); b)
Tng tr c hng (vng trn qua gc to ); c) Vng trn lch tm; d) Hnh thu knh, e,g) Hnh
a gic; h) 7SA513..........................................................................................................................59

Hnh v 3-12: S phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng ca bo v
khong cch. .....................................................................................................................................60
Hnh v 3-13: S phn b dng in trn cc nhnh ca ng dy mch kp ...................................61
Hnh v 3-14: Bo v so lch dng in a) S nguyn l, b) th vct dng in khi ngn mch
ngoi vng v trong ch bnh thng, c) Khi ngn mch trong vng. ............................................63
Hnh v 3-15: S nguyn l ca bo v so lch c hm b sung bng dng in hi bc hai dng
cho bo v my bin p hai dy qun ................................................................................................65
Hnh v 3-16: Bo v so snh pha dng in: a) S nguyn l b) c tnh gc pha bo v. ..........66
Hnh v 4-1: Bo v ct nhanh ng dy c hai ngun cung cp......................................................69
Hnh v 4-2: c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng in, a) c lp, b) Ph thuc. .........................70
Hnh v 4-3: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in trong li in hnh tia (a) cho
trng hp c tuyn c lp (b) v c tuyn ph thuc (c) .............................................................71
Hnh v 4-4: Bo v qu dng in c kho in p thp ...................................................................71
Hnh v 4-5: Bo v qu dng in c hng: a) ng dy hai mch song song, b) cch chn thi
gian lm vic ca bo v ...................................................................................................................73
Hnh v 4-6: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in c hng trong li in c hai
ngun cung cp.................................................................................................................................74
Hnh v 4-7: Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh khng c hng (a) v c hng (b)...........................75
Hnh v 4-8: Bo v so lch dc c hm, a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t ca dng in lm vic
ILV v dng in hm IH khi c ngn mch ngoi (b) v trong vng (c) ..............................................76
Hnh v 4-9: c tnh lm vic ca bo v so lch c hm (1) v tng quan gia dng in lm vic
Ilv v dng in hm IH khi ngn mch trong vng bo v v ngun cung cp t

mt pha (2) ...76

Hnh v 4-10: Bo v so lch dng in c hm, dng dy dn ph ...................................................77

Hnh v 4-11: Cng dng in gim bt dy dn ph trong s bo v so lch dng in...........78
Hnh v 4-12: S khi bo v so snh pha dng in tng pha ring bit ......................................79
Hnh v 4-13: Tn hiu so snh pha dng in cho trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng (a)
v trong vng (b) bo v ...................................................................................................................80
Hnh v 4-14: S dng t hp my bin dng BI nhn in p u ra mt pha U t dng in
3 pha.................................................................................................................................................80
Hnh v 4-15: Phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng tc ng ca bo v
khong cch, a) S li in, b) Phi hp c tnh khi ng v thi gian....................................82
Hnh v 4-16: Phi hp cc vng bo v khong cch trong trng hp t thanh ci cui ng dy c
nhiu dy ra ......................................................................................................................................83
Hnh v 4-17: in khng ng dy ph thuc vo dung khng v v tr t t b dc.....................84
Hnh v 4-18: Bo v khong cch trn ng dy c b dc, a) S nguyn l, b) khi b t lm
vic bnh thng, c) khi b t b ni tt .............................................................................................85
Hnh v 4-19: S nguyn l ca bo v theo hng cng sut th t khng ................................86

xi

Hnh v 4-20: S nguyn l ca bo v so snh hng cng sut th t khng truyn tn hiu cho
php..................................................................................................................................................86
Hnh v 4-21: S bin thin ca dng (a) v p (b) ti ch t bo v trc v sau thi im s c (t =
0)......................................................................................................................................................87
Hnh v 4-22: Phn b dng in s c (in dung) khi c chm t trn cc ng dy khc nhau
trong li in hnh tia c trung tnh khng ni t. (a) Chm t ng dy D3; (b) Chm t ng
dy D1 ..............................................................................................................................................89
Hnh v 4-23: S xc nh gc lch pha 0 gia dng (I0) v p (U0) th t khng......................89
Hnh v 4-24: S nguyn l s dng chung cho ton trm mt b xc nh hng cng sut th t
khng, c i ni trong mch dng in th t khng ca cc ng dy..........................................90
Hnh v 4-25: Mc in tr song song vi cun Petersen tng nhy ca bo v chng chm t
.........................................................................................................................................................91
Hnh v 4-26: Nguyn l ca s bo v chng chm t chp .....................................................92
Hnh v 5-1: Chm t trong cun dy Stato my pht in...............................................................95
Hnh v 5-2: Bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stato my pht in u trc tip vi thanh
gp in p my pht: a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t ...............................................................95
Hnh v 5-3: Phn b thnh phn hi bc ba dc theo cun dy stato my pht in, a) ch bnh
thng; b) khi chm t trung im; c) u cc my pht in. ...................................................96
Hnh v 5-4: S bo v 100% cun dy stato chng chm t theo hi bc 3: a) s nguyn l, b)
th vc t trong ch vn hnh bnh thng, c) khi c chm t gn trung im my pht in...97
Hnh v 5-5: S bo v 100% cun dy stato chng chm t c a thm in p hm 20Hz vo
trung im my pht in..................................................................................................................98
Hnh v 5-6: Ngn mch ba pha trong cun dy stato my pht in ng b, a) s nguyn l, b)
phn b sc in ng theo s vng ca cun dy, c) v quan h gia dng s c vi s vng dy b
ngn mch ...................................................................................................................................100
Hnh v 5-7: Bo v so lch dng in c hm cun dy stato my pht ..........................................100
Hnh v 5-8: Bo v so lch dng r le tng tr cao t cho my pht in: a) S nguyn l, b)
Mch in ng tr v phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng, c) Mch in ng tr v
phn b in p khi c ngn mch ngoi v nhm BI2 b bo ho hon ton....................................101
Hnh v 5-9: Bo v khong cch cho b MP-MBA: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh thi gian......102
Hnh v 5-10: c tuyn khi ng ca r le khong cch dng lm bo v cho my pht in .......102
Hnh v 5-11: Bo v qu dng c kha in p thp lm bo v d phng cho my pht in ........103
Hnh v 5-12: Bo v so lch ngang chng ngn mch gia cc vng dy ca my pht in cng sut
ln: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh khi ng................................................................................104
Hnh v 5-13: Bo v cun dy my pht in c hai nhnh song song chng chm chp gia cc vng
dy..................................................................................................................................................104
Hnh v 5-14: Chm t trong cun dy roto MP, a) Chm t mt im, b) Hai im..................105

xii

Hnh v 5-15: Bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy roto my pht in dng in p ph

mt chiu: a) S nguyn l, b) Dng in qua r le theo v tr im chm t v khi dng ngun
in ph xoay chiu: c) S nguyn l, d) Dng in qua r le.....................................................105
Hnh v 5-16: S bo v chng chm t cun dy roto my pht in c h thng kch t khng
chi than vi it chnh lu lp trc tip trn thn roto da trn nguyn l o in dn ...................106
Hnh v 5-17: c tnh bin thin ca tng tr i vi t ca mch kch thch Hnh v 5-16 v c
tnh tc ng ca r le o in dn chng chm t mch roto my pht in

ng b: 1) c

tnh ct, 2) c tnh cnh bo ..........................................................................................................107

Hnh v 5-18: S nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy roto my pht in dng ngun in
ph 1Hz c dng sng ch nht (a) v dng sng t vo b phn o UM i vi cc in tr chm t
khc nhau (b v c) ...........................................................................................................................108
Hnh v 5-19: Bo v chng dng in th t nghch t my pht in, a) s nguyn l, b) c
tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch, c) c lp c 2 cp.................................................................109
Hnh v 5-20: Bo v chng mt kch t my pht in, a) Thay i hng cng sut phn khng Q, b)
Thay i tng tr o c cc MF, c) Gii hn thay i ca cng sut MP.............................111
Hnh v 5-21: S bo v chng mt kch thch my pht in s dng r le in khng cc tiu:
a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t, c) Cc dng sng ca cc i lng tng ng ......................111
Hnh v 5-22: Quan h gia mc qu ti v thi gian qu ti cho php ca cc cun dy MP........113
Hnh v 5-23: S nguyn l bo v chng qu ti cun dy my pht in vi 2 knh o lng c
lp ..................................................................................................................................................113
Hnh v 5-24: Bo v chng qu in p hai cp t my pht in ..............................................114
Hnh v 5-25: Thi gian tch hp cho php vn hnh my pht in tn s cao .............................115
Hnh v 5-26: S nguyn l ca bo v chng cng sut ngc ..................................................116
Hnh v 6-1: Cn bng pha v tr s ca dng in th cp trong bo v so lch my bin p 2 v 3
cun dy bng my bin dng trung gian BIG .................................................................................118
Hnh v 6-2: S nguyn l bo v so lch c hm cho my bin p 3 cun dy HM- hm theo thnh
phn hi bc 2 trong dng in t ho MBA....................................................................................118
Hnh v 6-3: S nguyn l (a) v c tnh thi gian (b) ca bo v khong cch t MBA hai
cun dy (hoc MBA t ngu) ........................................................................................................120
Hnh v 6-4: V d v r le kh t cho my bin p ........................................................................122
Hnh v 6-5: Bo v chng chm t c gii hn dng cho my bin p : a) MBA hai cun dy, b)
MBA t ngu..................................................................................................................................122
Hnh v 6-6: S ph thuc tng nhit ca du so vi nhit mi trng lm mt v tng
nhit cun dy so vi nhit ca du vo ph ti xc lp..........................................................124
Hnh v 6-7: S bo v qu nhit my bin p ............................................................................126
Hnh v 6-8: Phng thc bo v my bin p hai cun dy cng sut b ........................................126
Hnh v 6-9: Phng thc bo v my bin p ba cun dy cng sut ln........................................127
Hnh v 6-10: Phng thc bo v my bin p t ngu cng sut ln.............................................127

xiii

Hnh v 7-1: Th d cc s ni in khng cn t bo v thanh gp ring.................................115

Hnh v 7-2: Th d cc s ni in cn bo v ring cho thanh gp ...........................................116
Hnh v 7-3: Cc loi s mt h thng thanh gp........................................................................117
Hnh v 7-4: S hai h thng thanh gp c mt my ct trn mt mch ......................................119
Hnh v 7-5: S hai thanh gp mi mch c ni vi hai h thng thanh gp qua hai my ct in
.......................................................................................................................................................119
Hnh v 7-6: S hai h thng thanh gp c ba my ct trn hai mch .........................................119
Hnh v 7-7: S hai h thng thanh gp c bn my ct trn ba mch .........................................120
Hnh v 7-8: S b tr h thng thanh gp theo hnh a gic ......................................................120
Hnh v 7-9: Bo v so lch ton phn ca thanh gp n ...............................................................121
Hnh v 7-10: Bo v so lch ton phn thanh gp c phn on vi cc phn t phn b ln c hai
phn on .......................................................................................................................................121
Hnh v 7-11: S nguyn l so lch dng in c hm bo v thanh gp n ........................122
Hnh v 7-12:c tnh bo v thanh gp dng dng in hm .........................................................123
Hnh v 7-13: S bo v mt h thng thanh gp c phn on ..................................................123
Hnh v 7-14: S bo v so lch c hm h thng hai thanh gp .................................................124
Hnh v 7-15: Bo v thanh gp bng r le tng tr cao ................................................................124

xiv

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1-1: Mt s v d v cc t s ca BI ......................................................................................... 8
Bng 1-2: Cp chnh xc ca mt s loi my bin dng in............................................................. 8
Bng 1-3: Gii hn sai s ca BI c cp chnh xc 5P v 10P ............................................................. 9
Bng 1-4: Gii hn sai s ca BU dng cho bo v ...........................................................................16
Bng 2-1: Cc k hiu v loi rle ....................................................................................................32
Bng 6-1: Cc loi bo v thng dng cho my bin p.................................................................117

xv

PHN I: CC NGUYN L BO V

xvi

CHNG 1: KHI NIM CHUNG

1.1 NHIM V BO V R LE
Khi thit k hoc vn hnh bt k mt h thng in (HT) no, chng ta cng u
mong mun HT phi c vn hnh ch an ton, tin cy, v kinh t nht. Mt HT
thng rng ln v qui m, tri di trong khng gian vi nhiu thit b in khc nhau t phn
pht in, truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Do , trong bt c HT no cng c th pht
sinh cc h hng v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng i vi cc phn t trong
HT . Nguyn nhn dn n cc h hng, hay s c i rt a dng:
Do cc hin tng thin nhin: nh ging bo, ng t, l lt, ni la
Do con ngi: sai st trong tnh ton thit k, sai lm trong cng tc vn hnh, thiu st
trong bo dng thit b in
Cc yu t ngu nhin khc: gi ci cch in, thit b qu c, nhng h hng ngu
nhin, tnh trng lm vic bt thng ca HT
Cc s c nguy him nht c th xy ra trong HT thng l cc dng ngn mch. Khi
ngn mch, dng in tng cao ti ch s c v trong cc phn t trn ng t ngun n
im ngn mch c th gy ra nhng tc ng nhit v c nguy him cho cc phn t n chy
qua. H quang ti ch ngn mch nu tn ti lu c th t chy thit b, gy ha hon.
Ngn mch cng lm cho in p ti ch s c v khu vc li in ln cn b gim thp, nh
hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h tiu dng in. Trng hp nguy him nht,
ngn mch c th dn n mt n nh v tan r hon ton HT.
Cc dng ngn mch thng gp trong HT:
Ngn mch ba pha chim khong 5%
Ngn mch hai pha chim khong 10%
Ngn mch hai pha ni t chim khong 20%
Ngn mch mt pha chim khong 65%
Phn loi h hng theo thit b trong HT, vi t l h hng:
ng dy ti in trn khng chim khong 50%
ng dy cp chim khong 10%
My ct in chim khong 15%
My bin p chim khong 12%
My bin dng in, bin in p chim khong 2%
Thit b o lng, iu khin, bo v chim khong 3%
Cc loi khc chim khong 8%
Ngoi cc loi ngn mch, trong h thng in cn c cc tnh trng lm vic khng
bnh thng. Ph bin nht l hin tng qu ti, lc dng in ti tng, lm tng nhit
ca cc phn dn in. Nu tnh trng qu ti ko di, lm cho thit b in b pht nng qu
gii hn cho php, lm cho cch in ca chng b gi ci v i khi b ph hng dn n cc
s c nguy him nh ngn mch. Chnh v vy m trong khi tnh ton thit k v vn hnh
1

HT, ngi ta cng rt phi quan tm n cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng, v n
chnh l cc nguyn nhn dn n cc s c nguy him.
Do , nhim v ca cc thit b bo v rle l pht hin v nhanh chng loi tr phn
t b s c ra khi h thng in nhm ngn chn v hn ch n mc thp nht nhng hu
qu tai hi ca s c. Ngoi ra, thit b bo v cn ghi nhn v pht hin nhng tnh trng lm
vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t trong HT. Tu mc quan trng ca thit b in
m bo v rle c th tc ng i bo tn hiu hoc ct my ct in.
Thit b t ng c dng ph bin nht bo v cc HT hin i l cc rle. Ngy
nay, khi nim rle thng dng ch mt t hp thit b thc hin mt hoc mt nhm
chc nng bo v v t ng ha HT, tha mn nhng yu cu k thut ra i vi nhim
v bo v cho tng phn t c th cng nh cho ton b h thng.

1.2 YU CU CA BO V R LE
1.2.1 Tnh tin cy
L tnh nng m bo cho thit b bo v lm vic ng, chc chn. Cn phn bit hai
khi nim sau:
tin cy khi tc ng: l mc chc chn rle hoc h thng bo v rle s tc ng
ng. Ni cch khc, tin cy khi tc ng l kh nng bo v lm vic ng khi c s
c xy ra trong phm vi c xc nh trong nhim v bo v.
tin cy khng tc ng: l mc chc chn rng rle hoc h thng rle s khng
lm vic sai. Ni cch khc, tin cy khng tc ng l kh nng trnh lm vic nhm
ch vn hnh bnh thng hoc s c xy ra ngoi phm vi bo v c qui
nh.
Trn thc t tin cy tc ng c th c kim tra tng i d dng bng tnh ton
thc nghim, cn tin cy khng tc ng rt kh kim tra v tp hp nhng trng thi vn
hnh v tnh hung bt thng c th dn n tc ng sai ca bo v khng th lng trc
c.
nng cao tin cy nn s dng rle v h thng rle c kt cu n gin, chc
chn, c th thch qua thc t s dng v cng cn tng cng mc d phng trong
h thng bo v. Qua s liu thng k vn hnh cho thy, h thng bo v trong cc h thng
in hin i c xc sut lm vic tin cy khong (95 99)%.

1.2.2 Tnh chn lc

L kh nng ca bo v c th pht hin v loi tr ng phn t b s c ra khi h
thng in. Xt v d i vi mng in cho Hnh v 1-1.
Khi ngn mch ti im N1 trn ng dy BC, m bo tnh chn lc th bo v
phi ct my ct 5 u ng dy b h hng BC. Nh vy tt c cc h tiu th in
(tr nhng h ni vo thanh gp C) s tip tc lm vic bnh thng sau khi my ct 5.

Hnh v 1-1: V d v tnh chn lc ca bo v rle

Khi ngn mch ti im N2, bo m tnh chn lc th bo v cn phi ct cc my
ct 1 v 2 hai u ng dy b h hng v vic cung cp in cho trm B vn c
duy tr.
Theo nguyn l lm vic, tnh chn lc ca cc bo v c phn ra:
Bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i: l nhng bo v ch lm nhim v khi s c xy ra
trong mt phm vi hon ton xc nh, khng lm nhim v d phng cho bo v t
cc phn t ln cn (v d nh bo v so lch dc cho my pht in hoc my bin p
(MBA)).
Bo v c tnh chn lc tng i: ngoi nhim v bo v chnh cho i tng c
bo v cn c th thc hin chc nng bo v d phng cho phn t ln cn ( v d
trn: Bo v 5 c th lm bo v d phng cho bo v 6).
thc hin yu cu v chn lc i vi cc bo v c tnh chn lc tng i, cn
phi c s phi hp gia c tnh lm vic ca cc bo v ln cn nhau trong ton h thng
nhm m bo mc lin tc cung cp in cao nht, hn ch n mc thp nht thi gian
ngng cung cp in.

1.2.3 Tnh tc ng nhanh

Tnh tc ng nhanh ca bo v rle l yu cu quan trng v vic cch ly cng nhanh
chng phn t b ngn mch, s cng hn ch c mc ph hoi cc thit b, cng gim
c thi gian st p cc h dng in, gim xc sut dn n h hng nng hn v cng
nng cao kh nng duy tr n nh s lm vic ca cc my pht in v ton b HT. Tuy
nhin khi kt hp vi yu cu chn lc, tho mn yu cu tc ng nhanh cn phi s dng
nhng loi bo v phc tp v t tin. V vy yu cu tc ng nhanh ch ra tu thuc vo
nhng iu kin c th ca HT v tnh trng lm vic ca phn t c bo v trong HT.
Bo v rle c gi l tc ng nhanh (c tc cao) nu thi gian tc ng khng
vt qu 50ms (2,5 chu k ca dng in tn s 50Hz). Bo v rle c gi l tc ng tc
thi nu khng thng qua khu tr (to thi gian) trong tc ng rle. Hai khi nim tc ng
nhanh v tc ng tc thi c dng thay th ln nhau ch cc rle hoc bo v c thi
gian tc ng khng qu 50ms.
Thi gian ct s c tC gm hai thnh phn: thi gian tc ng ca bo v tBV v thi
gian tc ng ca my ct tMC : t C t BV t MC
Vi HT hin i, yu cu thi gian loi tr s c rt nh, m bo tnh n nh.
i vi cc my ct in c tc cao hin i tMC = (20 60)ms (t 1 3 chu k 50Hz).
Nhng my ct thng thng c tMC 5 chu k (khong 100ms 50Hz). Vy thi gian loi
tr s c tC khong t 2 8 chu k tn s 50Hz (khong 40160ms) i vi bo v tc
ng nhanh.
3

i vi li in phn phi thng dng cc bo v c chn lc tng i, bo v

chnh thng thng c thi gian ct s c khong (0,21,5) giy, bo v d phng khong
(1,52,0) giy.

1.2.4 nhy
nhy c trng cho kh nng cm nhn s c ca rle hoc h thng bo v.
nhy ca bo v c c trng bng h s nhy Kn l t s ca i lng vt l t vo
rle khi c s c vi ngng tc ng ca n. S sai khc gia tr s ca i lng vt l t
vo rle v ngng tc ng ca n cng ln, rle cng d cm nhn s xut hin ca s c,
ngha l rle tc ng cng nhy.
nhy thc t ca bo v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Ch lm vic ca HT
(mc huy ng ngun max hay min), cu hnh ca li in (cc ng dy lm vic song
song, hay n l), dng ngn mch (ba pha, mt pha, ), v tr ca im ngn mch (gn
ngun, hay xa ngun), . . .
i vi cc bo v chnh thng yu cu phi c h s nhy t 1,52,0 cn i vi
bo v d phng h s nhy t 1,21,5.

1.2.5 Tnh kinh t

Cc thit b bo v c lp t trong HT khng phi lm vic thng xuyn trong
ch vn hnh bnh thng, m ch lun lun sn sng ch n nhng bt thng v
s c c th xy ra c nhng tc ng chun xc.
i vi cc trang thit b in cao p v siu cao p, chi ph mua sm, lp t thit b
bo v thng ch chim mt vi phn trm gi tr ca cng trnh. V vy yu cu v kinh t
khng ra, m bn yu cu k thut trn ng vai tr quyt nh, v nu khng tho mn
c cc yu cu ny s dn n hu qu tai hi cho h thng in.
i vi li in trung p v h p, s lng cc phn t cn c bo v rt ln, v
yu cu i vi thit b bo v khng cao bng thit b bo v cc nh my in hoc li
truyn ti cao p. V vy cn phi cn nhc tnh kinh t trong la chn thit b bo v sao cho
c th m bo c cc yu cu k thut v chi ph thp nht.
Nm yu cu trn trong nhiu trng hp mu thun nhau, v d mun c c tnh
chn lc v nhy cao cn phi s dng nhng loi bo v phc tp, bo v cng phc tp,
cng kh tha mn yu cu v tin cy; hoc nhng yu cu cao v k thut s lm tng chi
ph cho thit b bo v. V vy trong thc t cn dung ha mc tt nht cc yu cu trn
trong qu trnh la chn cc thit b ring l cng nh t hp ton b cc thit b bo v, iu
khin v t ng trong h thng in.

1.3 CC B PHN CA H THNG BO V RLE

Trong trng hp tng qut gm, mt h thng bo v rle c m t trong Hnh v
1-2, bao gm cc b phn chnh nh sau:

Cc phn t trong h thng in

~
F

o lng v x l
tn hiu
(BI, BU,
AC/DC)
~
=

M
BU

/D

Phn tch, so snh

logic pht hin s
c
Gm cc loi rle
21, 50, 51, 87

Hin th v ghi nh
s kin

/C

Mch iu khin
cc tn hiu, mch
my ct,

Ngun mt chiu

Hnh v 1-2: Cu trc tng qut ca h thng bo v

1 B phn o lng: gm cc my bin dng in (BI hoc l CT), my bin in p (BU
hoc l VT), cc thit b o lng khc lm nhim v o lng cc i lng dng
in, in p, tn s Cc tn hiu s cp c th c a vo cc b lc cc thnh
phn i xng, hoc cc thit b bin i AC/DC a tn hiu vo h thng cc rle
2 B phn phn tch v so snh logic: gm cc rle c nhim v l phn tch v so snh
cc tn hiu a vo vi cc gi tr khi ng cho trc nh gi tnh trng lm vic
ca HT l bnh thng, khng bnh thng (qu ti) hay l s c. Tng ng vi cc
tnh trng , rle s gi tn hiu n c cu thc hin. i vi mi nguyn tc bo v
khc nhau th s c cc loi rle vi phng php tnh ton khc nhau.
3 B phn thc hin: gm cc rle trung gian, my ct (MC) c nhim v thc hin
vic bo tn hiu, hoc ct my ct trong cc trng hp s c
4 H thng ngun in mt chiu: c nhim v l cung cp ngun cho h thng cc rle,
cun ct ca MC, chung, n
5 Knh thng tin truyn tn hiu: dng truyn tn hiu iu khin, phi hp bo v,
thng tin
Trong Hnh v 1-3, tip im ph MCF ca my ct in (hoc ca rle phn nh v tr
ca my ct) c kh nng ct dng in ln ngt mch dng in cung cp cho cun ct
trc khi tip im ca rle tr v, m bo cho tip im ca rle khi b chy v phi ngt
dng in ln.
Nhng nm trc y s bo v rle thng c t hp t nhiu rle v nhiu thit
b ring l, mi phn t hoc nhm phn t thc hin mt chc nng nht nh trong s
bo v. Ngy nay mi i tng cn c bo v ch cn dng mt b bo v. tng cng
tin cy c th t thm mt b th hai vi tnh nng tng ng nhng hot ng theo
mt nguyn l khc hoc do nh sn sut khc ch to.

Thanh gp
BI

My ct in
Mch in c bo v
MCF

CC

Ngun
-

KK

RL
BU

Cu ch

Tn hiu ct

Hnh v 1-3: V d v mt cu trc ca h thng bo v

Nguyn l d phng ny cn c p dng cho mch my bin dng in v in p,
cho ngun in thao tc v cho c cun ct ca my ct in nh Hnh v 1-4.

BI1

BI2

My ct in

Mch c bo v

MC
MC
CC

CC2

KK

N2

+
N1

CCh1

BV

CCh

BV2

BU

Hnh v 1-4: S cu trc ca h thng bo v c d phng tng cng tin cy

1.4 MY BIN DNG IN (BI, CT)

1.4.1 Khi nim v my bin dng in
My bin dng in (BI, CT= Current Transformer) l mt loi thit b in dng
bin i dng in ln pha mch s cp v cc dng in th cp tiu chun (1A, hoc 5A)
dng cho mc ch bo v v o lng. ng thi cc my bin dng cn lm nhim v cch
ly gia mch s cp c dng in ln, in p cao khi mch bo v pha th cp. iu ny
cho php ch to theo qui chun cc thit b bo v v o lng, cng nh cc thit b t ng
khc.

1.4.2 S thay th v k hiu my bin dng in

i vi mt s thit b o lng v bo v lm vic theo gc lch pha ca dng in cn
phi ni ng u cc cun dy s cp v th cp ca my bin dng. Cc u cun dy s
cp c k hiu S1 v S2, cn cc u cun dy th cp T1 v T2. Cc u cng tn (i khi
l S1 v T1) i khi c nh du (*) hoc nu trn hnh v khng ghi k hiu th c hiu
l u cng tn (S1 v T1 hoc S2 v T2) nm cnh nhau. Cc u dy c xc nh theo quy
tc sau: Chn u S1 ca cun s cp vi qui c l khi gi tr tc thi ca dng in s cp
IS i t u S1 n S2 cn dng in th cp IT s i t T2 n T1 (Hnh v 1-5 - a).

Hnh v 1-5: My bin dng cao p, h p v s nguyn l ca my bin dng

Cc u dy ca my bin dng c th c kim tra bng thc nghim. Theo s
n gin gm mt Miliampemet c thang o v hai pha v mt b pin hoc c quy nh Hnh

v 1-5 - b. Nu cc u dy u ng nh hnh v th khi cng tc K ng kim ca mA lch

v pha cc dng (+), cn khi cng tc K m th kim s lch v pha cc m (-).

1.4.3 Sai s ca my bin dng v yu cu v chnh xc

Cc cun s cp ca BI thng c mt n hai vng, trong khi cun dy pha th cp
ca BI thng c nhiu vng dy. Nu b qua tn tht th
IT

IS
nI

trong :
IT: Dng in pha th cp ca BI.
IS: Dng in pha s cp ca BI.
nI: T s bin i ca my bin dng.
Cc t s bin i thng c ca BI cho trong bng sau
Bng 1-1: Mt s v d v cc t s ca BI
Dng in

50:5

100:5

200:5

400:5

600:5

1000:5

2000:5

T s

10

20

40

80

120

200

400

Tuy nhin th bao gi cc my bin dng in cng c tn tht, c dng in t ha I .

Dng in t ha t l vi tng tr mch ca mch th cp v th sai s ca BI t l vi tng
tr th cp ca BI. Cc loi sai s ca BI gm c:
1 Sai s v tr s dng in: bng hiu s gia bin dng in s cp sau khi tnh
n .I I
i (IS) v dng in th cp IT. sai s % = I T S .100
IS
2 Sai s gc i: bng gc lch pha gia vc t dng in s cp v vc t dng in th
cp.
3 Sai s phc hp Fi: bng tr s hiu dng ca dng in th cp l tng vi dng
in th cp thc t, n bao gm cc sai s v tr s v sai s v gc pha c kt hp xt
n nh hng ca cc hi bc cao trong dng in t ho.
T

Fi% = 100.

1
(niiT iS ) 2 dt

T0
IS

trong :
Fi%: Sai s phc hp tnh bng %.
T: Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu S.
ni: T s bin i ca my bin dng.
iT: Gi tr tc thi ca dng in s cp.
IS v iS tng ng l gi tr hiu dng v tc thi ca dng in s cp
Cp chnh xc ca my bin dng dng cho o lng v bo v theo Bng 1-2.
Bng 1-2: Cp chnh xc ca mt s loi my bin dng in
Lnh vc p dng

EEC
(Chu u)

Theo tiu chun

VCD
(c)

ANSI
(M)
8

Ly chun dng c o ng h mu
o chnh xc
o m in nng
o lng cng nghip i lng U,I,P,Q
Mch Ampemet, Volmet, rle qu dng qu p
Li t dng cho bo v

0,1
0,2
0,5
1,0
3,5
5P, 10P

0,1
0,2
0,5
1,0
3,0
5P, 10P

0,2
0,3
0,6
1,2
1,2
C, T

Cc thit b bo v rle phi lm vic trong iu kin s c vi dng in s cp vt

nhiu ln so vi dng in nh mc, tuy vy vn phi m bo chnh xc cn thit.
Tr s dng in s cp m BI cn m bo c chnh xc yu cu c gi l
dng in gii hn theo chnh xc.
T s dng in gii hn theo chnh xc v dng in nh mc gi l h s gii hn
theo chnh xc.
Cc BI dng cho thit b bo v c cp chnh xc 5P v 10P, sai s cho php v tr s
(fi); gc pha (i, pht) v sai s phc hp (Fi%) theo Bng 1-3
Bng 1-3: Gii hn sai s ca BI c cp chnh xc 5P v 10P

Cp chnh xc

fi%

5P

10P

i, pht

Fi%
5

60

10

H s gii hn theo chnh xc: 5, 10, 15, 20 v 30

Fi 5%
Fi 10%

Hnh v 1-6: Sai s ca BI v s thay th ca BI dng trong bo v

Thng s ca BI dng trong o lng thng c k hiu theo ph ti nh mc v
cp chnh xc, chng hn 15VA; 0,5; cn BI dng trong bo v c k hiu theo ph ti nh
mc, cp chnh xc v h s gii hn theo chnh xc, chng hn 10VA, cp 10P10 (s 10
sau cng l h s gii hn theo chnh xc). Trn Hnh v 1-6 gii thch sai s v s s
thay th ca ca BI dng trong bo v.

1.4.4 Tnh ton ph ti ca my bin dng in

Trong s bo v, ph ti ca my bin dng in c th c c trng bng cng
sut u ra pha th cp Spt(VA) hoc tng tr pha ph ti Zpt (). Tng tr pha th cp ca
BI gm c in tr ca rle, in tr dy ni ph v in tr tip xc. Tng tr ph ti cng
ln th cng sut tiu th pha th cp cng cao, v sai s ca bin dng cng ln.
Z pt

U T S pt
2
IT
I T

V d nu BI c cng sut l 10VA, nu dng in danh nh th cp l 5A th ph ti

pha th cp l: Z5A = 10/52=0,4 , nu dng in danh nh pha th cp l 1A th ph ti
pha th cp l : Z1A = 10/1 2=10
Trong mt s trng hp gim sai s ca bin dng, ngi ta gim in p u ra
cun th cp bng cch ni tip hai cun bin dng c cng t s li vi nhau nh hnh v:
IS

UT1

IT
Uti

UT2

Z
Hnh v 1-7: Ni tip hai my bin dng
Khi ph ti pha th cp s gim xung mt na v c tnh ton nh sau:
UT

U pt
2

IT Z
2

V ph ti ca mi bin dng l
Z pt

UT IT Z 1 Z

.
IT
2 IT 2

1.4.5 Ch h mch th cp ca my bin dng in

T s thay th ca BI trn Hnh v 1-6 khi mch th cp ca BI b h, nu pha s
cp c dng in th ton b dng in s cp y s lm nhim v t ho, t cm Bm tng ln
t ngt gy bo ho cho mch t nn cc ng cong bin thin theo thi gian ca t cm
B v t thng F c dng bng u. Khi dng in s cp qua tr s khng, sc in ng cm
ng trong cun th cp ca my bin dng c dng nh nhn vi bin rt ln (Hnh v
1-8). c bit trong ch s c, khi dng in s cp t bi s ln, sc in ng cm ng
pha th cp c th n hng chc kilvn, rt nguy him cho ngi v thit b bn th cp.
V vy khng c h mch pha th cp ca BI trong khi pha s cp c dng in
chy qua. Trong trng hp cn thc hin i ni pha th cp khi c dng in chy qua
cun s cp th phi ni tt cc cc th cp ca BI trc khi tin hnh i ni. Ch lm
vic vi cun th cp b ni ngn mch l ch lm vic bnh thng ca my bin dng.

10

eT , B,

( B)

Hnh v 1-8: ng cong t ho (a) v quan h ca dng in s cp iS, t thng F,

t cm B v sc in ng th cp eT theo thi gian (b)

1.4.6 Cc s ni my bin dng in

1.4.6.1 S ni cc BI theo hnh sao y

Trong s ny cc bin dng in t trn c ba pha, cun dy ca rle c ni vo
dng in ba pha ton phn (Hnh v 1-9 - a). Dy trung tnh (dy v) bo m s lm vic
ng ca s khi ngn mch chm t. Khi h thng lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn
mch khng chm t dng in 3I 0 0 v trong dy trung tnh, v nguyn tc, khng c
dng in. Khi ngn mch chm t dng in chy trn dy trung tnh l:
3I 0 I a I b I c

S hnh sao hon ton c th lm vic c khi ngn mch mt pha. Tuy nhin, hin
nay bo v chng ngn mch mt pha, ngi ta thng dng s hon ho hn c b lc
thnh phn th t khng.

a) S hnh sao y

b) S hnh sao khuyt

Hnh v 1-9: Cc ni BI v rle theo s hnh sao

11

1.4.6.2 S ni cc BI theo hnh sao khuyt

Cc bin dng in ch t trn hai pha, cun dy ca rle cng ni vo dng in pha
ton phn (Hnh v 1-9-b). Khi khng c thnh phn dng in th t khng, dng in trn
dy v bng:
I I I hay
v
a
c

I I
v
b

Nh vy trong s ny dng in IV tn ti c trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng

v dy v bo m s lm vic bnh thng ca cc bin dng in trong tnh trng ny. Dy
v cn bo m s tc ng ng ca bo v khi ngn mch hai pha trong mt pha khng
t bin dng in (pha B) v khi ngn mch nhiu pha chm t.
Khi ngn mch mt pha pha khng t bin dng in (pha B Hnh v 1-9 - b), s
hnh sao khuyt s khng lm vic, v vy s ny ch dng chng ngn mch nhiu
pha.

1.4.6.3 S ni mt rle vo hiu s dng in hai pha

S ny cn c gi l s hnh s 8 (Hnh v 1-10), dng in i vo rle l:
I I I
R
a
c

tnh trng lm vic i, hoc ngn mch i xng th dng in i vo rle l:

I 3I 3I . Nh vy, h s s l: k 3 .
R
a
c
s

S dng mt rle ni vo hiu s dng in hai pha c nhy ph thuc vo dng

I
ngn mch: k n R
I k

Hnh v 1-10: S ni mt rle vo hiu dng in hai pha v s vc t ca dng in

th cp qua rle khi ngn mch 2 pha v ba pha
Khi ngn mch ba pha dng in trong rle I (3 ) R 3I ( 3) NT (Hnh v 1-10), trong
I (3) NT l dng in ngn mch ba pha quy i v pha th cp ca bin dng in.
Khi ngn mch hai pha c t bin dng in (AC) I ( 2) RAC 3I ( 2) NT .
Khi ngn mch hai pha, trong mt pha khng t bin dng in (AB hoc BC):
I ( 2 ) RAB I ( 2 ) RBC 3I ( 2 ) NT .
Gi s khi ngn mch 2 pha v 3 pha gi tr dng in ngn mch bng nhau:
I NT I ( 2 ) NT ta c: k (3) n : k ( 2) nAC : k ( 2) nAB : k ( 2) nBC 3 : 2 : 1 : 1
( 3)

12

Nh vy hai trong ba trng hp ngn mch hai pha, s c nhy 3 ln b hn

khi ngn mch hai pha. y l khuyt im ca s ni mt rle vo hiu s dng in hai
pha.

1.4.6.4 B lc dng in th t khng

Cc s b lc dng in th t khng c v Hnh v 1-11. lc dng in th
t khng c th cng trc tip dng in th cp ca ba pha ( Hnh v 1-11- b) hoc cng t
thng ca ba pha dng in xoay chiu (Hnh v 1-11-c,d)

3 o

Hnh v 1-11: Cc s b lc dng in th t khng: a) s nguyn l, b) b lc dng ba

my bin dng, c) b lc mt my bin dng dng cho ng dy trn khng, d) b lc mt
my bin dng dng cho ng dy cp ngm
i vi s b lc dng in th t khng nh Hnh v 1-11-b thng c dng
trong li in c dng chm t ln. Nhc im ca s ny l c dng khng cn bng
u ra ca b lc ln ch lm vic bnh thng do c tnh ca cc BI trong b lc c
th khc nhau.
I R I a I b I c

I I I
3I
A
B
C
o
ni
ni

Trong li c dng chm t b (trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua in khng ln)
dng cc b lc th t khng lm vic theo nguyn l cng t thng ca ba pha dng in s
cp (Hnh v 1-11-c,d).
Ch : Khi lp bin dng th t khng u cp, dy ni t v cp phi xuyn li
mch t kh thnh phn t thng do dng in phn b trong t c th chy qua v cp
v dy ni t gy nn.

1.4.6.5 B lc dng in th t nghch (LI2)

S nguyn l ca b lc dng in th t nghch (LI2) nh Hnh v 1-12. Dng in
th cp ca BI pha A l ITA chy qua R1, dng in th cp ca BI pha C l ITC chy qua R2
13

v X ni tip nhau. Cc dng in ny gy nn cc thnh phn in p ging tng ng: UR1,

UR2, UX.
U
U

u ra ca b lc LI2 Hnh v 1-12-b ta c: U

nm
R1
XR 2

trong : U
XR 2 U R 2 U X

Tr s ca cc in tr R1, R2 v cm khng X c chn sao cho trong ch i xng

ta c (Hnh v 1-12-c):
UR1 = UR2 v Umn = 0
Khi xut hin dng th t nghch, in p u ra ca b lc Umn c tr s ln (Hnh v
1-12-d).

Hnh v 1-12: Cc s b lc dng in th t nghch LI2: a) S cu trc, b) mch in,

c) th vc t i vi thnh phn th t thun, d) th vc t thnh phn th t nghch

1.5 MY BIN IN P (BU, VT, PT)

1.5.1 Khi nim v my bin in p
My bin in p (BU, VT= Voltage Transformer hoc PT= Potential Transformer) lm
nhim v bin i in p cao pha s cp xung in p th cp tiu chun 100V hoc 110V
dng cho mc ch bo v v o lng, ng thi cch ly cc thit b mch th cp khi
in p cao pha s cp.
Cc my bin in p cao p, h p v s nguyn l c trnh by nh Hnh v
1-13

14

S1*

T1*
Ti

S2

T2

Hnh v 1-13: My bin in p cao p, h p v s nguyn l ca my bin in p

Cch nh du cc u dy ca cc cun s cp v th cp ca BU cng hon ton
tng t nh i vi cch nh du cc u dy ca BI. Cc u cun dy s cp c k
hiu S1 v S2, cn cc u cun dy th cp T1 v T2. Cc u cng tn (i khi l S1 v T1)
i khi c nh du (*) hoc nu trn hnh v khng ghi k hiu th c hiu l u cng
tn (S1 v T 1 hoc S2 v T 2) nm cnh nhau.

1.5.2 Sai s ca my bin in p v yu cu v chnh xc

Cng tng t nh BI, cc BU cng c cc sai s.
1 Sai s v tr s in p c tnh theo cng thc:
n U US
FU % U T
.100%
US
Trong :
FU%: Sai s tnh bng %.
nU: T s bin i ca BU, nU=USd/ UTd
US, UT: Gi tr tng ng ca in p o c trn cc ca cun s cp v th
cp.
2 Sai s gc U: bng gc lch pha gia vc t in p s cp v vc t in p th cp.
3 Cc BU c phn loi theo cp chnh xc dng cho bo v c cho bng di:

15

Bng 1-4: Gii hn sai s ca BU dng cho bo v

Cp chnh xc
3P
6P

u (pht)
120
240

fu (%)
3
6

Ghi ch: in p thay i trong gii hn (0,051)Umcp (qu in p ln nht cho

php). Ph ti thay i trong gii hn (0,251)SPtm vi cos = 0,8.

1.5.3 Cc s ni my bin in p

1.5.3.1 S ni cc my bin in p BU theo hnh sao

C th dng ba bin in p mt pha hoc mt bin in p ba pha nh hnh v

RL

RL

RL

RL

RL

(a)

RL

RL

(b)

RL

RL

(c)

Hnh v 1-14: S ni cc BU theo hnh sao: a ni vo in p dy, b) ni vo in p pha,

c) in p ba pha v dy trung tnh ca HT
S c th cung cp cho rle cc in p dy, cc in p pha v cc in p gia cc
pha v im trung tnh ca h thng in p dy. Trn Hnh v 1-14 in p t vo cc rle:
U a0

U
ab
ac
;
3

U b0

U
ba
bc
;
3

U c0

U
ca
cb
3

thc hin s ny cng c th dng my bin p ba pha nm tr.

1.5.3.2 S ni cc my bin in p BU theo hnh V

S ni my bin in BU theo hnh V (sao khuyt) nh Hnh v 1-15. S c
to thnh bi hai bin in p mt pha ni vo hai in p dy bt k ca mng s cp v
c dng rng ri trong cc h thng in p di 35kV khi khng cn phi nhn in p
pha i vi t.
RL

RL

RL

RL

RL

RL

Hnh v 1-15: S ni cc BU theo hnh V/V

16

1.5.3.3 S lc in p th t khng (LU0)

S c to thnh bi ba bin in p mt pha hoc mt bin in p ba pha nm tr
c hai cun dy th cp, mt cun dy ni hnh sao c trung tnh ni t, mt cun ni hnh
tam gic h. in p t vo rle ni vo hai u tam gic h Hnh v 1-16 a

U R U aU bU c =

1
3
(U A U B U C ) =
UO
nU
nU

Hnh v 1-16: Cc s b lc th t khng, a) cun tam gic h, b) b lc in p th t

khng trung tnh my pht in
Cng c th nhn nhn c in p U0 bng cch ni t im trung tnh ca h thng, th
d ca my pht in Hnh v 2-3- b qua mt bin in p mt pha. Rle c ni vo cun
th cp ca bin in p. Khi chm t s c dch chuyn in p
1
U0 ca im trung tnh v trn cc cc ca rle c in p l U R U 0 .
nu

1.5.3.4 S lc in p th t nghch (LU2)

S nguyn l ca b lc in p th t nghch (LU2) nh Hnh v 1-17

a
b
c

m
LU2

ZPT

n
c

a) S nguyn l

C1
R1

Umn

C2
R2

b) s ni cc t

17

A
1

U Bn

BC

AB

CA

U mn

mB Bn
C

U mB

U nC
C

U Am
U nC
U mn=0

c) Khi khng c dng th t nghch

U BC

U AB

U CA

Am

d) Khi c dng th t nghch

Hnh v 1-17: S nguyn l ca b lc in p th t nghch

Cc in tr tc dng R1, R2 v t C1, C2 c ni vo in p dy pha th cp ca
my bin in p. Thng s ca t in v in tr c chn theo quan h:

C1

3
R1

v C2

1
3.R2

ch in p i xng bnh thng (ch c thnh phn in p th t thun U1),

in p u ra ca b lc Umn = 0 (Hnh v 1-17 -c). i vi in p ba pha th t nghch U2,
( Hnh v 1-17 -d) in p u ra ca b lc LU2 bng:Umn = 3 .UT. Trong UT l in p
dy pha th cp ca bin in p.

1.6 NGUN IN THAO TC

Cc ngun in thao tc dng cung cp in cho h thng rle bo v, iu khin, v
bo tn hiu, thao tc ng v ct my ct v dng vo mt s mc ch khc trong cc nh
my in, trm bin p, trung tm vn hnh iu khin HT
Ngun in thao tc cn bo m cc yu cu sau:
c lp hon ton vi ch lm vic xoay chiu
nng lng cung cp cho h thng bo v, iu khin, tn hiu, v lm vic chc
chn trong qu trnh lm vic
An ton, tin cy v kinh t
Hin nay thng dng ngun in mt chiu do c quy cung cp v ngun in xoay
chiu do bin dng in, bin in p v mng in p thp cung cp.

1.6.1 Ngun in thao tc mt chiu

Thng dng cc b c quy c in p nh mc ty theo m hnh trm, v in p nh
mc ca cc thit b bo v. Thng thng in p ca cc thit b t 24, 48, 110 hoc 220V.
Thit b bo v cn phi lm vic chc chn khi in p ca ngun c quy dao ng trong
khong (0,8 - 1,1 )Um.
u im ca cc ngun in thao tc mt chiu l s c lp hon ton ca chng i
vi in p v tnh trng lm vic ca h thng c bo v.
18

Tuy nhin chng cng c mt s khuyt im ln sau:

c hi (nht l cc c qui ch)
Cn t v chm sc c quy
Mng thao tc ca cc phn t lin h vi nhau, kh pht hin im chm t.
V d: S nguyn l mt pha dng rle dng in c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c
gii hn c trnh by trn Hnh v 1-18
CC

2MC

Tn hiu

N2
N1
1RIT

4RG

T
5

3BI
6

T b c qui
+
-

Hnh v 1-18: S dng rle dng in c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn lm vic
vi dng in thao tc mt chiu
Khi bo v khi ng rle dng in 1 RIT khp tip im v u dng ca ngun
in thao tc mt chiu t vo cun ct CC ca my ct 2MC. Sau khi my ct m, tip im
BT ca b phn truyn ng my ct m ra, ngt mch dng in thao tc trc khi tip im
ca rle RIT m trnh h hng tip im ca rle do dng in qua cun ct ln. Rle
trung gian 4 RG dng kim tra mch ct. Khi c h hng trong mch ny, tip im 4 RG
ng li v cho tn hiu. in tr 5 lm gim dng in qua cun ct n tr s b hn tr s
dng in lm vic ca n.
Trong mch mt chiu c khi chm t ti hai im (th d ti N1 v N2 trn Hnh v
1-18 tip im ca rle b ni tt lm cho bo v tc ng nhm. V vy cn phi t bo v
chng chm t mt im tc ng bo tn hiu trong mch mt chiu.

1.6.2 Ngun in thao tc xoay chiu

Xu hng dng ngun in thao tc xoay chiu c c bit ch trong nhng nm
gn y. Sau y ta s xt mt s s thng dng.

1.6.2.1 S kh ni tt cun ct ca my ct.

Cun ct ca my ct bnh thng b ni tt bi tip im thng ng ca rle 1RIT
nh Hnh v 1-19. Khi bo v tc ng, rle thay i trng thi ca cc tip im v kh ni
tt cun ct my ct. Cng sut ca cun ct kh ln. V vy khi ct bin dng in c th b
qu ti v sai s s tng ln. Tuy nhin i vi bo v iu ny khng nh hng g, nu
khng v sai s tng ln m dng in qua rle gim xung thp hn dng in tr v.

19

Hnh v 1-19: S bo v dng in dng ngun thao tc xoay chiu theo phng php kh
ni tt cun ct ca my ct

1.6.2.2 S dng bin dng bo ho trung gian.

Khi khi ng rle RIT ng tip im thng m a dng in thao tc t bin dng
bo ho trung gian 3 BIBH vo cun ct CC (Hnh v 1-20-a). Nh bo ho nn 3BIBH bo
m c dng in th cp gn nh khng i, cho b phn truyn ng ca my ct lm
vic khi dng in s cp vt qu gi tr ti thiu cho.

Hnh v 1-20: S bo v dng in ni vo dng in thao tc xoay chiu qua bin dng
bo ho trung gian
Thc t vn hnh cho thy trong s ny khi bi s dng in ngn mch tng, do
mch th cp ca BIBH h, hin tng h mch pha th cp ca bin dng in c th rt
nguy him. khc phc khuyt im ny ngi ta dng s vi rle RIT c tip im
chuyn tip (Hnh v 1-20-b). Trong s ny, bnh thng cun th cp ca 3BIBH c
ni tt bi tip im thng ng ca rle RIT.

1.6.2.3 B cung cp lin hp.

B cung cp lin hp dng cho dng in thao tc bng cch tng hp cc dng in
chnh lu t cc ngun dng in (bin dng in) v in p (bin in p). T in 3 dng
gim bt ph ti ca bin dng in (b thnh phn phn khng) v n nh in p trn
b chnh lu nh Hnh v 1-21.
Trong cc b cung cp lin hp cn chn pha ca dng in v in p sao cho cng
sut nhn c l ln nht.

20

Hnh v 1-21: S b cung cp lin hp

1.6.2.4 Dng nhng t in c np sn.

Ngun ca dng in thao tc l l b t in 1 c np in qua bin in p 2 v
chnh lu 3 (Hnh v 1-22). Nng lng CU2/2 tch trn t in phi ln hn nng lng
lm vic ca cun ct my ct. My bin p tng 4 (t 100V ln 400V) dng gim bt in
dung C ca t in. in tr 5 dng hn ch dng in np ca t in v dng in qua
n khi chnh lu 3 b chc thng. Tuy nhin in tr ny li lm tng thi gian np ca t
in, gy tr ngi ln cho cc thit b t ng ng tr li tc ng nhanh.
Rle in p 6RU c tc dng ngn chn dng in ngc qua chnh lu khi in p
pha s cp st xung.
u im ca ngun in thao tc dng t in c tch in trc l s c lp
ca n i vi cc dng h hng ca phn t c bo v. Tuy nhin ngun in thao tc ny
ch c th tc ng trong thi gian ngn nn khng th dng cung cp cho cc b phn
ca bo v tc ng c thi gian (nh rle thi gian chng hn).

Hnh v 1-22: S ngun cung cp bng b t np sn

1.7 KNH THNG TIN TRUYN TN HIU

1.7.1 Cc loi knh truyn tn hiu
phc v cho vic truyn d liu, thng tin lin lc, iu khin, bo v v t ng
ho, h thng in c th dng nhiu loi knh truyn tn hiu khc nhau.
Dy dn ph/cp thng tin ca ngnh in hoc mng bu chnh vin thng
Knh ti ba (PLC): Ti tn hiu tn s cao bng dy dn ca ng dy ti in
Knh thng tin v tuyn siu cao tn (viba)
Cp quang

21

i vi h thng bo v r le, knh truyn tn hiu c s dng trong cc s bo v

so lch hoc trong cc s iu khin lin ng cc bo v ln cn nhau nhm mc ch
nng cao tin cy ca cc bo v trong vic loi tr s c, hoc tc ng nhm.
V d nh trong s bo v so lch (so lch pha hoc so lch dng in), tn hiu hai
u phn t c bo v (gc pha ca cc dng in hoc bin v gc pha ca cc dng
in tu theo phn loi bo v) c truyn qua knh dn tin hnh so snh ti v tr t
thit b bo v r le.
ng dy ti in
Ct

U I

U I
Ct lin ng

S
bo v
r le

Ct lin ng

Cho php

Cho php

Kho

Kho

Tn hiu iu khin
(Pht)

Ct

KNH
TRUYN

Tn hiu iu khin
(Thu)

S
bo v
r le

TN HIU
o xa

o xa

iu khin xa

iu khin xa

Thoi

Thoi

D liu

D liu

Thng tin

Thng tin

Hnh v 1-23: Lin h gia cc thit b lm vic vi knh truyn tn hiu

Thng dng ba loi tn hiu iu khin sau:

Tn hiu ct lin ng: ct ng thi cc my ct cc pha khc nhau ca phn t
c bo v hoc my ct ln cn vi my ct b h hng.
Tn hiu cho php: My ct ch c th c ct ra khi nhn c tn hiu cho php ng
thi vi s tc ng ca thit b bo v r le lm nhim v bo v chnh chng li cc
s c ang xt.
Tn hiu kho: My ct ch c th c ct ra khi khng c tn hiu kho ng thi vi
s tc ng ca thit b bo v r le lm nhim v bo v chnh chng li loi s c
ang xt.
Lin h gia cc thit b lm vic vi knh truyn tn hiu c minh ho trn Hnh v
1-23

22

1.7.2 Yu cu i vi knh truyn tn hiu

Thi gian loi tr s c bao gm thi gian tc ng ca r le, thi gian truyn tn hiu
v thi gian ct ca my ct. Thi gian loi tr s c c xc nh t iu kin m bo cho
s n nh ca h thng, hn ch hu qu ca ngn mch, nhanh chng phc hi vic cung
cp in cho h tiu th Thng thng thi gian truyn tn hiu cng gn bng thi gian
lm vic ca bo v r le, i vi cc li in cao p v siu cao p thi gian ny vo
khong (15 40)ms ty tng loi bo v.
Cc knh truyn thng b nh hng ca cc nhiu khc nhau tu theo loi knh
truyn. Cc nhiu ny c th lm cho bo v tc ng sai hoc mt tn hiu iu khin. c
trng cho tnh nng truyn i vi tng loi tn hiu iu khin, thng dng ba thng s sau
Thi gian lm vic cc i

Tac.

Xc sut hin tn hiu l

PVC.

an ton (1- PVC). 100%

Xc sut mt tn hiu iu khin

PMC.

ph thuc (1- PMC). 100%

1.7.3 Mi trng truyn tn hiu v nhiu

1.7.3.1 Dy dn ph hoc cp thng tin

Dy dn ph hoc cp thng tin in lc thng c t cng rnh vi cp cao p hoc
trong rnh cp ring hay bng dy trn trn ct. V cc dy dn ph hoc cp thng tin c
t song song vi ng dy ti in nn c sc in ng cm ng. in p cm ng tn s
cng nghip thng c tnh ton sao cho cc thit b th cp c th chu ng c.
hn ch in p cm ng dng cc van chng qu in p ni tt cc dy dn ph
trong trng hp in p tng cao (khi xut hin qu trnh qu ), nhng n c th lm cho
bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp qu in p gy nn bi s c chnh m bo v phi
tc ng. Cc thit b th cp phi chu ng ni in p cm ng khi c st nh hoc khi
ng ct bn pha s cp ca h thng in.
Dy dn ph v cp thng tin dng cho bo v c s dng t u th k 20, tuy nhin
phm vi s dng b hn ch v tin cy thp v gi chi ph tng i cao. i vi cc h
thng in tp trung, khong cch gia cc u pht v thu tn hiu khng ln, c th dng
dy ph hoc cp thng tin ring.
Nu dng knh truyn tin ca h thng vin thng th kh nng qu in p pha th
cp c th thp hn v l trnh ca knh thng tin khc vi l trnh ng dy ti in, tuy
nhin cc thit b pha th cp cng phi c kh nng chu mt mc qu in p nht nh.
Trong mt s trng hp s c chm t, th im ni t ca nh my in v trm
bin p c th kh cao, v vy cn phi dng bin p phn cch m bo an ton cho ngi
v thit b ca h thng bu chnh vin thng. Cc bin p phn cch phi chu ng c
in p kh cao (n 15kV).
Dy dn ph v cp thng tin lm vic vi tn hiu truyn dn t mt chiu n 200Hz
xoay chiu, vi bn knh 11km, thch hp vi bo v so lch.
Trong li 110kV thng khng yu cu thi gian tc ng ca bo v tht nhanh, cc
knh thu bao c th dng chung cho in thoi, o lng v bo v do chi ph thu bao
tng i thp.

23

Vi li in 220 500kV, yu cu v thi gian ca bo v phi nhanh hn v knh

truyn phi c tin cy cao hn nn phi thu bao ring cc knh truyn dng cho bo v.

1.7.3.2 Cc knh ti ba (PLC)

i vi nhng ng dy di hoc i qua nhng a hnh phc tp vic lp t dy dn
ph gp nhiu kh khn v tn km. Trong trng hp ny s dng dy dn ca chnh ng
dy ti in truyn tn hiu cao tn dng cho bo v v thng tin lin lc. u im l dy
dn chc chn hn, tn hao trong truyn tn hiu s thp hn, knh truyn hon ton nm di
quyn kim sot ca cng ty in lc.
C th s dng mt hay hai pha ca ng dy ti in bng cch t cc b chn hai
u ng dy c bo v. Cc b chn ny c tng tr rt b i vi dng in tn s cng
nghip nhng rt ln i vi tn hiu cao tn dng cho thng tin bo v cc tn hiu ny
khng lan truyn ra ngoi phm vi ng dy bo v.
S hai pha tuy c tn km hn so vi s pha - t, nhng mc tn hao khi truyn
tn hiu s thp hn v khng b ph thuc vo in tr t cng nh ni t v vy c
dng rng ri. Tn hao tn hiu trn ng dy t ph thuc vo ma m.
Cng sut u ra ca thit b pht cao tn thng t 2 100W (+50dBm) tu tng
tng quan gia tn hiu nhiu.
Mc tn hiu truyn cao nht hoc thi gian truyn tn hiu di nht tu thuc vo tng
quc gia khng nh hng n h thng thng tin v truyn thng ton quc.
Khi c st nh vo ng dy hoc ng dy b s c hay thao tc dng ct, c th
gy nhiu mnh n knh thng tin. Mc d nhng nhiu ny ch xy ra trong thi gian ngn
(khong vi ms) nhng n c th lm cho thit b thu cao tn b qu ti. Cc thit b thuc h
thng ct lin ng phi c chnh nh khng xy ra tc ng nhm.
Cn ch trng hp dng nguyn l truyn tn hiu cho php v tn hiu cho php
c truyn qua on ng dy b s c. Mc tt dn ca tn hiu cao tn truyn qua
kenh dn ph thuc vo loi s c, tuy nhin thng chn trong gii hn gia 20 n 30dB.

1.7.3.3 Cc knh v tuyn vi ba

Cc knh vi ba cho php truyn tn hiu trong mt di kh rng v s dng cc modem
vi nng lc truyn rt ln. Tn hiu bo v v iu khin c th truyn ni tip vi di
ln v m ho phc tp m bo tin cy ca truyn tin nhng vn phi gi c tc
truyn rt cao. Trn thc t, c th dng chung cc thit b v tuyn tiu chun trong thng
tin vo mc ch truyn tn hiu bo v v iu khin trong h thng in.
Thng cc thit b vi ba lm vic vi tn s t 0,2 10GHz v cc thit b vi ba lm
vic c nh hng v di tn s c nh trc nn t b nhiu, cho php s dng ng
thi nhiu knh thng tin v m rng di tn s ca tn hiu truyn dng cho c mc ch
thng tin (thoi) ln truyn d liu.
H thng truyn tn hiu bng knh v tuyn siu cao tn (vi ba) c s dng rng ri
lin h cc trung tm iu khin vi nhau. Khi l trnh ca cc knh vi ba trng hp vi l
trnh ca ng dy ti in, c th s dng cc knh vi ba vo mc ch truyn tn hiu bo
v. Trn thc t cc trm vi ba khng trng hp vi cc trm u v cui ca ng dy ti
in nn kh nng s dng cc knh vi ba trc tip truyn tn hiu bo v thp hn so vi
cc knh ti ba ca h thng.
Mc tt dn ca tn hiu vi ba khng ph thuc s c trn ng dy ti in nhng
b nh hng ca nhiu v tuyn, nhiu ny thng do bn thn cc thit b v tuyn gy nn.
Chiu cao ca cc ct ng ten vi ba c hn ch nh hng ca gi bo v thay i nhit
khng tc ng nhiu n s lm vic ca ng ten.
24

1.7.3.4 Cc knh cp quang

Cp quang l nhng si thu tinh nh c kh nng truyn nh sng i xa. Trong h
thng in cp quang thng c ch to kt hp bn trong dy nhm li thp lm nhim
v chng st trn cc ng dy ti in.
So vi cp thng tin dng tn hiu in, cp quang c u im l nng lc truyn ti rt
ln v khng b nhiu bi sng in t. Tn hiu quang sau khi c m ho, c truyn
theo si quang n u nhn, ti y s phi gii m chuyn thnh nhng thng tin cn
thit.
Thit b m ho v gii m thng c s dng c tn s tng ng vi bc sng
850, 1300, 1550 nanomet. Khong cch c th truyn tn hiu quang trc tip ph thuc vo
mc suy gim v tn x ca tn hiu trong h truyn dn nh sng, ph thuc vo chng
loi, cht lng ca si quang v bc sng ca ngun pht tn hiu.
Vi cc knh truyn tn hiu quang tn s hng trm megahec khong cch truyn
hng chc kilomet, khi khong cch ln hn cn c nhng trm lp trung gian. Cc knh
truyn bng cp quang hin i c kh nng truyn ti ln cc tn hiu thoi, o lng, iu
khin v bo v.
Hin nay cp quang c ch to kt hp vi cp lc gim gi thnh v tng tnh bn
vng, an ton ca tuyn cp quang v c s dng rng ri khng nhng trong cc h truyn
ti cao p v siu cao p m cn c dng i vi li in trung p v h p.

1.8 THNG TIN CN THIT PHC V TNH TON BO V RLE

1.8.1 Nguyn l lng dng trong mc ch bo v

1.8.1.1 o lng mt i lng u vo

i lng u vo X ca rle thng l nhng i lng tng t (dng in, in
p) c ly ra t pha th cp ca my bin dng in v my bin in p.
Tr s hiu dng, tr s tuyt i hoc tr s tc thi ca i lng u vo c so snh
vi ngng tc ng ca rle (cn gi l tr s chnh nh ca rle). Nu i lng u vo
bin thin vt qu (i vi rle cc i) hoc thp hn (i vi rle cc tiu) ngng chnh
nh th rle s tc ng. Sau khi tc ng xong nu i lng u vo bin thin theo chiu
ngc li v vt qu tr s tr v XTV, rle s tr v trng thi ban u trc lc khi ng.
Tr s XTV c gi l ngng tr v hoc tr s tr v. Tr s tr v v tr s khi ng c
lin h vi nhau qua h s tr v kV:
kV

X TV
X k

i vi cc rle in c kV 1, thng thng

kV = 0,85 0,9 i vi rle cc i.
kV = 1,1 1,15 i vi rle cc tiu.
i vi rle tnh v rle s kV 1.
Khi nim rle cc i (tc ng khi i lng u vo tng) v rle cc tiu (tc ng
khi i lng u vo gim) c nh hng n cu trc ca rle in c (cun dy, l xo, tip
im). i vi rle tnh v rle s chc nng cc i v cc tiu d dng i ch cho nhau
bng php nghch o tn hiu l gic u ra ca rle.

25

1.8.1.2 So snh nhiu i lng u vo

Rle c th tc ng trn c s so snh nhiu i lng u vo nh rle khong cch,
so lch, nh hng cng sut v.v.. lm vic vi hai i lng u vo. Trong trng hp tng
qut, hai i lng u vo X1, X2 l t hp ca dng in I v in p U ca phn t bo v:
K
U
K
I
X
1
1
2

X 2 K 3 U K 4 I

y cc h s t l K1, K2, K3, K4 l nhng h s phc. Ty tng loi bo v (loi

rle) c th chn nhng tr s thch hp cho nhng h s ny. Nh rle so lch dng in, hai
i lng dng so snh l vc t dng in hai u phn t c bo v I1 v I 2 , khi y
chn K1 = K3 = 0 v K2 = K4 = 1. i vi rle khong cch, hai i lng dng so snh l
in p ch t bo v v dng in chy qua phn t c bo v nn ta chn K1 = K4 = 1 v
K2 = K3 = 0.
Vi cc rle lm vic theo hai i lng u vo thng ngi ta dng hai nguyn l so
snh: so snh bin v so snh pha.

1.8.1.3 So snh bin

Trong cc rle lm vic theo hai i lng u vo (chng hn X1) tc ng theo chiu
hng lm cho rle khi ng cn i lng kia (X2) tc ng theo chiu hng ngc li
(hm, cn tr s tc ng ca rle).
X

Tn hiu u ra Y s xut hin khi: X

1
2
tn hiu u vo khi ng, X
tn hiu u vo hm
trong : X
1
2

Nguyn l so snh bin hai i lng in c s dng trong bo v so lch v bo

v khong cch nh Hnh v 1-24.

Hnh v 1-24: Nguyn l so snh bin hai i lng u vo

1.8.1.4 So snh pha.

So snh pha phn nh gc lch pha gia cc i lng u vo, nu gc lch pha vt
qu (ln hn hay b hn) tr s pha nh trc rle s tc ng.
Cc i lng tng t u vo X1, X2 qua cc b bin i BD1, BD2 bin thnh cc
xung ch nht X1, X2 vi thi gian trng pha l tK c gi l so snh thi gian trng hp
pha. Nu thi gian trng hp pha tK ln hn thi gian t t ca b phn thi gian th s xut
hin tn hiu u ra (Y = 1).

26

K , tK

Hnh v 1-25: Nguyn l so snh pha (a) v biu so snh hai tn hiu u vo hnh sin lch
pha nhau (b)
Trn Hnh v 1-25 trnh by biu so snh na chu k dng ca hai i lng u
vo hnh sin X1 v X2. Cng c th tin hnh so snh c na chu k m tng mc tc
ng nhanh ca b phn so snh. tng chnh xc ca b phn so snh pha c th lc v
kh thnh phn mt chiu cng nh cc sng hi bc cao trong cc i lng u vo X1 v
X2 trc khi a vo b so snh.

1.8.2 Tnh ton ngn mch/s c

1.8.2.1 Ch h thng in
S c nguy him nht trong HT chnh l s c ngn mch. Hu qu ca ngn mch
li ph thuc rt nhiu vo ch lm vic, hay ch huy ng cng sut ca HT. Ngn
mch cc thi im vn hnh HT khc nhau s cho kt qu tnh ton khc nhau. Nu ch
huy ng cng sut max v min chnh lch nhau ln, th dng in ngn mch s khc
nhau rt nhiu. Thng thng khi tnh ton t thng s ngi ta thng tnh cho ch huy
ng cng sut max (cc my pht, my/thit b b huy ng ht cng sut, ph ti trong h
thng l ln nht). Cn ch huy ng cng sut min (mt s my pht c th b ct ra
bo dng, sa cha) th dng kim tra nhy ca cc bo v.

1.8.2.2 Cu hnh h thng

Cu hnh h thng c ngha rt quan trng trong vic tnh ton bo v cho HT, Cu
hnh h thng cn thit cho vic la chn phng thc bo v, cng nh loi bo v. V d
ng dy hnh tia, mt ngun th ch cn t mt bo v pha u ngun, nhng ng dy
kp, hoc mch vng th c th phi t thm b phn nh hng cng sut. Hn na, trong
HT vn hnh theo c ch th trng, hoc vi s c mt vi dung lng ln ca h thng
in phn tn, th dng cng sut/dng in c thay i lin tc, do cng nh hng n
vic la chn thng s bo v, chiu/hng tc ng ca bo v. Cc s h thng thanh
gp khc nhau, ng dy ti in nhiu nhnh r, hoc c thit b b, FACTS, hay HVDC
cng s c quan tm rt nhiu khi tnh ton bo v rle.
27

1.8.2.3 Dng/loi s c
Khi tnh ton mt h thng bo v, ngi ta mong mun n s bo v c tt c cc
dng/loi s c c th xy ra trong h thng. Do cc dng/loi s c s cn phi c quan
tm, nghin cu, tm hiu nguyn nhn, v c ch xy ra t c cc phng thc bo v
tng ng v hiu qu. C th k v d y mt s s c nh:
i vi ng dy trn khng/cp ngm:
Cc dng ngn mch: ba pha (N3), hai pha (N2), hai pha ni t (N1-1), chm
t mt pha
i vi my pht in:
Ngn mch gia cc pha, ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt pha, qu ti,
qu in p, mt cn bng pha, mt kch thch, qu tc , suy gim tn s, chm
t cun dy roto, h hng h thng lm mt
i vi my bin p:
Ngn mch gia cc pha, ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt pha, thng
thng du,
i vi ng c in:
Ngn mch gia cc pha, chm t v ng c

1.8.2.4 Tnh ton ngn mch theo tiu chun

Thng thng vic tnh ton ngn mch c thc hin bi cc cng c tr gip,
thng l cc phn mm my tnh chuyn dng, v vic tnh ton ngn mch cng cn phi
tun theo cc tiu chun quc t. Hin nay hay dng tiu chun quc t IEC: 60909-0, 1, 2, 4.

1.9 CU HI N TP
1 Hy nu nhim v v cc yu cu ca h thng bo v r le?
2 Nu nh ngha v my bin dng in? Hy v s nguyn l lm vic v iu kin
chn my bin dng in l gi? Cch nh du cc u dy v cc ch khi ni my
bin dng in?
3 Nu nh ngha v my bin in p? Hy v s nguyn l lm vic v iu kin
chn my bin in p l gi? Cch nh du cc u dy v cc ch khi ni my bin
in p?
4 Cc yu cu i vi ngun in thao tc? Nu u nhc im ca tng loi ngun thao
tc?
5 Nu nhim v v yu cu ca h thng knh thng tin lin lc?
6 V sao phi tnh ton ngn mch phc v tnh ton bo v r le?

28

CHNG 2: CC K THUT CH TO RLE

2.1 LCH S PHT TRIN CA RLE
Nhng rle u tin c ch to da trn nguyn l in c v c s dng cho in
bo vo nhng nm 30 ca th k 19. Ngy nay, thut ng rle dng ch tp hp cc thit
b t ng bo v HT, iu khin v iu chnh t ng, lm nhim v chuyn
mch trong cc h thng thng tin,
Cui th k 19, rle bt u c s dng bo v cc phn t trong HT di dng
c cu cu in t tc ng trc tip lp sn my ct in. Tuy nhin ch th k 20 khi cc
HT pht trin, k thut bo v rle mi c p dng rng ri. C th nu mt s mc
thi gian ng lu :
Nm 1901: Xut hin rle cm ng dng in.
Nm 1908: Bo v so lch dng in.
Nm 1910: Rle hng cng sut v bo v qu dng c hng.
u nhng nm 1920: Bo v khong cch.
Cui nhng nm 1920: Bo v dng tn hiu tn s cao truyn theo dy dn ca mch
in c bo v (PLC).
Nhng nm 1960: Rle tnh (khng c tip im ng) in t v bn dn.
Nhng nm 1970: Rle s, h thng bo v dng k thut vi x l v my tnh.
Ngy nay cc nh ch to v sn xut rle trn th gii u chuyn hng sang k
thut s. Tuy nhin nc ta s lng rle in c v rle in t cn ang c s dng
kh nhiu trong h thng in do iu kin lch s. i vi cc cng trnh mi c xy dng
th ch yu s dng rle s do cc u im sau:
Chc nng hot ng ca rle c m rng ra rt nhiu so vi cc th h rle trc
y, d dng m rng kh nng o lng, bin i tn hiu, so snh v t hp l gc
trong cu trc ca rle. C th kt hp nhiu nguyn l pht hin s c v bo v trong
mt h thng rle.
Ngoi chc nng bo v v cnh bo, rle s hin i cn c th thc hin nhiu nhim
v quan trng khc nh:
Ghi chp cc thng s vn hnh v s c
Xc nh v tr s c
Thc hin lin ng vi thit b bo v v t ng ca phn t ln cn
ng tr li my ct in
D dng ghp ni vi nhau v vi cc thit b bo v, t ng, thng tin v o lng
khc trong h thng, d dng ghp ni vi h thng my tnh.

29

u t
chi ph

Rle thng thng

Rle s
200
100

M rng

c th

Tiu chun

Ti thiu

Chc nng

Hnh v 2-1: So snh gia rle s v rle thng thng

Thng s ca bo v c th chnh nh gin tin vi chnh xc cao v d dng thc
hin cng vic chnh nh thng s t xa hoc chnh nh t ng theo nguyn l t
thch nghi.
Cng sut tiu th b, kch thc gn nh, d dng chun ho kch thc.
Gi thnh tng i tnh theo tng quan gia chi ph v chc nng ca h thng bo
v th rle k thut s v my tnh r hn h thng rle in c.

2.2 PHN LOI RLE

Rle l thit b chnh trong h thng thit b bo v Rle ch tc ng chuyn mch,
chuyn trng thi. Phn t rle nhn mt tn hiu u vo (X) hay mt s tn hiu u vo
(X1, X2, X3,) thng l nhng tn hiu tng t, bin i v so snh tn hiu ny vi
ngng tc ng cho tn hiu u ra (Y) di dng xung ri rc vi hai trng thi i lp:
c xung (trng thi 1) v khng c xung (trng thi 0).
(a): K hiu rle lm vic vi mt i lng u vo
(b): K hiu rle lm vic vi nhiu i lng u vo
(c,d): c tnh khi ng, tr v ca rle cc i vi mt i lng u vo
(e,g): c tnh khi ng, tr v ca rle cc tiu vi mt i lng u vo
Ngoi cch phn loi theo cng ngh ch to, rle cn c phn loi theo:
Nguyn tc hot ng (i vi rle in c) : in t, cm ng . . .
i lng u vo:
Rle dng in
Rle in p
Rle cng sut

RI
RU
RW
30

Rle khong cch

RZ, Z<
Rle tn s
Rf
Cc rle vi cc u vo vt l khc: nhit , tn s, tc .
Chc nng trong s
Rle trung gian
Rle thi gian
Rle tn hiu
Y

RG
RT
Rth
Y

RI

RW

I~

I
X1
X2
Xn

RL
Y

X~

~
RL
Y

(a)

(b)

Y
1

Y
1

Xtv Xk

X
0

Xk
(e)

(c)
X Y
Khi ng

X Y

Xk

Tr v

Xtv
Tr v

Xtv

Xk
0

Xtv

(d)

Khi ng

t
(g)

Hnh v 2-2: Phn loi rle theo cc i lng u vo

Tu theo biu din s (cu trc, chc nng, tng hp hoc khai trin) m cch biu
din rle khc nhau. Trong s cu trc hoc chc nng, rle c biu din nh Hnh v
2-2, a v b, trn ghi r i lng vt l u vo ca rle. Trong s tng hp rle c
biu din nh mt thit b thng nht l mt hnh vung, p trn n l mt na hnh trn,
trong hnh vung t cun dy v dng ch ch loi rle, trn na hnh trn t tip im
ca rle nh Hnh v 2-2,a v b.
K hiu tip im ca rle:

31

Tip im thng m (h):

Tip im thng ng (kn):

Tip im thng m ng c thi gian:

Tip im thng ng m c thi gian (m
chm):
Trong s khai trin hoc s lgc, cc cc u vo v u ra ca rle c th c
biu din tch ri nhau trn cc mng s hoc s khc nhau.
Ch : Trng thi u ra ca rle (i vi rle in c l cc tip im thng m hoc
thng ng) c biu din vi qui c cho trng hp i lng u vo bng khng.
BI
RI
+
MC

+
RT

RI

Rth

(b)

MC

RG

BI
-

RI

RT

RT

Rth RG

RG

MC

_
(c)

(a)
+

Rth
(d)

Hnh v 2-3: Cc loi s ca h thng bo v rle

Tn hiu

(a) S tng hp
(b) S khai trin mch dng in xoay chiu
(c) S khai trin mch thao tc
(d) S khai trin mch tn hiu
K hiu cc loi thit b v rle dng trong s bo v nh Bng 2-1.
Bng 2-1: Cc k hiu v loi rle
K hiu
Bng s
2
3
4
21

Bng ch
t
KT
C
Z<

Loi bo v
Rle thi gian, rle ng hoc m chm
Rle kho lin ng hoc kim tra
Cng tc t chnh
Rle khong cch (tng tr)
32

21N
24
25
27
30
32F
32R
37
40
46
49
49R
49S
50
51
51N
52
52a
52b
55
59
60
64
67
68
74
76
78
79
81
85
86
87
87G
87T
87B
87L
87M
96

S
U<
Th
hoc
hoc
I<

I2

I>>
I>
I0> hoc IE>
MC
MCa
MCb
Cos
U>
U hoc I
I0

I
L
B
I=>

TL (AR)
f
P/T
K
SL (I)

Rle khong cch chng chm t

Rle qu t
Rle ho hoc kim tra ng b
Rle in p thp
Rle tn hiu
Rle nh hng cng sut thun
Rle hng cng sut nghch
Rle thiu dng in hoc thiu cng sut
Rle pht hin mt kch thch
Rle dng in th t nghch hoc cn bng pha
Rle nhit
Rle nhit rotor
Rle nhit stator
Rle dng in ct nhanh
Rle qu dng c thi gian
Rle qu dng in th t khng c thi gian
My ct in
Tip im ph thng h ca my ct in
Tip im ph thng kn ca my ct in
Rle Cos
Rle qu in p
Rle cn bng in p hoc dng in
Rle bo v chng chm t
Rle qu dng xoay chiu c hng
Rle lin ng
Rle bo ng (cnh bo)
Rle qu dng mt chiu
Rle lch pha hoc bo v mt ng b
Rle t ng li
R le tn s
Rle pht v nhn tn hiu knh truyn
Rle kho
Rle bo v so lch
Rle so lch MP
Rle so lch MBA
Rle so lch thanh gp
Rle so lch MP
Rle so lch ng c in
Rle hi

33

2.3 RLE IN C
2.3.1 Rle dng in kiu in t

2.3.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Rle dng in kiu in t lm vic da trn nguyn tc tc ng tng h gia phn
ng lm bng cht st t v t trng ca cun dy c dng in chy qua.
V cu to rle in t c chia thnh ba loi:
Rle in t c phn ng ng m (Hnh v 2-4- a)
Rle in t c phn ng quay (Hnh v 2-4-b)
Rle in t c phn ng chuyn ng tnh tin (Hnh v 2-4-c )
Mi loi u c li st 3 trn c qun cun dy 5, phn ng 1, cc tip im 4 v l
xo cn 2.
Dng in iR chy trong cun dy gy nn t thng i qua li st v khe h khng kh
. Khi h thng t khng bo ho tr s tc thi ca m men quay t l vi bnh phng ca
tr s tc thi ca t thng t hay ca dng in iR:
Mt = k1. t2 = k2. iR2
T biu thc ny ta thy du ca m men quay khng ph thuc vo du ca dng in
to nn m men . Nh vy cc rle in t lm vic c vi c dng in mt chiu v
dng in xoay chiu.

2.3.1.2 Dng in khi ng v dng in tr v

rle tc ng c (phn ng b ht vo li st v tip im 4 ng li ) phi tng
dng in iR n tr s sao cho m men quay in t Mt thng c m men cn c kh khi
ng Mck :
Mt Mck
M men cn c kh khi rle khi ng gm m men cn ca l xo Mlx, m men ma st
Mms v m men do trng lng ca phn ng Mp. Vy iu kin khi ng:
Mk = Mck = Mlx + Mms + Mp

34

4a

4b
3

3
5
5

c
2

3
4
4

1
5
Hnh v 2-4: Mt s loi rle in t: a) Rle in t c phn ng ng m, b) C phn
ng quay, c) phn chuyn ng tnh tin
Tng ng vi Mk c mt gi tr xc nh ca dng in iR cn thit cho s khi ng.
a) Dng in b nht tng ng vi iu kin khi ng gi l dng in khi ng ca
rle IkR.
Sau khi rle tc ng, phn ng ca rle c th tr v v tr ban u phi gim
dng in iR sao cho m men quay in t M phi nh hn m men cn c kh. Cn ch
rng m men ma st cn tr phn ng khi tr v nn du ca n ngc vi du ca m men
cn ca l xo v m men do trng lng. Vy m men cn c kh khi tr v Mcv l:
Mcv = Mlx - Mms + Mp
iu kin rle tr v:
M = Mv < Mlx - Mms + Mp
Tng ng vi m men v Mv c mt gi tr xc nh ca dng in IR bo m cho
rle tr v.
b) Dng in ln nht tng ng vi iu kin tr v, gi l dng in tr v IvR ca rle.
T s gia dng in tr v vi dng in khi ng gi l h s tr v kvR ca
I
rle: k vR v . V Mck v Mcv khc nhau kh nhiu nn IkR v IvR cng khc nhau kh
I kR
nhiu v h s tr v ca rle b. y l khuyt im ng k ca rle c phn ng ng
m.
c) Hin tng phn ng rung ca rle in t
Khi rle lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu iR = IRm sint th tr s ca m men quay Mt
bng:
35

Mt = k2.i2R = k2 I2Rm.sin2 t = k2.I2R - k2 I2Rm.cos2t

S hng th nht ca biu thc trn khng ph thuc vo thi gian cho gi tr trung bnh
trong mt chu k ca m men quay. S hng th hai bin thin theo quy lut hnh sin vi tn
s gp i. Kt qu l phn ng ca rle dng in xoay chiu chu tc ng ca m men
bin thin vi tn s gp i t tr s khng n cc i (Hnh v 2-5). Sau khi rle tc
ng, ti nhng thi im Mt < MC, phn ng c khuynh hng b ko ra khi li ri sau
li b ht vo khi Mt > MC. Phn ng rung lm cho cc tip im rung theo v c th b t
chy bng tia la in.
Mt

IR

Mt
k 2 I 2R

IR

T=

-k 2 I R2 cos2 t

Hnh v 2-5: Quan h gia tr s tc thi ca m men quay M t v cc thnh phn ca n vi

thi gian i vi rle dng in in t
loi tr hin tng rung cn phi c bin php lm gim s p mch ca m men
quay theo thi gian. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch to ra hai t thng lch pha
nhau. Phng php thng dng to ra hai t thng lch pha nhau l dng vng ngn mch
(thng l mt vng ng) bc ly mt phn cc ca rle (Hnh v 2-6).
EN ,, IN

EN ,, IN

-I 'N

IR

II
1

900
I 'N

EN

Hnh v 2-6: Vng ngn mch ca rle v th vc t.

T thng chy trong li st gm hai thnh phn: I qua vng ngn mch, II khng qua
vng ngn mch. T thng I cm ng ra trong vng ngn mch sut in ng E N c chiu
xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai chm pha sau t thng I mt gc 90o. Sut in ng EN
gy ra trong vng ngn mch dng IN ( tnh i v s vng ca cun dy ca rle) coi nh

36

trng pha vi EN (Hnh v 2-6) v gc tng tr ca vng ngn mch rt b. Nu b qua tn

hao trong li thp, t thng I ng pha vi dng in t ho: I I R I N
T thng II t l v ng pha vi dng in IR. th vc t Hnh v 2-6 cho thy
vng ngn mch lm cho cc t thng I v II lch nhau mt gc .
Tr s tc thi ca m men quay tng Mt gm hai thnh phn MIt v MIIt do hai t
thng I v II gy nn:
Mt = MIt + MIit = kI. 2I. sin2 t + kII. 2II. sin2( t+ ).
Khi hai t thng I v II c tr s gn bng nhau v gc lch pha gia chng gn bng
90 th p mch theo thi gian ca m men tng s gim i rt nhiu v gi tr tc thi c
th lun lun ln hn m men cn c kh, lc ny phn ng s khng rung na
o

d) Lnh vc ng dng
Hin nay nguyn tc in t c ng dng rng ri ch to cc rle lm vic theo
mt i lng in (dng in, in p) v c mt s tc ng rle ph khc (rle trung gian,
tn hiu vv...)
Khi la chn c cu to hp l, rle c phn ng quay c th ch to c cc rle
c h s tr v cao, thi gian tr v b, sai s qun tnh nh, cng sut tiu th khng ln lm
v c chnh xc cn thit.

2.4 RLE DNG IN KIU CM NG

2.4.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Rle cm ng l loi rle da trn nguyn tc tc ng tng h gia cc t thng do
dng in chy trong cun dy ng yn gy nn vi cc dng in cm ng gy ra bi cc t
thng trong phn ng ca rle. Do vy, cc rle cm ng ch lm vic c vi dng in
xoay chiu.
Mun to c m men quay cc rle cm ng phi c t nht l hai t thng lch pha
nhau v khng gian v v thi gian. Cc dng in cm ng trong phn ng ca rle ch to
nn nhng thnh phn m men quay vi cc t thng khng sinh ra chng.

37

II

2
b

I
II

(b)

EN

IN

2
b

1
b

3
b

90
II

90

III

Chiu quay dng ca a

(a)

MIIt

Trc ca II
2

1
b
Trc ca I

EI

3
b
EII III
6b
5
b

EM
IM

4
6a

EI II
MIt

1.

Li thp

2.

Vng ngn

3.

a quay

4.

Nam chm vnh cu

5.

L xo cn

6.

Cun dy

7.

Nam chm

EII

Hnh v 2-7: Rle dng in: a) c vng cm ng ngn mch, b) v th vc t.

Cc rle dng in cm ng thng dng c b phn ng l nhng a quay. to
nn hai t thng, phng php n gin nht l dng vng ngn mch. Rle dng in cm
ng c vng ngn mch c mch t kh n gin (Hnh v 2-7-a) gm li st 1, cc vng
ngn mch 2 bng ng t trn mt phn ca cc t x i v a quay 3. Cc vng ngn
mch lm cho cc t thng I (xuyn qua vng ngn mch) v II (khng xuyn qua vng
ngn mch) lch pha nhau mt gc , ging nh vng ngn mch lm nhim v chng rung
trong rle in t. Cc t thng I v II gy nn trong a cc sut in ng cm ng EI v
EII khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca a (quay hay khng quay). Ngoi ra, khi a quay ct
cc t thng I v II, trong a s xut hin thm cc sut in ng ct v cc dng in tc
dng tng h vi cc t thng v gy nn m men M ct chng li chiu quay ca a.
Cc sut in ng EI v EII sinh ra trong a cc dng in II v III tng ng ng pha
(v gc tng tr ca a rt b). Vi chiu dng ca cc t thng, sut in ng v dng
in nh chp nhn trn Hnh v 2-7-a c th v c th vc t ca chng trn Hnh v
2-7-b.
Chn chiu quay ngc chiu kim ng h lm chiu dng th m men quay MIt do t
thng It v dng in III sinh ra c chiu dng, cn m men quay MIIt do IIt v dng II
sinh ra c chiu m (xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri).
V tr s: MIt = kI. It .iII
v: MIIt = kII. IIt.iI
Tr s tc thi ca m men quay tng:
Mt = MIt + MIIt = kI. It .iII - kII. IIt.iI
Kt qu tnh ton cho tr s trung bnh ca m men quay tng ca rle cm ng trong
mt chu k:
M = kI. I. II. sin
Nu h thng t khng bo ho, trong rle c vng ngn mch c hai t thng I v II
u t l vi dng in IR sinh ra chng cho nn:
38

M = k2. I2R
T c th rt ra nhng kt lun:
M men quay ph thuc vo gc lch pha gia cc t thng, tn s ca dng in xoay
chiu v nhit ca mi trng xung quanh (lin quan n s thay i in tr ca
a).
M men quay lun lun hng theo con ng ngn nht t ca t thng vt trc
n trc ca t thng chm sau. Trong rle c vng ngn mch t thng vt trc l t
thng khng qua vng ngn mch, v vy a lun lun quay theo con ng ngn nht
t trc ca phn khng c vng ngn mch n trc ca phn c vng ngn mch.
Cc m men hm do cc dng in ct v nam chm vnh cu 4 gy ra khng nh
hng n dng in khi ng ca rle v chng ch xut hin khi a bt u quay.
Trong rle m men cn thng c to ra bi mt l xo hnh xon c 5 ni vi trc
ca a. Trong trng hp ny, khi tnh n c m men ma st Mms, iu kin khi ng l:
M Mlx + Mms
Khi khi ng a quay c mt gc no th u tip xc ng 6a gn trn trc
ca a hoc ngay trn a s ng vo u tip xc c nh 6b.
Dng nguyn tc cm ng c th kt hp c c b phn khi ng v b phn thi
gian vo cng mt rle dng in. Cc rle cm ng thng gp c thi gian tc ng t 0,5
n 10 - 15 giy.

2.4.2 Lnh vc ng dng:

Rle dng in cm ng bo m c thi gian lm vic cn thit m khng cn rle
thi gian ring. Nu ch to tt rle c h s tr v kh cao, chnh xc y , sai s do
qun tnh b v cng sut tiu th thch hp. Cc rle dng in cm ng thng dng bo
v cc mng in p thp (n 10 kV) khng i hi rle thi gian ring v c th lm vic
vi dng in thao tc xoay chiu.
Tuy nhin rle dng in cm ng khng th thay th cho rle dng in in t c
cng sut tiu th b hn v nhy cao hn.

2.4.3 Rle in p
Ni cun dy ca rle trc tip hoc gin tip qua bin in p, vo in p U ca mng
ta c rle lm vic theo tr s in p ca mng.
V M = k'. I2R m dng in qua rle bng: I R

UR
zR

trong ,
ZR - tng tr ca cun dy rle

UR - in p t vo rle U R

UR
nu

Do vy: M = k'.U2R
Hay nu xt n quan h: M = k''.UR
Biu thc trn cho thy rle lm vic theo in p ca mng.
Cc rle in t c cu to ging nh cc rle dng in in t, ch khc l cun dy
in p c s vng nhiu hn v tit din dy nh hn.
39

2.4.4 Rle thi gian

Rle thi gian dng to thi gianlm vic cn thit cho bo v rle v t ng ho.
Nguyn l cu to ca rle c trnh by trn Hnh v 2-8.
Khi cun dy 1 c dng in, phn ng 2 b ht tc thi, cn ng 4 c t do v
di tc ng ca l xo 3 n s quay chm nh c c cu c bit nh thi gian gi li.
Sau mt thi gian tR no tu thuc vo khong cch l (hoc gc ) v tc chuyn
ng cn 4 hon thnh gc quay v ng tip im 8 li. Nh vy rle thi gian tc ng vi

thi gian: t R
. C cu nh thi gian thng l mt c cu ng h. Khi ct mch cun
R
dy phn ng 2 v cn 4 tr v ngay v tr ban u nh l xo 3, tip im 8 m ra tc thi.
Mun iu chnh thi gian tR, ta thay i gc quay bng cch thay i v tr ca tip im 8.
Trong mt vi loi rle thi gian cn c thm tip im ng ngay 9 cho php ng
mch vi thi gian b (khong 0,15 - 0,2 giy) v khng iu chnh c.

a) Nguyn l cu to ca rle thi gian

b) n nh nhit cho rle thi gian

Hnh v 2-8: R le thi gian

gim kch thc ca rle, cun dy ca rle thng c tnh ton thit k theo
ch lm vic ngn hn. Do vy, n nh nhit cho cun dy cn ni lu di vo in p
ca ngun thao tc, phi mc mt in tr ph ni tip vi cun dy nh trn Hnh v 2-8-b.
Bnh thng in tr ph rP b ni tt bi tip im thng ng m ngay (tip im trn. Sau
khi rle tc ng, tip im ny m ra v in tr ph c a vo mch cun dy hn
ch dng in n tr s cho php theo iu kin pht nng, ng thi duy tr rle
trng thi tc ng.

2.4.5 Rle trung gian

Rle trung gian l mt loi rle ph c s dng khi cn ng, ct ng thi nhiu
mch in c lp hoc khi cn n cc rle c tip im cng sut ln ng ct mch
c dng in ln nh Hnh v 2-9:

40

Hnh v 2-9: Cc s ni r le trung gian: a)S ni cc rle RG song song, b) ni tip, c)

song song c t gi bng cun dy ni tip

2.4.6 Rle tn hiu

Rle tn hiu bo hiu s tc ng ca bo v hoc ca mt phn t bt k ca mch
in. Khi bo v tc ng, trong cun dy ca rle c tn hiu dng in chy qua, rle ng
tip im cho con bi tn hiu ri xung v tr trng thy c qua np v trong sut ca
rle.
Do dng in ch chy qua rle trong mt thi gian rt ngn nn rle tn hi c ch
to sao cho con bi tn hiu v tip im ca rle vn c gi trng thi tc ng cho n
khi nhn vin vn hnh phc hi li trng thi ban u ca chng.

Hnh v 2-10: S ni dy ca rle tn hiu, a) ni tip, b) song song

2.5 RLE IN T
Vic s dng cc dng c bn dn (it v trit) cho php gim kch thc ca rle,
gim cng sut tiu th t cc my bin p o lng, nng cao nhy, ci thin cc c tnh
v ch to c cc rle khng tip im v khng c phn ng.
Cc rle n gin lm vic theo mt i lng in - dng in hoc in p, s dng
dng in chnh lu bng it. Trong trng hp ny b phn thc hin thng l cc rle
in t c nhy cao, rle phn cc hay rle t in. Cc rle phc tp hn nh rle cng

41

sut, rle tng tr lm vic theo hai i lng in (dng in v in p) c th thc hin
bng cch ng dng mt trong cc nguyn tc sau y:
v U
. Trong cc rle ny cc in
So snh cc gi tr tuyt i ca hai i lng U
I
II

p xoay chiu U I v U II c chnh lu ri sau c so snh vi nhau v tr s tuyt i

v U
.
nh mt rle c bit. So snh pha ca cc tr s tc thi ca hai i lng in U
I

II

Cc rle ny c thc hin bng mt s so snh pha cho php xc nh gc lch pha gia
v U
.
U
I
II

Hnh v 2-11: Rle dng in chnh lu: a) S nguyn l, b) dng in chnh lu [I]
Trong c hai trng hp, cc i lng cn so snh u l nhng hm s tuyn tnh ca
dng in IR v in p UR t vo rle:

k U
k I v U
k U

U
I
1
R
2 R
II
3 R k 4 IR

trong :
, I
k 1 , k 2 v k 3 , k 4 l cc h s khng i ph thuc vo U
R
R
Thay i cc h s k1, k2 s ch to c cc rle khc nhau c c tnh khc nhau.
Cc rle cng sut c hng rle tng tr u thuc loi ny.
Cc rle dng in v in p thuc loi rle lm vic theo mt i lng in.
Thng dng nhiu nht l cc rle ni vo dng in hoc in p ca mng in qua
chnh lu CL bng it bn dn , ni theo s chnh lu hai na chu k (Hnh v 2-11-Hnh
v 2-11a ). B phn thc hin RL l rle dng in in t, t in hoc rle phn cc c
ni vo dng in chnh lu hai na chu k.
Dng in chnh lu I c cc tr s tc thi t l vi cc tr s tc thi tng ng ca
dng in xoay chiu i = Im.sin t. Bi vy ng biu din I = f(t) c dng p mch,
bin thin t khng n cc i v khng i du (Hnh v 2-11-b). Dng in ny bng tng
ca thnh phn khng i Id v cc thnh phn iu ho bc chn. V tr s trung bnh ca cc
thnh phn iu ho trong mt chu k bng khng, nn thnh phn khng i Id bng dng
in trung bnh Itb ca dng in chnh lu I .
Cc iu ho bc bn v cao hn rt b, c th b qua, nn c th coi thnh phn bin
i ca dng in chnh lu ch c iu ho bc hai bin thin vi tn s 2. = 100Hz ( nh
trong Hnh v 2-11-b). Do vy I = Id = I2 cos2t
42

trong
Id = 0,63 Im = Itb
I2 = 0,425 Im (I2 l bin ca iu ho bc hai),
Im - bin dng in xoay chiu.

RL

RL

RL

(c)

(b)

(a)

I3
L

RL
I2

I1
C

R
(d)

Hnh v 2-12: Cc s san bng dng in chnh lu,

a) Vi in cm L mc ni tip, b) Vi in dung C mc song song, c) Dng vng cng
hng LC, d) Bng cch phn tch dng in chnh lu thnh ba thnh phn I1,,I2,I3
Tnh cht p mch ca dng in chnh lu gy nn hin tng rung ca cc tip im
ca b phn thc hin. loi tr hin tng ny cn phi c bin php san bng ng cong
dng in chnh lu (hn ch cc thnh phn bin i ca dng dng in i vo rle). Mun
vy c th dng mt trong cc s sau:
S mc ni tip in cm L rle (Hnh v 2-12-a).
S mc song song in dung C (Hnh v 2-12b).
S dng b lc cng hng LC i vi iu ho bc hai ca dng in chnh lu
(Hnh v 2-12-c).
Cc s trn cc Hnh v 2-12-a v b c hiu qu tt i vi ngun dng in xoay
chiu c tng tr b so vi ph ti (rle RL), cn s trn Hnh v 2-12-c , khi ngun c
tng tr ln so vi ph ti.
in cm v in dung trong s trn,nht l trong cc s trn cc Hnh v 2-12-a
v b, lm chm tr s tng ln ca thnh phn khng i qua cun dy ca rle, gy nn s
tc ng chm.
Khi cn phi gim thi gian tc ng, th thng dng s phc tp hn (hnh 1-16,d)
trong dng in cn chnh lu c phn tch ra lm ba thnh phn I1, I2 v I3 lch pha
nhau 1200 nh cc in cm v in dung. Dng in chnh lu tng i vo rle bng tng ba
dng in chnh lu thnh phn s rt gn dng in khng i. Phng n th hai thc
hin cc rle dng in v in p lm vic theo dng in chnh lu (Hnh v 2-11-a) c
tin hnh bng cch so snh i lng cn o U vi mt i lng chun Uch khng i (nh
43

trn Hnh v 2-13-b), hoc bin i theo mt quy lut khc. Rle tc ng khi U Uch . Cc
rle lm vic theo dng in chnh lu c kch thc b v tiu th cng sut b.

Hnh v 2-13: S so snh dng in I vi i lng chun Ich

2.6 RLE K THUT S

Rle s lm vic trn nguyn tc o lng s. Cc tr s ca i lng tng t dng v
p nhn c t pha th cp ca my bin dng in v bin in p l nhng bin u vo
ca rle s.
Sau khi qua cc b lc tng t, b ly mu (cht hoc bm i lng tng t theo
mt chu k no ), cc tn hiu ny s c chuyn thnh tn hiu s. Tu theo nguyn tc
bo v, tn s ly mu c th thay i trong khong t 12 n 20 mu trong mt chu k ca
dng in cng nghip.
Nguyn l lm vic ca rle da trn gii thut tnh ton theo chu trnh cc i lng
in (chng hn tng tr mch in) t tr s ca dng v p ly mu. Trong qu trnh tnh
ton lin tc ny s pht hin ra ch s c. Sau mt vi php tnh ni tip nhau, khi bo
v s tc ng, b x l s gi cc tn hiu n cc rle u ra iu khin ct my ct. S
khi ca rle s nh Hnh v 2-14.
u im quan trng ca rle s l c th thc hin vic t kim tra v cnh bo trng
thi ca tng khi chc nng trong rle: T tr s tng t ca i lng u vo n b
chuyn i tng t s (so snh vi tr s chuyn i chun), b vi x l (phn cng v
phn mm, k c b nh ca b vi x l), rle u ra v mch iu khin ng ct my ct
in (Hnh v 2-15)
Cc i lng chnh nh c np vo b nh EEPROMS phng kh nng mt
s liu chnh nh khi mt ngun in thao tc. Trong cc rle s vic t chc ghi chp v lu
tr cc d liu v s c rt d dng theo trnh t din bin v thi gian vi chnh xc n
miligiy (ms).

44

Tn hiu u
vo

Lc tn
hiu vo

Giao
din

Bn
phm

Rle
cnh bo
Khuch i

A
B
C
O

Tn hiu
nh phn

Cng vo - ra

A
I B
C
O

IMax = 100IK
1 sec
UMax = 140V
Lu di

Tng t
100V, 110V
1A, 5A

Chuyn i
tng t - s
~ A

01

Tng t
10V

B
x l

B nh
RAM
EEPROM
EPROM

Rle
Ct

i t
pht
quang
(LED)

Xung iu
khin u ra,
vo

Hnh v 2-14: S khi ca r le s

gim dung lng b nh ca b phn ghi s c, thng ngi ta khng ch s lng
cc ln s c cn lu li trong b nh ti a 810 ln. Khi xut hin s c mi vt qu s
ln cho php lu tr th s liu ca s c c nht trong qu trnh lu tr s b xo khi b nh
nhng ch cho s liu ca s c mi va xy ra.
Tt c cc thng tin v vn hnh, thao tc v s c u c bo v ngn nga
trng hp ngun thao tc c th b mt. u ra ca rle c cc n tn hiu LED cnh bo
v trng thi ca rle cng nh thao tc m rle tin hnh.
Cc rle s hp b thng c mt phn mm i km rt thun tin cho vic s dng
my tnh c nhn (PC) chnh nh, theo di hot ng ca rle v trao i cc thng tin
vo, ra vi rle, cng nh gip nhn vin vn hnh c th phn tch s c t cc s liu ghi
chp c trong qu trnh s c.
Cng vo ra ca rle cho php d dng ghp ni vi cc thit b thng tin, o lng,
iu khin v bo v cng cp iu hoc cp iu cao hn n tn iu quc gia
hoc lin quc gia.

45

Hnh v 2-15: S t kim tra cc khi chc nng trong rle s

2.7 CU HI N TP
1
2
3
4

Trnh by s phn loi r le theo chc nng, theo cu to?

Trnh by cu to r le in c, phm v ng dng ca r le in?
Trnh by cu to r le cm ng, phm v ng dng ca r le cm ng?
Hy nu cc u im, v phm vi ng dng ca r le k thut s?

46

CHNG 3: CC NGUYN L BO V R LE
H THNG IN
3.1 BO V QU DNG IN
3.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Bo v qu dng in l loi bo v tc ng khi dng in i qua phn t c bo v
vt qu mt gi tr nh trc. Theo phng php m bo tnh chn lc bo v qu dng
in c chia lm hai loi:
Bo v dng in cc i, k hiu 51, 51N hoc I>, I0>
Bo v dng in ct nhanh, k hiu 50, 50N, hoc I>>, I0>>

3.1.2 Bo v dng in cc i.

3.1.2.1 Chn dng in khi ng ca bo v dng in cc i.

Theo nguyn l ca bo v, dng in khi ng ca bo v phi ln hn dng in ph
ti cc i ILv.max ca ng dy c bo v. Tuy nhin vic chn dng in khi ng cn
ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin nng n hn.
Xt trng hp chn dng in khi ng cho bo v s 1 t trn on AB ca mng
in trn Hnh v 3-1. Bnh thng HT lm vic vi ph ti cc i, dng in qua bo v l
ILv.max. Ti thi im t1 xy ra ngn mch ti im N, cc bo v 1 v 2 cng khi ng. n
thi im t2 bo v 2 tc ng (v t2 < tl) ct ngn mch. in p trn thanh gp B c phc
hi, mt s ng c t gn y t hm trong thi gian ngn mch do in p st, li t m
my v qua bo v 1 c dng in t m my Im.m.max ln hn dng in Ilvmax:
Im.m.max = kmm . Ilvmax

(3-1)

trong : kmm: l h s t m my ca cc ng c c tr s ph thuc vo loi ng c,

v tr tng i gia ch t bo v v cc ng c, s HT v mt s yu t khc,
thng thng kmm = 2 3
Tuy c dng in Imm max chy qua ti thi im t2, bo v 1 vn phi tr v. Mun vy,
dng in tr v ca bo v phi ln hn dng in m my cc i, ngha l:
Iv = kat .kmm .Ilvmax

(3-2)

trong : kat l h s an ton, thng ly kat = 1,1 1,2.

T quan h gia dng in tr v IV v dng in khi ng Ik: k trv
T tnh c dng in khi ng ca bo v: I k

IV
.
I k

k at .k mm
I lv max
kv

47

Hnh v 3-1: Th d v cch tnh dng in khi ng ca bo v dng in cc i a) S

nguyn l, b) Chn dng in khi ng
H s tr v kv ca r le ph thuc tnh cht c v in ca cu to r le. Trong cc r
le l tng kv = 1, nhng thc t do ma st trong phn ng v do mt s yu t khc cc r
le c kv < 1.
Trong mt s s ni dy dng in th cp IT trong bin dng in c th khc vi
dng in IR i vo r le. tnh trng i xng s khc nhau ny c c trng bng h s
s k[3]s:
I[3]R = k[3]s .I[3]T
Nu xt n h s s v h s bin i ni ca bin dng in th dng in khi ng
ca IkR r le bng:
I k R

k at .k mm .k [ 3] s
I lv max
n i .k v

(3-3)

i vi nhng h thng in phc tp th khi tnh ton cn phi quan tm n cc c

im c th ca HT ang xt:
V d nh h thng ng dy lm vic song song, th cn phi quan tm n dng in
lm vic cng bc khi m mt ng dy b ct ra, lc ng dy cn li s phi mang
ti ca ng dy kia, lc phi kim tra iu kin qu ti v dng in khi ng xem c
vt qu ngng tc ng hay khng? Hoc khi ng dy c trang b thit b ng lp li
mt ln, hoc nhiu ln, th phi c bit quan tm n thi gian ct ngn mch v thi gian
tr v.

3.1.2.2 Chn thi gian lm vic

Trong cc li in h c mt ngun cung cp, chn lc ca bo v dng in cc
i c m bo bng cch chn thi gian lm vic theo nguyn tc tng cp. Thi gian lm

48

vic ca hai bo v k nhau c chn ln hn nhau mt lng t. C th chn thi gian theo
nguyn tc c lp hoc theo nguyn tc ph thuc.

3.1.3 Bo v dng in ct nhanh

Bo v dng in ct nhanh l loi bo v m bo tnh chn lc bng cch chn dng
in khi ng ca bo v ln hn tr s dng in ngn mch ln nht i qua ch t bo v
khi c h hng u phn t tip theo.

Lmin
CN

Lmax
CN

Hnh v 3-2: Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh, a) S nguyn l, b) Cch chn dng in

khi ng
Dng in khi ng ca bo v qu dng in ct nhanh: Ik = kat.INng.max
trong :
INng.max: l dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht thng c tnh theo ngn
mch ba pha trc tip ti im N vi ch lm vic cc i ca h thng.
kat: l h s an ton, thng ly bng 1,2 1,3.
Bo v dng in ct nhanh lm vic tc thi hoc vi thi gian rt b (0,1s) trnh
cho bo v lm vic mt chn lc khi c ging st v thit b chng st tc ng. Bo v dng
in ct nhanh c nhc im l khng bo v c ton b i tng, khi c ngn mch
cui phn t (N1) bo v ct nhanh khng tc ng, mt khc vng tc ng ca bo v LCN
c th thay i nhiu khi ch ca h thng v dng ngn mch thay i. Nhc im
chung ca nguyn l qu dng in l khng m bo c tnh chn lc ca bo v trong
li in phc tp, c nhiu ngun cung cp.

3.1.4 Bo v dng in cc i c b kim tra in p

Trong nhiu trng hp bo v qu dng in c thi gian vi dng in khi ng
chn theo Ilvmax c th khng nhy, v dng in lm vic cc i Ilvmax chy qua phn
t c bo v c tr s qu ln, chng hn khi tch mch vng ca li in, khi ct mt s
ng dy hoc my bin p lm vic song song. Trong mt s li in vi ngun cng sut

49

ngn mch yu, nu chn theo dng in Ilvmax ch ny thm ch bt ng thc di y

khng th tho mn c:

I N min I k

k at .k mm
I lv max
k trv

(3-4)

Trong iu kin nh vy, nng cao nhy ca bo v qu dng in c thi gian,

m bo cho bo v c th phn bit c ngn mch v qu ti, ngi ta thm vo s bo
v b phn kho in p thp.

51
I>

&

BU

27
U<

Hnh v 3-3: S nguyn l ca bo v dng in cc i c b phn kim tra in p.

Bo v qu dng (I>) s c phi hp vi b phn kim tra in p thp (U<) theo l
gch "v" (&). Khi c ngn mch dng in chy qua ch t bo v tng cao cn in p th
gim thp, hai s kin ny xy ra ng thi, bo v s tc ng. Cn khi qu ti dng in c
th vt qu gi tr chnh nh tuy nhin in p ch gim t, b kho in p thp khng lm
vic nn bo v khng tc ng.
in p khi ng ca b
U NM max
U
U k lv min
nU
nU

kho in p thp chn theo iu kin:

trong :
Ulvmin : in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v trong iu kin qu
ti nng n nht.
UNmax : in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo
v ca bo v qu dng.
nU : T s bin i ca my bin in p.
Khi c thm b phn kho in p thp dng in khi ng ca b phn qu dng in
c th chn theo iu kin lm vic bnh thng m khng cn xt n ch qu ti s c.
R le dng in trong trng hp ny lm nhim v khng cho bo v tc ng nhm trong
trng hp t cu ch trong mch r le in p.
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c chn nh bo v qu dng in c thi gian.

3.1.5 Bo v dng in ba cp
phi hp gia bo v dng in cc i v bo v dng in ct nhanh cng nh
gim thi gian loi tr s c ngi ta dng s bo v dng in ba cp nh Hnh v 3-4

50

Cp th nht: Gm cc rle 3 RI, 4RGT, 9Th, l cp ct nhanh khng thi gian (tI
0,1s), ch bo v c mt phn ng dy. Dng in khi ng ca 3RI chn tng t nh
bo v ct nhanh, tc l : II k = kat.INng.max vi kat =1,31,5
Cp th hai: gm cc rle 5RI, 6RT, 10 Th l cp ct nhanh c thi gian, v c thi gian
lm vic l tII = tI + t=0,5s 0,6s. Dng in khi ng ca cp hai c chn nh sau: III
I
k = kat.I k, vi kat = 1,1 1,15.
Cp th ba: gm cc rle 7RI, 8RT, 11Th l cp bo v dng in cc i, c thi gian
t chn theo nguyn tc tng cp tIII = tII + t, dng in IIII k = kat.Ilvmax
III

9Th
CC

+
+

1 MC

10Th

+
4RGT

6 RT

8 RT

+
3 RI

11Th

+
5 RI

7 RI

2 BI

Hnh v 3-4: S nguyn l ca bo v dng ba cp.

51

~
2MC

1MC

3MC

INg

II kA

III kA

II kB

lIA
tII A
t

l(km)

lIB
tIII A

tII B

tI B
LiA

LIIA

LIIIA

Hnh v 3-5: Tnh dng in v thi gian tc ng ca bo v dng ba cp

Bo v dng in ba cp c th nhanh chng loi tr ngn mch, vi s n gin,
lm vic kh tin cy. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh ca bo v l trong mt s trng hp
nhy ca cc cp th nht v th hai khng , chiu di ca cc vng bo v ph thuc vo
ch ca h thng in, dng ngn mch. Thng ch m bo tnh chn lc trong cc mng
h mt ngun cung cp.

3.1.6 nh gi bo v qu dng in
L loi bo v n gin nht, c s dng sm nht, do n c nhng c im sau:
Tnh tin cy: n gin, lm vic kh tin cy
Tnh chn lc: bo v hon ton phn t c bo v, nhng i vi bo v dng in
ct nhanh cn c vng cht. S phi hp lm vic kh khn nht l trong cc mch
phc tp nh mch vng, nhiu ngun. L loi bo v c tnh chn lc tng i
Tnh tc ng nhanh: nhn chung c thi gian tc ng ln
nhy: Nhn chung c nhy khng cao, nht l khi chn dng in khi ng theo
iu kin dng m my ng c.
Do thng thng bo v qu dng ch lm bo v chnh cho cc mch hnh tia, li
in phn phi. i vi cc thit b quan trng nh My pht in, my bin p, ng dy
truyn ti cao p th cc bo v qu dng thng ch c dng nh bo v d phng.

52

3.2 BO V QU DNG IN C NH HNG CNG SUT

3.2.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Trong cc mng hnh vng mt ngun cung cp (Hnh v 3-7-a,b) hoc trong cc mng
c hai u cung cp (Hnh v 3-7-c) bo v dng in cc i c thi gian lm vic chn theo
nguyn tc tng cp c th khng bo m ct ngn mch mt cch chn lc.
~

B
(a)

N1

2 3

N2

IN

N2

N1

IN

5 4

(b

C
A
~

N1
1

N2
3

D
~

(c)

Hnh v 3-6: Bo v qu dng in c hng a) Mch vng, b) ng dy song song, c)

ng dy c hai ngun cung cp,
Th d khi ngn mch trn on AB (ti N'1) ca cc mng , bo m tnh chn
lc, bo v 2 phi c thi gian lm vic t2 b hn thi gian lm vic t3 ca bo v 3. Mt khc,
khi ngn mch trn on BC (ti N"2), mun ct c chn lc li phi chn t3 < t2. Cng mt
lc khng th thc hin c hai yu cu ngc nhau . V th bo v dng in cc i
khng th dng c trong cc mng k trn.
bo m ct ngn mch c chn lc trong cc mng h hai ngun cung cp t
khong nm 1910 ngi ta bt u dng bo v c hng:
Bo v dng in c nh hng cng sut l loi bo v lm vic theo tr s ca dng
in qua ch t bo v v gc lch pha gia dng in vi in p trn thanh gp ca
trm c t bo v. Bo v tc ng khi dng in vt qu mt gi tr nh trc (gi tr khi
ng) v pha ca n ph hp vi trng hp ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v (khi
cng sut ngn mch qua bo v i t thanh gp ra ng dy). V mt bn cht: bo v dng
in c nh hng cng sut l s kt hp gia bo v qu dng v b phn nh hng cng
sut ngn mch.

53

U
Ct

BU
I

(e)
I2=IN

B
I
(d

ng nhy cc i

I>

Vng
khi
ng

&
t

K
1800

I2=IN

Hnh v 3-7: Bo v qu dng in c hng: a) S nguyn l bo v qu dng, b) c

tnh pha ca b phn nh hng cng sut

3.2.2 Phn t nh hng cng sut

L phn t dng xc nh chiu ca dng cng sut ngn mch i qua bo v. Khi c
thm b phn nh hng cng sut, cc bo v qu dng c chia lm hai nhm, mi nhm
ch tc ng theo mt hng cng sut (dng in) nht nh. V d trn cc li in nh
Hnh v 3-6- a,b, cc bo v 1, 3, 5 (nhm l) ch phn ng vi dng ngn mch I N , cn cc
bo v 2, 4, 6 (nhm chn) ch phn ng vi dng ngn mch IN, u c hng t thanh
gp ra ng dy.
Trong mt s trng hp ngn mch ba pha trc tip gn ch t bo v, in p trn
thanh gp c th gim xung rt thp, di ngng lm vic ca thit b nh hng. Khi
bo v s khng lm vic c, trng hp nh vy gi l ngn mch trong vng cht (theo
in p) ca bo v. gim v loi tr vng cht phi ch to b phn nh hng c
nhy cao vi ngng lm vic ca b phn in p rt b, hoc ni b phn nh hng qua
thit b ghi nh in p trc khi s c.
Trn thc t bo m tnh chn lc trong cc li in nh Hnh v 3-6-a,b,c khng
phi t b phn nh hng tt c cc bo v. m bo tnh chn lc, b phn dnh
hng cng sut ch cn t bo v no c thi gian lm vic b hn. Vi mt phn t i, j
no trong li in, chng hn ti < tj, b phn nh hng cng sut s t ti bo v i. Nu
ti = tj th khng cn t c hai u.
chng ngn mch khng i xng, ngi ta thng s dng nhng bo v phn ng
theo thnh phn i xng ca dng (I2, I0), p (U2, U0) v cng sut tng ng ( W 2 , W0 ).
Cc b phn nh hng cng sut th t nghch ( W 2 ) v th t khng ( W 0 ) c u qua
b lc dng v p th t nghch v th t khng tng ng c xt n c tnh khi ng theo
gc pha ca cc thnh phn i xng.

3.2.3 La chn thi gian cho bo v dng in c nh hng cng sut

Trong mi nhm bo v, thi gian lm vic c chn theo nguyn tc tng cp, tng
dn t cui n u ngun nh i vi cc bo v qu dng in thng thng. B phn nh
54

hng cng sut lm vic theo gc lch pha gia dng in (chy qua phn t c bo v)
v in p (trn thanh gp ch t bo v).
Vi cc biu din trn Hnh v 3-6-a v c, nu gi thit tt c cc bo v u c trang
b b phn nh hng cng sut, th theo chiu tc ng ca cc bo v c phn thnh hai
nhm: nhm l gm cc bo v 1, 3, 5 vi bo v 5 nm xa ngun nht cn i vi nhm
chn (2, 4, 6) th bo v 2 nm xa ngun nht.
A
HT 1

B
D

C
3

(a)

A
D

C
3

(b)

t1

tB

HT
HT 22

tC

B
1

tB

HT 1

tC
t3 =2s

t
(c)

tC

tB =1s

t5
L
3

1
A

(d)

tB

tC

tB =1s
t2 =0,5s

t6 =2s

t
(e)

t4 = tC = 1,5s

t
L
2

Hnh v 3-8: Phi hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng in c hng vi thanh gp

c nhiu mch ng dy.
Nu trn thanh gp nhiu ng dy ra Hnh v 3-8, th thi gian lm vic ca bo v
qu dng on gn ngun hn phi phi hp vi thi gian lm vic ln nht ca bo v qu
dng t ng dy ni vi thanh gp lin k, ngha l:

t n maxt n 1 t
trong :
tn : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng gn ngun hn
tn-1 : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng ca ng dy ni vi thanh gp
lin k (xa ngun hn).
t : cp chn lc v thi gian

3.2.4 La chn dng in khi ng

Vic la chn dng in khi ng ca bo v qu dng in c hng c chn
tng t nh bo v qu dng in cc i.
55

k at .k mm
.I lv max I k I N min
kv

i vi mch song song, cn xt thm iu kin lm vic ln nht hai u phn t bo

v trnh bo v c th lm vic nhm ct c phn t th hai sau khi phn t th nht b s
c va ct ra, ngha l phi ly:

I lv max I lv max 1 I lv max 2

Tc ng ca bo v qu dng c hng ph thuc vo hai yu t: dng in s c v
hng cng sut qua ch t bo v. nhy ca b phn khi ng qu dng in c
I
kim tra theo h s nhy k nhay N min , cn tc ng ca b phn nh hng cng sut
I k
c kim tra theo c tnh gc (Hnh v 3-7). i vi trng hp s c cn kho st, xc
nh vc t in p t vo r le, ly vc t ny lm chun, xc nh min tc ng ca b
phn nh hng theo gc khi ng k. Sau xc nh vc t dng in chy qua r le khi
c s c, nu vc t dng in s c nm trong min tc ng, r le cng sut s lm vic.
Tu theo gc lch pha gia t hp dng v p t vo r le trong ch lm vic bnh thng
m i khi ngi ta cn gi tn cc s bo v qu dng c hng theo nh s 90o
,60o,30o

3.2.5 Bo v dng in c hng ba cp

Gm c ba cp sau y:
Cp th nht: l cp bo v ct nhanh thng thng km thm b phn nh hng
cng sut, vi dng in khi ng chn tng t nh bo v dng in ct nhanh II k =
kat.INng.max nhng INng.max l dng in ngn mch i t trm ang xt n im ngn mch,
theo chiu cng sut xt. Do gi tr dng khi ng cho bo v c th chn nh hn nhiu
nu so vi trng hp ct nhanh thng thng (nht l khi mng h c hai ngun cng sut)
Cp th hai: l cp ct nhanh c hng, vic chn thi gian t II v dng in khi ng
IIIk c tnh nh trng hp cp hai khng c hng nhng ch n dng in khi thanh
gp c nhiu nhnh ng dy xut tuyn ni vi thanh gp ang xt, hoc c thm my pht
in ni vo thanh gp ang xt.
Cp th ba: l bo v dng in c hng, dng in khi ng cn chn theo cc iu
kin sau:
Bo v phi tr v sau khi ct ngn mch: I k

k at .k mm
I lv max
kv

Dng in khi ng ca bo v phi ln hn dng in cc pha khng h hng. V

trong mt s dng NM, v d nh NM mt pha trong mng c trung tnh ni t trc
tip, dng in trong cc pha khng h hng bng tng dng in ph ti. Dng in
ny i khi c gi tr rt ln, c th lm bo v c hng tc ng nhm. V th dng
in khi ng phi chn ln hn dng cc i cc pha khng h hng: I k k at I khh
vi Ikhh l dng in pha khng h hng, kat l h s an ton.
Phi phi hp nhy gia cc bo v ln cn m bo tnh chn lc.

3.2.6 nh gi bo v dng in c nh hng cng sut

Bo v dng in c nh hng cng sut c cc c im sau y:
Tnh tin cy: n gin, lm vic kh tin cy, v cn thm b nh hng cng sut
56

Tnh chn lc: Bo v hon ton phn t c bo v, S phi hp lm vic kh khn

nht l trong cc mch phc tp nh mch vng, nhiu ngun. L loi bo v c tnh
chn lc tng i. Trong mt s li in phc tp nh Hnh v 3-9, d c t thm
b phn nh hng cng sut bo v qu dng vn khng m bo c tnh chn lc.
i vi mng in nh trng hp ny phi dng nhng nguyn l khc bo v.

B
C

A
~

~
D

Hnh v 3-9: Cc cu hnh li in phc tp bo v qu dng c hng khng m bo tnh

chn lc: a) Mng vng c nhiu ngun cung cp. b) Mng vng c mt ngun cung cp khi
c lin h ngang khng c ngun (ng dy BD)
Tnh tc ng nhanh: nhn chung c thi gian tc ng ln, nht l khi c hin tng
khi ng khng ng thi. V d nh trong Hnh v 3-9-a, khi c ngn mch rt gn
ngun, dng in ngn mch qua bo v 1 s rt ln, cn dng bo v qua bo v 2 c
th nh khng bo v 2 khi ng. Bo v 2 ch tc ng sau khi bo v 1 tc
ng, Hin tng ny lm tng thi gian loi tr s c trong mch.
nhy: Nhn chung c nhy khng cao, nht l khi chn dng in khi ng theo
iu kin dng m my ng c.
Do thng thng bo v qu dng c nh hng cng sut ch lm bo v chnh cho
cc mch hnh tia nhiu ngun, li in phn phi, lm bo v d phng cho cc ng
dy truyn ti cao p.

3.3 NGUYN L BO V KHONG CCH

3.3.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Bo v qu dng in v bo v qu dng c hng c thi gian lm vic chn theo
nguyn tc tng cp i khi qu ln v trong mt s mng vng, khng th m bo c
tnh chn lc nh nhng li in c cu hnh Hnh v 3-9, cc bo v qu dng in ct
nhanh th li khng bo v ht hon ton ng dy. Do ngi ta s dng bo v
khong cch (bo v tng tr cc tiu).
Nguyn l o tng tr c dng pht hin s c trn h thng ti in hoc my
pht in b mt ng b hay thiu (mt) kch thch. i vi cc h thng truyn ti, tng tr
o c ti ch t bo v trong ch lm vic bnh thng (bng thng s gia in p
ch t bo v v dng in ph ti) phi cao hn nhiu so vi tng tr o c trong ch
57

s c. Ngoi ra, trong nhiu trng hp tng tr ca mch vng s c thng t l vi

khong cch t ch t bo v n ch ngn mch.
jX

ZAB=RAB+jXA

(a)
A
U

ZA

UA

IA

BI

(b)

I
Z<

Z A min

Rq

BU

ZAN=RAN+jXA
<0

ZAN=ZAN+Rq
jX

IA Max = const

jX
B

B
(c)

ZAB

Vng khi ng
ca b phn
khong cch

ZAB

Rq
ZAN

I A max

>0

XA

UA

(d)

ZK

ZAN
N
D

R
RAB

D
0
A

Rq

Vng
tng
tr
ph
ti

Hnh v 3-10: Nguyn l o tng tr, a) S li in; b) Vng bin thin ca tng tr ph
ti; c)Tng tr o trong iu kin s c; d) c tnh khi ng ca b phn khong cch
i vi cc h thng truyn ti, tng tr o c ti ch t bo v trong ch lm
vic bnh thng (bng t s ca in p ch t bo v vi dng in ph ti) ln hn nhiu
so vi tng tr o c trong ch s c. Ngoi ra trong nhiu trng hp, tng tr ca
mch vng s c thng t l vi khong cch t ch t bo v n ch ngn mch (Hnh v
3-10).
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, tng tr o c ti ch t bo v ph thuc vo
tr s v gc pha ca dng in ph ti. Trn mt phng phc s, ch dng in ph ti
cc i IAmax khi ph ti thay i, mt vc t tng tr ph ti cc tiu ZAmin s v nn cung
trn c tm gc to ca mt phng tng tr phc (Hnh v 3-10-b).
Tng tr ca ng dy ti in AB c biu din bng vc t ZAB trn mt phng
phc. nghing ca vc t ZAB so vi trc honh (in tr tc dng R) ph thuc vo tng
quan in khng ca ng dy XAB v in tr tc dng ca ng dy RAB.
Ta c:

D = arctg

X AB
RAB

Khi c ngn mch trc tip ti im N trn ng dy, tng tr o c ti ch t bo

v: ZAN = RAN + jXAN .Tr s tng tr o c s gim t ngt so vi ch lm vic bnh
58

thng, nhng nghing ca vc t tng tr khng thay i. Khi ngn mch qua in tr
trung gian (thng do in tr ca h quang Rq pht sinh ti ch ngn mch) tng tr o
c ti ch t bo v: ZAN = RAN + jXAN + Rq = ZAN + Rq Tng tr o c c tr s ln
hn nhng gc nghing ca vc t tng tr c gim i so vi khi ngn mch trc tip ti N
(Hnh v 3-10-c).

3.3.2 Cc c tnh khi ng ca bo v khong cch

bo v khong cch lm vic c th cn phi c bin php o lng tng tr t
vo rle, hay cn phi nghin cu cc c tnh tng tr. c tnh khi ng l ng bin xc
nh iu kin tc ng ca mi bo v c biu din trong mt phng phc Z.

(a
)

(b
)

(c
)

D R

j
(d
)

(e
)

(h

(g

Z
Z
Z

Hnh v 3-11: Cc c tuyn tng tr khi ng thng gp: a) Tng tr khng hng
(ZK=const); b) Tng tr c hng (vng trn qua gc to ); c) Vng trn lch tm; d)
Hnh thu knh, e,g) Hnh a gic; h) 7SA513
Nhng r le tng tr ch to v s dng trong h thng in c c tuyn khi ng
rt a dng nh Hnh v 3-11 nhm p ng tt iu kin vn hnh ca cc h thng in.
Hin nay nguyn l o tng tr thng c s dng kt hp vi cc nguyn l khc
nh: qu dng in, qu in p, thiu in p thc hin bo v a chc nng hin i.
Nguyn l o tng tr c th c s dng bo v li in phc tp c nhiu ngun
cung cp vi cu hnh bt k. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca h thng thng tin, v truyn tn
hiu, cc rle khong cch ngy cng c dng rng ri nht l cc cu hnh cho php ct
lin ng, v cho php kha lin ng lm tng tc loi tr s c.

59

3.3.3 Nguyn tc thc hin rle khong cch

3.3.4 La chn gi tr khi ng
Xt mt h thng in nh Hnh v 3-12:
A

MCA

ZAB

MCB

ZBC

N1

D
MCC

ZCD

N2

RZA

RZC

RZB
tIIIA
tIIA

tIA

tIIB

tIIC

tIB

tIC

B
ZAI
=0,8Z

tIIIB

C
ZBI
=0,8Z

D
ZCI

ZAII
=0,8(Z +Z i)
ZAIII =0,8[ZAB+0,8(ZBC
+Zi )]
Hnh v 3-12: S phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng ca bo
v khong cch.
Vic la chn thi gian cho bo v khong cch cng c chn theo nguyn tc tng
cp nh bo v qu dng in cc i. Tc l lch v thi gian lm vic gia cc vng bo
v lin k nhau t chn bng: t = 0,3 0,5 s,
Vng I: bo v khong 80-90% chiu di ng dy c bo v.
Thi gian khi ng chn tAI = 0 (s) ,
Tng tr khi ng: v d bo v A t u ng dy AB, tng tr khi ng s c
I k .Z
,
chn nh sau: Z
A
at
AB
trong : kat < 1 c xt n sai s ca cc mch o lng, bn thn r le khong cch v
ca vic xc nh thng s tng tr ng dy AB .Vi cc r le in c c th ly kat =
0,8, vi cc r le s c chnh xc cao hn c th ly kat = 0,85; nu tng tr ca
ng dy c o trc tip v s dng r le s th kat c th ly bng 0,9.
Vng II: Cn phi phi hp vi bo v cp I ca ng dy tip theo (u B), thng
thng vng II s bo v ton b ng dy AB v khong 20% chiu di ng dy tip
theo, c th chn cc thng s nh sau:
Thi gian khi ng chn tAII = tAI +t (s)
II k . Z
Z I
Tng tr khi ng: Z
A

at

AB

60

trong : ZBI - Tng tr khi ng vng th nht ca bo v t u B ng ca

ng dy tip theo. kat : c chn nh trn nhm phi hp chn lc gia hai vng
th II ca bo v A v B lin k.
Vng III: cng chn tng t nh vng II vi vng khi ng th III thng bao ly
ton b chiu di ng dy di nht tip theo lm bo v d phng cho ng dy ny
Thi gian khi ng chn tAIII = tAII +t (s)
III k . Z
k . Z
Tng tr khi ng: Z
A

at

AB

at

BC

I
Z C

trong : ZCI - Tng tr khi ng vng th nht ca bo v t u C ng ca

ng dy tip theo. kat : c chn nh trn nhm phi hp chn lc gia hai vng
th II ca bo v A v B lin k.

3.3.5 Nhng yu t lm sai lch n s lm vic ca rle khong cch

3.3.5.1 nh hng ca in tr qu
in tr qu ti ch s c lm cho tng tr ng dy nh hn tng tr s c.
V d cch tnh in tr h quang c th c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim:
Ra=8750/I1,4(ohm)
trong :
L l chiu di h quang (ft)
L=3V t +L0
V : Tc gi (Mile/h)
t : Thi gian tn ti h quang (s)
L0 : Chiu di h quang s cp(feet)
I l dng in h quang
S xut hin ca h quang ti ch ngn mch cng ng thi lm cho thi gian ca bo
v khong cch tng ln v phi tnh n thi gian tt h quang ti ch ngn mch

3.3.5.2 nh hng ca dng in trong cc nhnh

VR
V tng tr o c bi rle l t s gia in p v dng in a vo rle: Z
R
I
R
tuy nhin dng in i vo r le khong cch li ph thuc vo cc nhnh nht l trong cc h
thng c ng dy kp nh trn Hnh v 3-13

HT 1

HT 2
ICD
IAB
A

Hnh v 3-13: S phn b dng in trn cc nhnh ca ng dy mch kp

61

3.3.5.3 nh hng sai s cc thit b o lng

Cc thit b o lng BU, BI c nh hng kh ln n s lm vic ca r le khong
cch. V tng tr r le o c ph thuc vo gi tr in p v dng in o c. Do cc
BU, BI cn phi m bo nh hn sai s cho php.

3.3.5.4 Cc nh hng khc

Tng tr o c b nh hng bi mt s yu t khc nh: dao ng cng sut (Power
Swing), khi ngn mch gn ngun c th lm cho in p gim qu thp v cc r le c th
khng khi ng c, tng tr ca ng dy thay i khi c thit b b (t b dc, khng
b dc, thit b b ngang)v nh hng ca h cm gia cc ng dy.

3.3.6 nh gi v bo v khong cch

Bo v khong cch c cc c im sau y:
Tnh tin cy: lm vic kh tin cy, tuy nhin b phn tnh ton khong cch phc tp
hn so vi cc bo v trc, nht l khi cn c thm thm b nh hng cng sut. S
lm vic chnh xc ph thuc rt nhiu vo h thng o lng, tnh ton tng tr, c
bit l khi pht sinh h quang ti ch ngn mch, cc ng dy c thit b b, s dao
ng cng sut trong mch, s h cm gia cc ng dy.
Tnh chn lc: m bo tnh chn lc trong cc mng khc nhau, l loi bo v c tnh
chn lc tng i.
Tnh tc ng nhanh: C kh nng ct ngn mch kh nhanh, c bit l khi dng cc h
thng thng tin v truyn tin tc cao vi cc tn hiu cho php ct, v cho php kha
lin ng.
nhy: nhy kh cao
Do thng thng bo v khong cch c lm bo v chnh cho cc ng dy cao
p, lm d phng cho bo v MBA hoc MP.

3.4 BO V SO LCH
3.4.1 So lch dng in

3.4.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Bo v so lch dng in l loi bo v lm vic da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip
bin dng in hai u phn t c bo v. Nu s sai lch gia hai dng in vt qu
tr s cho trc (gi tr khi ng) th bo v s tc ng.
L loi bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i, vng tc ng ca bo v so lch c gii
hn bng v tr t ca hai t my bin dng u v cui phn t c bo v, t nhn tn
hiu dng in so snh. S ni cc phn t nh Hnh v 3-14 cn c gi l s
dng in tun hon hay dng in so lch.

62

I T1

I T2

I T1

I T1

I R I I T1 I T2

I T2

I T2

Hnh v 3-14: Bo v so lch dng in a) S nguyn l, b) th vct dng in khi

ngn mch ngoi vng v trong ch bnh thng, c) Khi ngn mch trong vng.
Dng in so lch chy qua r le: I SL I I T1 I T 2 I R
Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng v ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (im N1).
Trong trng hp l tng (gi s cc bin dng in ging ht nhau v khng c sai
s) ta c: I S1 I S 2 nn I T1 I T 2 v dng in i vo rle: I R IT1 IT 2 0 nn bo v so lch
dng in khng tc ng ( th vc t Hnh v 3-14-b).
Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v (N2)
Trng hp c hai ngun cung cp th I S1 I S 2 c v tr s v gc pha, do cc dng
in th cp cng khc nhau I T1 I T 2 v dng in vo r le: I R I T1 I T 2 0 .
Nu I R I k bo v s tc ng ct cc my ct ca phn t c bo v. th vc
t dng in nh Hnh v 3-14-c.
Trng hp ngun ch c t mt pha (SB = 0)
Khi dng in chy qua r le l: I R I T1 , nu I R I k th bo v s tc ng.

3.4.1.2 Chn dng in khi ng

Trong cc s bo v so lch, cc cun dy th cp ca cc bin dng in phi ni
sao cho khi bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v dng in qua r le IR = 0, cn
khi ngn mch trong vng bo v dng in qua r le IR bng dng in ngn mch tng
pha th cp IN.
Trn thc t, do sai s ca my bin dng, c bit do hin tng bo ho ca mch t,
nn trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, dng in pha th cp ca
hai t my bin dng BI1 v BI2 s khc nhau v:
I I I I 0
R
T1
T2
Kcb

63

Do dng in khi ng s c tnh ton nh sau:

I k k at IKcbtt max
trong : dng in khng cn bng ph thuc cc yu t sau:
Ikcbttmax =fimax.kn.kkck.INngoimax
fimax: l sai s cc i cho php ca BI (fimax =10%)
kn: H s ng nht ca BI (=01)
kkck l h s k n nh hng ca thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn
mch
INngoimax l thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ln nht

3.4.1.3 Cc bin php nng cao nhy

ngn nga bo v so lch lm vic khng chn lc di nh hng ca IKcb, thng
dng cc bin php gim dng in khng cn bng nh dng bin dng bo ho trung
gian, s dng nguyn l hm bo v bng dng in pha hoc cc hi bc cao (xut hin trong
qu trnh qu v khi mch t b bo ho).
Khi s dng nguyn l so lch dng in bo v my bin p v bin p t ngu, cn
ch n kh nng bo v so lch c th lm vic sai khi ng my bin p khng ti.
Tu thuc thi im ng my ct ni my bin p khng ti vi ngun in m tr s
ban u (xung kch) ca dng in t ho my bin p c th t tr s ln gp nhiu ln dng
in nh mc ca my bin p. Trng hp xu nht (I ln nht) s xy ra khi ng my ct
in vo thi im in p ngun c tr s tc thi qua im 0. Khi qu trnh qu chm
dt, dng in t ho (I) tr li tr s bnh thng (khong vi phn trm dng in nh
mc).
Do dng in t ho ch chy pha cun dy my bin p ni vi ngun khi my bin
p ang ch khng ti nn dng in cun dy bn kia bng khng. Bo v so lch
my bin p c th tc ng nhm (lc ny tng ng vi trng hp ngn mch trong
my bin p c ngun cung cp t mt pha).
phn bit trng hp ng my bin p khng ti vi trng hp ngn mch trong
my bin p, ngi ta da vo tnh cht ca dng in t ho xung kch v dng in ngn
mch trong my bin p.
Qua phn tch sng hi ca hai dng in ny ta thy: Dng in t ho xung kch cha
phn ln hi bc hai (khong 70% so vi hi c bn) v c th t tr s cc i n khong
30% tr s ca dng s c. Do c th s dng hm b sung bng hi bc hai (f2 = 100Hz)
ca dng in qu a vo bo v so lch cho my bin p. S nguyn l nh Hnh v
3-15 dng ba bin dng ph:
trong :
BILV : ly ra dng in lm vic (hay dng in so lch : I SL I T1 I T 2 )
BIH : ly ra dng in hm ( I I I )
H

T1

T2

BIL : lc hi bc hai trong dng in so lch a vo hm b sung trong b so

snh pha.
Nguyn l hm b sung bng hi bc hai hin nay ang c s dng ch to cc r
le bo v my bin p.

64

Hnh v 3-15: S nguyn l ca bo v so lch c hm b sung bng dng in hi bc hai

dng cho bo v my bin p hai dy qun

3.4.2 So snh pha ca dng in

Bo v so snh gc pha lm vic da trn nguyn tc so snh pha ca hai dng in
hai u ca phn t c bo v. Pha ca dng in c truyn qua knh truyn so snh
vi nhau, s nguyn l nh Hnh v 3-16.
lch pha c tnh nh sau: 1 2 .
trong : 1, 2 tng ng l gc pha ca dng in i vo v i ra khi phn t c
bo v.
ch lm vic bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi (im N1), gc pha dng
in hai u phn t c bo v gn nh nhau nn 00.
Khi ngn mch trong vng c bo v (im N2), dng in hai u phn t c
bo v ngc pha nhau nn 180 0.
Trn thc t, do nh hng ca in dung phn b ca phn t c bo v nn trong
ch lm vic bnh thng cng nh khi c ngn mch ngoi th 0. cho bo v
khng tc ng nhm cn phi chn gc khi ng (k) ln hn mt gi tr no , thng
chn K bng khong (30 0 60 0) nh Hnh v 3-16-b.

65

Hnh v 3-16: Bo v so snh pha dng in: a) S nguyn l b) c tnh gc pha bo v.

3.4.3 nh gi v bo v so lch
Bo v so lch c cc c im sau y:
Tnh tin cy: lm vic kh tin cy, tuy nhin s lm vic chnh xc ph thuc rt nhiu
vo gi tr ca dng in khng cn bng, v h thng dy dn ph, hay h thng truyn
tin.
Tnh chn lc: m bo tnh chn lc trong cc mng khc nhau, l loi bo v c tnh
chn lc tuyt i.
Tnh tc ng nhanh: c kh nng ct ngn mch nhanh,
nhy: i khi khng m bo nu c dy dn ph vi tng tr ln, hoc dng khng
cn bng ln
Do thng thng bo v khong cch c lm bo v chnh cho cc ng dy cao
p vi h thng truyn tin hin i, cc MBA, cc MP, thanh gp, ng c in cng sut
ln.

3.5 CU HI N TP
1 Nguyn tc tc ng ca bo v qu dng in? Chn dng in khi ng ca bo v
dng in cc i, bo v dng in ct nhanh? u nhc im v phm vi ng dng
ca bo v dng in cc i v bo v dng in ct nhanh?
2 Bo v qu dng in c hng cng sut? Phm vi ng dng?
3 Nguyn l khong cch, nhng c tuyn khi ng ca r le khong cch?
4 Nguyn tc tc ng ca bo v so lch dng in? S lm vic ca bo v khi c ngn
mch ngoi v trong vng bo v?
5 Nguyn l so snh pha dng in?

66

PHN II: BO V CC PHN T TRONG H THNG IN

67

CHNG 4: BO V CC NG DY TI IN
4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
Phng php v chng loi thit b bo v cc ng dy ti in ph thuc nhiu yu
t nh: ng dy trn khng hay dy cp, chiu di ng dy, cng sut truyn ti v tm
quan trng ca ng dy, s mch truyn ti v v tr ca ng dy
Theo cp in p ngi ta phn bit:
U < 1 kV

ng dy h p

1kV U 35 kV

ng dy trung p

66 kV U 220 kV

ng dy cao p

330 kV U 1000 kV

ng dy siu cao p

U > 1000 kV

ng dy cc cao p

ng dy cp in p danh nh t 220 kV tr ln c gi l ng dy truyn ti v

t 110 kV tr xung c gi l ng dy phn phi.
Nhng s c thng gp i vi ng dy ti in l ngn mch (Nhiu pha hoc mt
pha), chm t mt pha (trong li in c trung im cch in hoc ni qua cun
PETERSEN) qu in p (kh quyn hoc thao tc), t dy v qu ti.
chng cc dng ngn mch trong li h p thng ngi ta dng cu chy hoc p
t mt.
bo v cc ng dy trung p (U35kV) chng ngn mch, ngi ta dng cc loi
bo v sau:
Qu dng in ct nhanh hoc c thi gian (vi c tnh c lp hoc ph thuc)
Qu dng in c hng
So lch dng cp th cp chuyn dng
Khong cch
i vi ng dy cao p (66220kV) v siu cao p (3301000kV) thng dng cc
loi bo v:
So lch dng in
Khong cch
So snh tn hiu
So snh pha
So snh hng (cng sut hoc dng in)

68

4.2 BO V QU DNG IN
4.2.1 Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh
Nguyn l lm vic ca bo v qu dng in ni chung v bo v qu dng in ct
nhanh c trnh by trong chng 3.
T nguyn tc chn dng in khi ng m bo tnh chn lc ta thy, vng tc
ng ca bo v khng th bao trm ton b chiu di ng dy c bo v v thay i
theo tr s ca dng in ngn mch v bo v, tc l thay i theo dng ngn mch v theo
ch vn hnh ca h thng (Hnh v 3-2).
ngn chn bo v ct nhanh lm vic sai khi c st nh vo ng dy (khi y cc
chng st van lm vic, hoc khi ng my bin p c th vt qu tr s t ca bo v ct
nhanh) thng thng ngi ta cho bo v lm vic chm li khong 50 - 80 ms.
Vi li in c trung im ni t trc tip, chng c ngn mch 1 pha ngi ta s
dng s ba my bin dng v ba r le ni hnh sao , hoc ba my bin dng ni theo b
lc th t khng v mt r le dng in lm vic theo dng th t khng Io.
Bo v ct nhanh th t khng thng c nhy cao hn v vng bo v n nh hn
khi ch vn hnh ca h thng thay i.
li in c trung im cch in c th s dng s bo v ct nhanh vi hai my
bin dng v hai r le ni hnh ch V.
i vi cc ng dy c hai ngun cung cp, nu bo v ct nhanh t hai u
ng dy khng c b phn nh hng cng sut th dng in khi ng c hai u phi
chn theo dng in ngn mch ln nht xy ra trn mt trong hai thanh gp u ng dy.
Chng hn, vi v d trn Hnh v 4-1, khi h thng A c cng sut ln hn h thng B
th dng khi ng phi chn theo iu kin ngn mch 3 pha trc tip trn u ng dy B.
Nu chnh lch cng sut gia hai h thng qu ln, vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh pha
h thng cng sut b s rt hn ch, khc phc nhc im ny cn t b phn nh
hng cng sut u c ngun dng ngn mch b hn.

Hnh v 4-1: Bo v ct nhanh ng dy c hai ngun cung cp

Nu ngoi ng dy c bo v gia cc thanh gp A v B cn c lin h vng khc
th sau khi bo v mt u tc ng ct my ct, dng ngn mch u cn li c th tng
69

ln v vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh u ny c th m rng ra (y l hin tng

khi ng khng ng thi ca bo v ct nhanh).

4.2.2 Bo v qu dng in c thi gian

Bo v qu dng in c thi gian thng dng bo v cc ng dy trung p hnh
tia. Tnh chn lc ca bo v c m bo bng nguyn tc phn cp vic chn thi gian tc
ng. Bo v cng gn ngun cung cp thi gian tc ng cng ln.
C hai loi c tnh thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng in: c tnh c lp v
c tnh ph thuc.

Hnh v 4-2: c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng in, a) c lp, b) Ph thuc.

Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c c tnh c lp khng ph thuc vo tr s dng in
chy qua bo v (Hnh v 4-2-a), cn ca bo v c tnh thi gian ph thuc th t l nghch
vi dng in chy qua bo v: dng cng ln thi gian tc ng cng ngn (Hnh v 4-2-b).
A

HT
pt
(a)

51
I>, tA

51
I>, tB

tpt

51
I>, tC

tA
t

tB

(b)

tC

tpt= tD
L (km)
Z ()

0
t

(c)
tA
0

t
B

tB

t
C

tC

t
D

tpt = tD
L (km)
Z ()

70

Hnh v 4-3: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in trong li in hnh tia
(a) cho trng hp c tuyn c lp (b) v c tuyn ph thuc (c)
Trn Hnh v 4-3 trnh by cch phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong
mng in hnh tia (Hnh v 4-3-a) cho trng hp c tuyn c lp (Hnh v 4-3-b) v c
tuyn ph thuc (Hnh v 4-3-c).
Trn cc Hnh v 4-3-b, c; t gia hai c tuyn ln cn nhau c gi l cp chn lc
v thi gian, n ph thuc vo sai s ca bn thn r le cng nh thi gian ct ca my ct
in.
i vi cc r le in c thng ly t = 0,4 - 0,5 giy,
Vi cc r le s t = 0,2 - 0,3 giy.
Cng ging nh bo v ct nhanh, bo v qu dng in c thi gian c th c thc
hin theo s hnh sao (ba bin dng + ba r le), s hnh V (hai bin dng + hai r le)
hoc mt r le dng in ni vo b lc dng th t khng. i vi li in c trung im
ni t trc tip thng dng s hnh sao hoc dng th t khng. Bo v qu dng th t
khng c nhy cao hn (v khng phi chnh nh theo dng ph ti cc i), thi gian lm
vic b hn so vi bo v qu dng cng cp (v s cp chnh nh thi gian trong mng th
t khng t hn nhiu so vi s cp trong mng th t thun).

4.2.3 Bo v qu dng c kho in p thp

Trong nhiu trng hp bo v qu dng in c thi gian vi dng in khi ng
chn theo ILvmax c th khng nhy, v dng in lm vic cc i ILvmax chy qua phn
t c bo v c tr s qu ln, chng hn khi tch mch vng ca li in, khi ct mt s
ng dy hoc my bin p lm vic song song. Trong mt s li in vi ngun cng sut
ngn mch yu, nu theo dng in ILvmax ch ny thm ch bt ng thc c th khng
tho mn c.
I N min I k

k at k m
.I lv max
kv

(4-1)

Trong iu kin nh vy, nng cao nhy ca bo v qu dng in c thi gian,

m bo cho bo v c th phn bit c ngn mch v qu ti, ngi ta thm vo s bo
v b phn kho in p thp Hnh v 4-4.

51
I>

&

BU

27
U<

Hnh v 4-4: Bo v qu dng in c kho in p thp

B phn kho in p thp (U<) s lm vic phi hp vi b phn qu dng (I>) theo l
gch "v" (&). Khi c ngn mch dng in chy qua ch t bo v tng cao cn in p th
71

gim thp, hai s kin ny xy ra ng thi, bo v s tc ng. Cn khi qu ti dng in c

th vt qu gi tr chnh nh tuy nhin in p ch gim t, b kho in p thp khng lm
vic nn bo v khng tc ng. in p khi ng ca b kho in p thp chn theo iu
kin:

U N max
U
U k lv min
nu
nu

( 4 - 2 )

trong :
ULvmin : in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v trong iu kin qu
ti nng n nht.
UNmax : in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo
v ca bo v qu dng.
nu : t s bin i ca my bin in p.
Khi c thm b phn kho in p thp dng in khi ng ca b phn qu dng in
c th chn theo iu kin lm vic bnh thng m khng cn xt n ch qu ti s c.
R le dng in trong trng hp ny lm nhim v khng cho bo v tc ng nhm
trong trng hp t cu ch trong mch r le in p.
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c chn nh bo v qu dng in c thi gian.

4.2.4 Bo v qu dng in c hng

tng cng tnh m bo cung cp in cho cc h tiu th ngi ta thng thit k
cc mng hnh vng v mng c hai u cung cp. i vi mng loi ny bo v qu dng
in c thi gian lm vic chn theo nguyn tc tng cp khng th m bo ct ngn mch
mt cch chn lc c.
Chng hn vi s cc ng dy song song trn Hnh v 4-3-a, nu s dng bo v
qu dng in thng thng thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v c chn nh sau:
t2 = t4 = t 5 + t
t1 = t3 = t2 + t = t5 + 2t
trong : t - cp chn lc v thi gian (0,3 0,5) s
Khi cc bo v 2 v 4 c trang b b phn nh hng cng sut vi chiu tc ng ng
vi lung cng sut i t thanh gp vo ng dy th khng cn phi hp thi gian tc ng
gia bo v 2 v 4 vi bo v 5, v khi ngn mch trn ng dy D3 (im N3) cc bo v 2
v 4 s khng lm vic. Trong trng hp ny cc bo v 1 v 3 s phi hp thi gian trc
tip vi bo v 5:

t1 = t3 = t5 + t
t

(b)

t
t
I>

(a)
A

I>

N1

N2

D2

I>
t

t1=t3=t5 +t

D1

I>
t

N3

D3

I>
t

t5

t2=t4<t5
L
A

72

Hnh v 4-5: Bo v qu dng in c hng: a) ng dy hai mch song song, b) cch chn
thi gian lm vic ca bo v
V vy thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v ny s c gim i, cn thi gian t2 v t4 c
th chn b tu (Hnh v 4-5-b).
Vi cc biu din trn Hnh v 4-6-a,c, nu gi thit tt c cc bo v u c trang b
b phn nh hng cng sut, th theo chiu tc ng ca cc bo v c phn thnh hai
nhm: nhm l gm cc bo v 1, 3, 5 vi bo v 5 nm xa ngun nht cn i vi nhm
chn (2, 4, 6) th bo v 2 nm xa ngun nht.
Nu trn thanh gp nhiu ng dy ra, th thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng on
gn ngun hn phi phi hp vi thi gian lm vic ln nht ca bo v qu dng t
ng dy ni vi thanh gp lin k, ngha l:
tn = max {tn-1} + t

(4-3)

trong :
tn : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng gn ngun hn
tn-1 : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng ca ng dy ni vi thanh gp
lin k (xa ngun hn).
t : cp chn lc v thi gian
A
HT

B
1

D1

C
3

(a)

D2

tB =1s
A
HT

(b)

D
5

D2
tB =1s

C
3

D1

D3

tC =1,5s

B
1

D3
tC =1,5s

t1 =2,5s
t3 =2s

tC =1,5s

tB =1s

(c)

t5 =0,5s
L
3

1
A
(d)

B
2

D1

C
D2

tB =1s

D3

tC =1,5s

t
t6 =2s
(e)

t4 = tC = 1,5s
tB =1s
t2 =0,5s

t
L
2

73

Hnh v 4-6: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in c hng trong li in

c hai ngun cung cp
i vi trng hp c hai phn t lm vic song song (nh ng dy hai mch trn
Hnh v 4-5-a hoc trm bin p c hai my bin p, khi xc nh dng in lm vic cc i
theo I Nmin I kd

k at .k m
.I lvmax cn cng dng in lm vic ln nht ca c hai phn t trnh
kV

bo v c th lm vic nhm ct c phn t th hai sau khi phn t th nht b s c va ct

ra, ngha l phi ly:
ILvmax = ILvmax1 + ILvmax2

(4-4)

Trn y khi chnh nh thi gian lm vic, ta gi thit rng tt c cc bo v t cc

on ng dy u c trang b b phn nh hng cng sut. Trn thc t i vi mi
on ng dy b phn nh hng cng sut ch cn t u c thi gian lm vic b hn,
nu bo v hai on ng dy c thi gian lm vic ging nhau th c hai u u khng
cn t b phn nh hng cng sut. Chng hn i vi li in trn v d hnh 3-6,a b
phn nh hng cng sut ch cn t cc bo v 2, 4 v 5.
Tc ng ca bo v qu dng c hng ph thuc vo hai yu t: dng in s c v
hng cng sut qua ch t bo v. nhy ca b phn khi ng qu dng in c
I
kim tra theo h s nhy k n N min , cn tc ng ca b phn nh hng cng sut c
I k
kim tra theo c tnh gc (Hnh v 4-6-e). i vi trng hp s c cn kho st, xc nh
vc t in p t vo r le, ly vc t ny lm chun, xc nh min tc ng ca b phn
nh hng theo gc khi ng k. Sau xc nh vc t dng in chy qua r le khi c s
c, nu vc t dng in s c nm trong min tc ng, r le cng sut s lm vic.
Tu theo gc lch pha gia t hp dng v p t vo r le trong ch lm vic bnh
thng m i khi ngi ta cn gi tn cc s bo v qu dng c hng theo nh s
90 o ,60o, 30 o

4.2.5 Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng

i vi ng dy c cung cp t hai pha, nu hai u ng dy t bo v ct
nhanh thng thng, th m bo tnh chn lc dng in khi ng ca c hai bo v phi
chn bng nhau. Trong dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht IN ngoi max chn theo iu kin:
INngoi max = max {INngoi maxA ; INngoi maxB}

(4-5)

trong :
INngoi maxA : Dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht chy qua bo v t pha ngun
A (im N1)
INngoi maxB : Dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht chy qua bo v t pha ngun
B (im N2)
Vi dng in khi ng chn theo cng thc:
Ik = K at . INngoi max v INngoi max = max {INngoi maxA; INngoi maxB}
th vng c bo v t hai pha ca ng dy s rt hn ch. Nu cng sut ngn
mch ca ngun hai u ng dy khc nhau nhiu th c th (Hnh v 4-7-a):
lCNA + lCNB < lAB

74

C ngha c th tn ti mt phn ng dy m khi s c xy ra trn bo v ct

nhanh c hai u u khng lm vic. m rng vng bo v ct nhanh trong nhiu
trng hp ngun cng sut ngn mch chnh lch nhau nhiu, c th t thm b phn nh
hng cng sut hai u c ngun yu hn (Hnh v 4-7-b). Khi y dng in khi ng
ca bo v ct nhanh hai u ng dy c th chn lc khc nhau:
I k k at i Nngoi max A

(4-6)

I k k at i Nngoi max B

trong : kat l h s an ton, c th ly kat = 1,2 1,3.

Nh vy nu t u ngun yu hn b phn nh hng cng sut th vng bo v
ct nhanh u ny s c m rng ra nhiu.
A IN

IN
N

N1

I>>

B
N2

I>>

A IN

IN
N

N1

I>>

I>>

B
N2

I
INA

INA
INB

INB
IK

IKA = IKB

IKB
INngmaxA(N1)

INngmaxB(N2)
A

LCNA

INngmaxA(N1)

INngmaxB(N2)
LCNB

LCNA

LCNB

Hnh v 4-7: Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh khng c hng (a) v c hng (b)

4.3 BO V SO LCH DC NG DY TI IN
4.3.1 Bo v so lch dng in c hm
Nguyn tc lm vic ca bo v so lch dng in trnh by trong chng 3. nng
cao nhy ca bo v v ngn chn tc ng nhm do nh hng ca dng khng cn bng
do sai s ca BI khi c ngn mch ngoi, ngi ta s dng nguyn l hm bo v.
S nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng n c hm trnh by trn Hnh v 4-8-a dng
in so lch Isl (lm vic) xc nh theo:

I I I I I
sl
sl
T1
T2

(4-7)

cn dng in hm c xc nh nh sau:
I I I
H
T1
T2

(4-8)

75

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, dng in lm

vic s b hn nhiu so vi dng in hm (Hnh v 4-8-b) nn r le so lch (So snh bin
ca Ilv v IH) khng lm vic.
Khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v dng in mt u s i chiu lc by gi Ilv >
IH nn r le so lch s lm vic (Hnh v 4-8-c).
Trng hp ch c mt ngun cung cp (chng hn t u 1) th khi xy ra s c trong
vng bo v, dng in s c ch chy qua mt u khi y: I1v I H I T1

IH

I T1

I LV

IH

IT1

I LV I T1 I T2

I LV

I H IT1 IT2
Hnh v 4-8: Bo v so lch dc c hm, a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t ca dng in
lm vic ILV v dng in hm IH khi c ngn mch ngoi (b) v trong vng (c)
bo v c th lm vic trong trng hp ny, dng in lm vic phi chn ln hn
dng in hm, ngha l:
I k 1 .I
lv
H
H

(4-9)

trong : kH - l h s hm v kH < 1; thng chn kH = 0,2 - 0,5.

Gii hn di ca h s hm c chn cho min c dng in ngn mch b nng
cao nhy ca bo v, cn min c dng in ngn mch ln thng chn h s hm cao
ngn chn tc ng nhm mt cch chc chn.
Ilv

2
kH

kH1

Ilvmin

tg

1
t
kH

1
IH

Hnh v 4-9: c tnh lm vic ca bo v so lch c hm (1) v tng quan gia dng in
lm vic Ilv v dng in hm IH khi ngn mch trong vng bo v v ngun cung cp t
mt pha (2)

76

4.3.2 Bo v so lch dng dy dn ph

thc hin nguyn l so lch, dng in hai u phn t c bo v phi c o
v so snh vi nhau. Nu hai u phn t c bo v nm gn nhau (nh cun dy my pht
in, my bin p, ng c in ) c th ni trc tip cc t my bin dng in vi mt b
r le so lch dng chung ct cc my ct c lin quan. i vi ng dy ti in cn phi
dng hai hoc ba b bo v, mi b tc ng ct my ct mt u ng dy.
Cc b bo v ny c ni vi nhau qua cc knh thng tin: Dy dn ph, cp thng
tin, PLC, vi ba hoc cp quang.
i vi cc ng dy ngn c th s dng dy dn ph. S bo v so lch dng
in dng dy dn ph c hai loi: Loi dng in tun hon (Hnh v 4-10-a) v loi cn
bng in p (Hnh v 4-10-b).

Vng bo v

IS1

IS2

2
IH
1

IT1

Dy dn ph

BV2
1

IT2

ILV
2

ILV

BV1

IH

a) Bo v so lch dng in lm vic theo nguyn tc dng in tun hon c hm

IS2

IS1

2
ILV

ILV
1

I11

Dy dn ph

I12

IH

IH

R
2

BV1

BV2

b) Bo v so lch dng in lm vic theo nguyn tc cn bng dng in c hm

Hnh v 4-10: Bo v so lch dng in c hm, dng dy dn ph
S dng in tun hon cn bng ba dy dn ph cn s cn bng in p ch cn
dng hai dy. C hai s thng dng nguyn l hm.
gim bt s lng dy dn ph trong s ba pha ngi ta cn dng phng php
cng dng in pha thng qua cc pha trong my bin dng cng (Hnh v 4-11). H s bin

77

i gia dng phi sao cho dng in cc pha trong my bin dng cng phi chn sao cho
dng in u ra khng b trit tiu i vi bt k mt dng ngn mch no.
Chng hn i vi s trn Hnh v 4-11, t s vng dy gia cc cun l:
W1 : W2 : W3 = 2:1:3

(4-10)

v dng in u ra ca my bin dng cng l:

I 2I I 3I
ra
a
c
N

(4-11)

trong : IN l dng in chy trong dy trung tnh ca t my bin dng u hnh sao.
ch vn hnh i xng v vi dng ngn mch khng chm t IN = 0.
A
Ia
B

Ib

IH
C

Ic
1

Dy dn ph

w1 = 2
ILV
IN

w2 = 1

w4 = 1

w3 = 3
3

Hnh v 4-11: Cng dng in gim bt dy dn ph trong s bo v so lch dng in

S bo v so lch dng in dng dy dn ph c mt s nhc im :
in p cm ng trong dy dn ph ch ngn mch chm t trn ng dy c
bo v c tr s kh ln gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b pha th cp. in p
cm ng ny do t thng th t khng t ng dy ti in mc vng qua mch dy
dn ph gy nn. Dng in th t khng cng ln v chiu di ng dy cng tng th
in p cm ng cng ln.
Dy dn ph cng di xc xut s c dy dn ph (t dy, chp mch) cng cao. Khi
dy dn ph b t c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm, cn khi dy dn ph chp
nhau, bo v c th khng lm vic trong trng hp ngn mch trong vng bo v.
Thnh phn mt chiu trong dng s c c th lm cho cc bin dng b bo ho nng.
V nhng hn ch nu trn nn bo v so lch dng in c hm thng ch c s
dng cho nhng on ng dy ngn ti cng sut ln. Vi nhng ng dy c chiu di
ln, nguyn l so lch thng c s dng kt hp vi cc knh truyn cp nh cp quang
hoc vi ba chng hn bo v so snh pha dng in.

4.3.3 Bo v so snh pha dng in

Dng in hai u ng dy c so snh vi nhau theo tng pha hoc thng qua
mt b cng pha so snh gia hai t hp pha ca dng in hai u ng dy. Vic so
snh c th tin hnh cho hai na chu k (dng v m) hoc ch theo na chu k.
S nguyn l ca bo v so snh pha dng in theo tng pha ring bit trnh by
trn Hnh v 4-12
78

Dng in u mt thng qua my bin dng trung gian BIG (lm nhim v cch ly
mch bo v v to tn hiu chun cho s bo v) v b lc hi c bn L1 to nn tn hiu
chun hnh sin S1. Thng qua b chuyn dng sng (t hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) DS s to
u ra cc sng ch nht S1R. S1R c a vo u vo ca b so snh pha SP. Mt khc
S1R c a qua b lc bin tn BT v b lc L2 a vo b pht P pht thng tin v pha
1 ca dng in u 1 thng qua knh truyn sang pha i din.
Dng in u i din (u 2) cng i tng t a tn hiu S2R n u 1. Cc
tn hiu S1R v S2R c so vi nhau b so pha SP. Nu cc tn hiu ny trng pha nhau,
chng hn u t thanh gp vo ng dy (Hnh v 4-13-b) th u ra ca b so pha SP s

xut hin tn hiu S3, tn hiu ny s kt hp vi tn hiu khi ng gi tn hiu i ct

my ct.
1

BIC

C
B

BIB
BIA

I1

L1

BIG

DS

I2

L2

BT

P
Ct

&

L3

BT

S3

SP

S2R

Pha B
Pha C

B khi ng

Tn hiu khi ng

Hnh v 4-12: S khi bo v so snh pha dng in tng pha ring bit
1

i1

i2
i1

i1

(a)
+

S1 = 1

i1

_
1

i2

S1R

S2 = 2

i2

S2R

(b)

i2

S1R = S2R
S3

79

Hnh v 4-13: Tn hiu so snh pha dng in cho trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng (a)
v trong vng (b) bo v
Trong trng hp ny nu b qua dng in ti trn ng dy ta thy, khi c ngn
mch trong vng bo v gia hai tn hiu u vo S1R v S2R c mt khong trng (khng c
tn hiu). Nu gc lch pha gia hai dng in hai u I1 v I2 b hn 180 o - k (vi k l
gc kho bo v) u ra ca SP s xut hin tn hiu S3.
Khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (Hnh v 4-13-a) dng in hai u ngc nhau,
nn hai tn hiu S1R v S2R lp kn khong trng gia na chu k nn u ra b SP s khng
xut hin tn hiu S3, my ct s khng c ct ra.
tit kim s lng knh thng tin s dng vo mc ch truyn tn hiu pha dng
in, ngi ta thng t hp cc dng in pha theo mt quy lut no thng qua cc my
bin dng cng. Thng ngi ta t hp cc thnh phn i xng ca dng in pha, chng
hn theo quan h:
I I 3I 5I

1
2
0

(4-12)

trong : 1, 2, o tng ng l cc thnh phn th t thun nghch v khng trong

dng in pha.
i khi ngi ta ch t hp cc thnh phn th t thun v nghch theo quan h:

I k I k I

1 1
2 2

(4-13)

trong : k1 = 1 v k2 = 5 7
Cng c th t hp theo dng in ton phn trn s hnh 3.14. in p u ra U
my bin dng tng hp BT (Hnh v 4-14 ) bng :
.

IB

I\
.

IA

U
.

IC

C
BI

Hnh v 4-14: S dng t hp my bin dng BI nhn in p u ra mt pha U t

dng in 3 pha

k U
' U
' k I I Z
I I R
U

B
N
C
N

(4-14)

Trong ch ph ti i xng ta c IN = 0, ta c :
k I Z

U

B I CR

(4-15)

trong :
80

k : l t s bin i ca BI
v R l tng tr v in tr tc dng dng chnh nh trong mch u ra
ca BI
Nu chn quan h gia dng in pha v cc thnh phn ca n theo (4-13) th:

ke j1200 R Z
e j1200 I k I
U

1
2 2

(4-16)

0
Z Re j120
trong : h s k 2 j1200
e
Z
R

Theo (4-16), khi h s bin i K v cc i lng Z, R bit, in p t hp ch

t tr s cc i,
ph thuc vo I1 v I2. Khi ngn mch chm t mt pha 1 = 2 v 1 v U

khi ngn mch ba pha 2 = 0 v U t tr s cc tiu.

Trn Hnh v 4-14 c th thy tn hiu u ra ca b so pha S3 c kt hp vi tn hiu
khi ng theo l gch " V " cho tn hiu ct. Tn hiu khi ng c th nhn c t b
phn khi ng lm vic theo nhiu nguyn tc khc nhau nh dng in cc i, tng tr
cc tiu, hng cng sut
Mt s b phn khi ng lm vic theo thnh phn i xng ca dng in hoc cng
sut. Vi cc ng dy di ( > 200 km ) c th dng r le tng tr cc tiu c c tnh khi
ng hn ch lm b khi ng.

4.4 BO V KHONG CCH

Nguyn l bo v khong cch c s dng rt rng ri bo v cc ng dy ti
in. Vo nhng nm u u th k 20, bo v khong cch c xem nh loi bo v hon
ho nht bo v cc ng dy ti in.
Tri qua ngt mt th k, cc r le khong cch c nghin cu rt rng ri v khng
ngng c ci tin qua cc th h t r le in c, r le tnh n cc r le s ngy nay. Tnh
nng ca r le khong cch nht l nhng hp b bo v khong cch s dng k thut s
hin i c m rng v a dng hn nhiu so vi cc r le trc y.

4.4.1 Chn gi tr khi ng v thi gian lm vic r le khong cch

R le khong cch dng bo v cc ng dy truyn ti thng c nhiu vng tc
ng, chng hn ba vng cho pha trc v mt vng cho pha sau (theo hng tc ng t
thanh gp vo ng dy ti ni t r le khong cch).
Cc vng tc ng v pha trc lm nhim v d phng cho nhau v cho bo v on
lin k.
Ngc vi cch chn thi gian trong bo v qu dng in (C c tnh thi gian c
lp), ngn mch cng gn ch t bo v cng c loi tr nhanh. chnh lch v thi
gian lm vic gia cc vng bo v lin k nhau t cng chn ging nh i vi bo v qu
dng in, ngha l:
t = 0,3 0,5 s

(4-17)

81

Vng th nht ca bo v vi thi gian lm vic tI = 0 bao trm khong 80 - 90% chiu
di ca ng dy c bo v, ngha l tng tr khi ng ZAI ca vng th nht ca bo v
t u A trn ng dy AB (hnh 3-15,a) c chn theo biu thc:
I k Z
Z
A
at AB

(4-18)

trong : h s kat < 1 c xt n sai s ca cc mch o lng (dng in, in p),

ca bn thn r le khong cch v ca vic xc nh thng s tng tr ng dy Z AB .
vi cc r le in c c th ly kat = 0,8, vi cc r le s c chnh xc cao hn c th
ly kat = 0,85; nu tng tr ca ng dy c o trc tip v s dng r le s th kat
c th ly bng 0,9.

A
MCA

B
ZAB

MCB

ZBC

N1

D
MCC

ZCD

N2

RZA

RZC

RZB
tIIIA
tIIA

tIA

B
ZAI =0,8ZAB

tIIIB

tIIB

tIB

tIIC
tIC

C
ZBI =0,8ZBC

ZAII =0,8(ZAB+ZBi)

(a)

D
ZCI =0,8ZCD

(b)

ZAIII =0,8[ZAB+0,8(ZBC +ZiC)]

Hnh v 4-15: Phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng tc ng ca
bo v khong cch, a) S li in, b) Phi hp c tnh khi ng v thi gian
Tng tr khi ng ca vng th II ca bo v u A cn c phi hp vi vng th II
ca bo v on tip theo (u B) theo biu thc:
II k Z k Z

Z
A
at
AB
at BC

(4-19)

trong :
ZBI l tng tr khi ng vng th nht ca bo v t u B ng dy tip
theo
kat c chn nh trn nhm phi hp chn lc gia hai vng th II ca bo v
A v B lin k.
Tng t nh vy c th tnh tng tr khi ng ca vng th III
82

II k Z k Z Z
I
Z
A
at
AB
at
BC
C

(4-20)

trong : ZCI l tng tr khi ng vng th nht ca bo v t u C ca ng

dy lin k vi ng dy tip theo.
Nu t thanh ci cui ng dy c nhiu ng dy ra th ng dy c chiu di ngn
nht c chn phi hp vi tng tr vng th nht ca ng dy ang xt. Thng
thng tng tr khi ng cp II t nht cng bao trm c 20% chiu di on ng dy
tip theo lm bo v d phng chng cc h hng trn thanh gp cui ng dy ny.
Vng khi ng th III thng bao ly ton b chiu di ng dy di nht tip theo
lm bo v d phng cho ng dy ny (Hnh v 4-16).
Kh nng d phng cho nhau gia cc vng bo v v gia cc bo v khong cch lin
k c th thy trn (Hnh v 4-15). Khi ngn mch trn ng dy AB (im N1, Hnh v
4-15-a) trong vng I ca r le khong cch RZ A, bo v s ct my ct MCA vi thi gian cp
I l tAI 0. Nu vng th I t chi tc ng, vng II s ct MCA vi tAII v nu vng II cng
li t chi th vng III s ct MCA vi tAIII.
Khi ngn mch cui ng dy BC (im N2 Hnh v 4-15-a) trong vng II ca r le
khong cch RZB, bo v s ct MCB vi thi gian cp II l tAII. Nu vng II ca r le RZB t
chi tc ng th vng III ca r le RZA tc ng ct my ct u ngun MCA vi thi gian
tAIII . Nh vy r le RZA lm nhim v d phng cho RZB.
A

ZAB

C1

ZBC1

ng dy ngn nht

RZB1

RZA

C2

ZBC

ng dy di nht

RZB2
tIIIA
tIIA
tIA
A

tIB1
B

ZI A= 0,8.ZAB
ZIIA= 0,8(.ZAB +
I

tIIB1
tIB2

ZI B1=

tIIB2

C1

C2

ZIB2=
ZIIIA= 0,8[(ZAB + 0,8(ZBC2 +ZIC2)]

Hnh v 4-16: Phi hp cc vng bo v khong cch trong trng hp t thanh ci cui
ng dy c nhiu dy ra

4.4.2 Bo v khong cch cc ng dy c t t in b dc :

Trn cc ng dy di, siu cao p, ngi ta thng lp ni tip vo ng dy cc
b t in c tn gi l t b dc.

83

Cc b t ny lm gim cm khng ca ng dy, tng gii hn truyn ti cng sut

theo iu kin n nh ca h thng, gim tn tht v ci thin iu kin phn b in p theo
dc chiu di ng dy nhng ch ti cng sut khc nhau.
Cc b t in b dc c th t tp trung hoc phn tn theo dc chiu di ng dy.
Tu theo mc b v v tr t ca b t m tng tr o c u ng dy s khc
nhau. Mc b dc c c trng bng h s b dc KC biu din t s gia dung khng
XC ca t b dc v cm khng XL ca ng dy. i vi cc ng dy truyn ti siu cao
p thng chn h s b dc KC = 0,25 0,75 (ng dy 500 kV Bc - Nam ca Vit Nam
c KC = 0,6).

(a)

(b)

XC=0,6X L

L
2

Z
X1
XN

0,4XL

0,4X L
-X C

XC=0,6XL

(e)

XC
=0,3X L
2

XC
2

XC
=0,3XL
(g) 2

XC
L

XL
3

XC
2

L
3

X
0,4X1

-0,1XL

L
3
X1

0,5XL
XC - L

- 0,6XL

(d)

X C=0,6XL

(c)

XL

XC
2

XC
2

0,4XL
L

0,4XL
XC
2

XC
2
L

Hnh v 4-17: in khng ng dy ph thuc vo dung khng v v tr t t b dc

Trn Hnh v 4-17 trnh by quan h bin thin ca tng tr o c u ng dy
c h s b KC = 0,6 vi phng n t t b khc nhau. Thng thng d dng cho vic
lp t, vn hnh v bo qun, ngi ta t t b dc gn thanh ci cc trm u ng dy
(Hnh v 4-17-b,d,g).

84

(a)

X CA

RZ3

XCB

RL, X L

RZ2

RZ1

RZ4

jX

jX
X1

X1

ZII1
(c)

ZI1

(b)

B
2

ZII1

ZI1

XC
B

ZI3

XCA

ZL

RL

R
I

Z3

RL

Hnh v 4-18: Bo v khong cch trn ng dy c b dc, a) S nguyn l, b) khi b

t lm vic bnh thng, c) khi b t b ni tt
i vi cc ng dy c t t b dc, hnh vi ca bo v khong cch c th b sai
lch khi ngn mch xy ra nhng v tr khc nhau trn ng dy. Chng hn, v d trn
Hnh v 4-18 r le khong cch RZ1 t u A khng th "nhn thy" ngn mch ti N1 sau
b t XCA (Hnh v 4-18-a) v c mt phn ng dy trc c th phn ng sai, tc
ng mt chn lc v im N1 li ri vo min tc ng ca RZ3 (Hnh v 4-18,b).
ngn chn tc ng sai ca cc r le khong cch, trong trng hp ny c th dng
phng php ni tt b t khi xy ra ngn mch v cho vng I ca cc r le khong cch tc
ng vi mt tr chng 0,1 - 0,15 s.
Khi b t b ni tt, c tnh tng tr ca ng dy c bo v tr li ging nh
nhng ng dy bnh thng khng c b dc v r le khong cch c th m bo tnh
chn lc bnh thng (Hnh v 4-18-c).
Khi c ngn mch tu theo v tr im s c (tr s ca dng ngn mch) v thi gian
tn ti s c m cc thit b ny s lm vic v ni tt b t li. Tt nhin ni tt t v cho
vng I ca r le khong cch lm vic tr s nh hng n tnh tc ng nhanh ca bo v.
Cc nguyn l bo v khc nh so snh dng in, so snh pha . . . khng chu nh
hng ca b dc v c th c s dng lm bo v chnh song song vi bo v khong
cch.

4.5 BO V SO SNH HNG

loi tr nhanh s c, ngi ta xc nh hng cng sut ngn mch t hai u ng
dy v so snh vi nhau (qua knh truyn tn hiu). Nu s c xy ra ng trn ng dy
c bo v th hng cng sut c hai u u dng (t thanh gp vo ng dy), s
trng hp v hng ny cho php tc ng ct my ct c hai u vi thi gian nhanh nht.
bo v chng ngn mch chm t trong mng in c in tr chm t ln (t vi
chc n vi trm m) thng dng s so snh hng cng sut hng dng r le khong
cch khng nhy, v vy ngi ta dng thm bo v so snh hng cng sut th t
khng. C hai bo v ny c th dng chung knh thng tin hoc mi bo v mt loi knh
ring bit.
85

S nguyn l ca b phn nh hng cng sut th t khng P0 trnh by trn Hnh

v 4-19

3I0
I0

&
3U0

Ct

P0

Hnh v 4-19: S nguyn l ca bo v theo hng cng sut th t khng

Dng in I0 v in p U0 c ly qua cc b lc LI0 v LU0 (cun tam gic h ca
BU). tng nhy v dng in c th dng b lc LI0 vi mch t (cng t thng ca ba
dng in ba pha).
Bo v so snh hng cng sut th t khng c th c thc hin theo s trao i
tn hiu kho hoc tn hiu cho php. Trn Hnh v 4-20 trnh by s ca bo v so snh
hng cng sut th t khng truyn tn hiu cho php.
Khi ngn mch chm t xy ra trn ng dy c bo v cc b nh hng cng
sut s gi tn hiu ct n my ct u ca mnh ng thi gi tn hiu cho php (CP) sang
bo v u i din. Tn hiu ct xut hin ng thi vi tn hiu cho php t u i din
thng qua cng "V" tc ng ct my ct vi thi gian rt b (khong thi gian truyn tn
hiu cho php qua knh thng tin).
m bo ct my ct trong trng hp ngn mch trn ng dy c bo v ca
knh truyn tin b trc trc (Khi nhn c tn hiu cho php t u i din) v lm d
phng cho cc ng dy tip theo bo v hng cng sut th t khng c th gi tn hiu
ct my ct u ca mnh thng qua r le thi gian RT.
A

Ct
P0

3U0

I0 >

P0

I0 >

&

Ct

3I0

3I0

3U0

&

RT

1
RT

&

Knh thng tin

&

CP

CP

Hnh v 4-20: S nguyn l ca bo v so snh hng cng sut th t khng truyn tn

hiu cho php
86

S ny c nhc im l khng th ct nhanh ngn mch khi ng dy b ct t

mt pha khi y khng c tn hiu cho php v s c s c loi tr vi thi gian t ca RT.
Gn y ngi ta cn s dng nguyn l xc nh hng cng sut ngn mch theo cc
thng s qu ca dng v p gn ng dy khi sy ra s c (Hnh v 4-21):
i (t) = i (t) - i0 (t)

(4-21)

u (t) = u (t) - u 0(t)

(4-22)

trong :
i (t), u(t) l thng s u vo ca dng v p do nguyn nhn s c
i0(t), u0(t) l thng s u vo ca dng v p trc khi xy ra s c
i (t), u (t) l bin thin ca thng s u vo ca dng v p do nguyn
nhn s c.

i(t)
i(t)

(a)
i

i0(t)

u
t

Hnh v 4-21: S bin thin ca dng (a) v p (b) ti ch t bo v trc v sau thi im
s c (t = 0)

4.6 NGUYN L BO CHNG CHM T

4.6.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Trong li in c dng chm t thng qua tn hiu dng chy qua im trung tnh
(nu ni t qua cun PETERSEN hoc in tr) hoc tn hiu in p th t khng xut hin
trung im ca h thng trong ch qu (chm t khng n nh) hoc ch xc lp
(chm t n nh). Nhng tn hiu ny cn c th c s dng nh v phn t b chm
t trong h thng.
Thng dng nhng loi tn hiu sau pht hin chm t v xc nh v tr im
chm t.
Dng in chm t xc lp
Cng sut chm t xc lp
Dng in chm t qu
87

Hi bc cao ca cng sut h thng hoc tn hiu cao tn do chm t to nn.

Cc loi bo v chng chm t trong li in c dng chm t b thng c s
dng gm:
Bo v qu dng in th t khng
Bo v qu dng in th t khng c hng
Bo v pht hin chm t khng n nh
Bo v th t khng c hng phn ng theo hi bc cao

4.6.2 Bo v qu dng in th t khng

Bo v qu dng in th t khng thng c s dng cho li in hnh tiac cp
in t mt pha vi dng in chm t chy qua ch t bo v vt gi tr chnh nh.
Dng in chm t c xc nh: I I A 3I oN 3 jCU d ph thuc vo cp in
p ca li in v in dung trong tng ng tr i vi t v cc phn t ni trc tip v
in vi nhau ca li in. Dng in ny thng b hn nhiu so vi dng in ti cc i
ca ng dy c bo v. Nu dng in chm t c tr s ln, ngi ta thng lp t
vo tng im ca h thng cc cun PETERSEN ci thin iu kin vn hnh ca li
in.
C hai loi b lc dng in th t khng thng c s dng: loi dng ba my bin
dng v loi dng mt my bin dng c li t chung cho c ba pha (dng b lc dng in
th t khng)
Loi dng mt my bin dng c li t chung cho c ba pha c sai s thp hn, nhy
cao hn, v vy thch hp vi nhim v pht hin dng in chm t b trong li in c
trung im khng ni t trc tip. T s bin i ca cc my bin dng th t khng ny
thng bng 60/1 hoc 75/1A, khi c chm t dng in th cp ca bin dng c th o
c t vi chc n vi trm miliampe. c th tc ng vi dng in b nh vy thng
phi s dng nhng r le dng in c bit c nhy cao. Thi gian lm vic ca cc bo
v trong li in thng c phi hp theo nguyn tc bc thang nh i vi bo v dng
in thng thng.

4.6.3 Bo v qu dng in th t khng c hng

Bo v ny thng c s dng trong li in c trung im khng ni t hoc ni
t qua cun PETERSEN. Vi li in c trung im khng ni t, bo v phn ng theo
hng ca thnh phn in dung trong cng sut chm t, cn i vi li in c c trung
im ni t qua cun PETERSEN bo v phn ng theo thnh phn tc dng ca cng sut
chm t. Cng sut s c bao gi cng hng n im s c.
Trn Hnh v 4-22 trnh by s phn b dng in s c (in dung), khi c chm t
trn cc ng dy khc nhau trong li in hnh tia c cung cp t mt pha vi trung
im khng ni t trc tip.

88

I0D1
A

D1

(b)

N(1)

(a)

I0N
I0D2

I0D2
C

D2

D2

I0D3

(3)

D3

D3

I0N

Hnh v 4-22: Phn b dng in s c (in dung) khi c chm t trn cc ng dy khc
nhau trong li in hnh tia c trung tnh khng ni t. (a) Chm t ng dy D3; (b)
Chm t ng dy D1

MC

LI0

Cp

3I0
LU

3U0
A B C

Hnh v 4-23: S xc nh gc lch pha 0 gia dng (I0) v p (U0) th t khng

Hng dng in cc ng dy D1, D2, D3 ph thuc vo v tr im chm t trong
li in. Hng dng in u ng dy b s c bao gi cng t thanh gp n ch b
s s. Nu so snh pha 0 ca dng in th t khng I0 u ng dy vi in p th t
khng U0 (c ly t u cun dy u tam gic h ca BU) th hng cng sut th t
khng P0 c th c xc nh theo gc pha 0 ny. S xc nh gc lch pha 0 gia I0
v U0 trnh by trn Hnh v 4-23.

89

 gim chi ph ngi ta thng dng mt b bo v xc nh hng cng sut th t

khng chung cho tt c cc ng dy ra t thanh gp ca trm vi thit b i ni S trong
mch in ca cc l xut tuyn (Hnh v 4-24).
Trong h thng c trung im ni t qua cun PETERSEN c th s dng r le o
thnh phn dng in chy qua trung tnh gy nn pht hin chm t. Tr s ca thnh
phn cng sut ny ph thuc vo tr s ca in tr tc dng cun PETERSEN v tn tht
cng sut tc dng do dng in dung gy nn trong h thng.

MC1

MC2

MC3

BU0
BI01

D1

BI02

BI03

D2

D3

3U0
S1

S2

S3
3I0

Hnh v 4-24: S nguyn l s dng chung cho ton trm mt b xc nh hng cng
sut th t khng, c i ni trong mch dng in th t khng ca cc ng dy

Trong nhnh s c ca li in trung p, tr s dng in sau khi b (bng cun

PETERSEN) cn khong 5 8% dng in in dung chm t khi cha c cun
PETERSEN (gii hn di i vi mng cp, cn gii hn trn i vi mng trn khng).
Thnh phn tc dng ca dng in trong dy trung tnh ca li in cao p cn c tr
s thp hn v i vi nhng li in b (c chiu di ngn) c th khng cho r le
bo chm t tc ng, c bit nu k n nh hng ca cc hi bc cao do ph ti v nhiu
gy nn trong li in.
V vy m bo cho r le bo chm t lm vic chc chn vi nhy cn thit,
ngi ta tm cch tng thnh phn dng in tc dng (n khong 20A) bng cch ni thm
in tr tc dng song song vi cun PETERSEN trong mt khong thi gian ngn sau khi
pht hin c chm t.
Hnh v 4-25trnh by s nguyn l ca gii php ny. in tr tc dng R c mc
song song vi cun PETERSEN qua b ng ct S sau hai n ba giy khi pht sinh chm
t. Chm t c pht hin khi xut hin U0 hai u cun tm gic h ca BU. Thi gian
tr khi ng S c khng ch bng r le thi gian 1RT. R le thi gian 2RT to tr khi
a in p U0 vo cc b nh hng cng sut th t khng ca cc l ra D1 v D2.
B ng ct S s gi trng ng trong mt khong thi gian cn thit cho r le
xc nh mt cch chc chn v tr im chm t.

90

BI01

D1
3I0D1

BI02

D2

3I0D2
BU0

RU

t2

U0>

U0

2RT

Cun
Petersen

1RT

t1

Hnh v 4-25: Mc in tr song song vi cun Petersen tng nhy ca bo v chng

chm t

4.6.4 Bo v chng chm t chp chn

Cc s bo v chng chm t xt thng c p dng bo v chng cc
dng chm t n nh v cc bo v ny u s dng nhng i lng u vo (U0, I0) xc
lp.
Bng cch o cc i lng qu ca dng v p th t khng cc thi im u
ca qu trnh, c th pht hin s c chm t trc khi n tr thnh s c n nh v pht
hin c im xy ra s c chp chn.
Nguyn l lm vic ca bo v chng chm t chp chn da trn hin tng dng
in qu khi xy ra chm t trong mng c trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun
PETERSEN c tr s rt ln. Sng dng in qu chu k u c th ln hn dng in
chm t xc lp gp nhiu ln. Du ca dng in na chu k u tin ca qu trnh qu
c s dng xc nh hng s c. S nguyn l ca bo v chng chm t chp
chn trnh by trn Hnh v 4-26 dng I0 v U0 c ua qua cc bin p tng hp BTH1 v
BTH2 ly ra cc in p Ua v Ub theo quan h:
U
I
U
a
0
0

(4-23)

U
I
U
a
0
0

(4-24)

Cc in p u ra Ua v Ub c nn qua cc b chnh lu CL1 v CL2 v tr s c

so snh vi nhau. Nu s c xy ra trn phn t c bo v th:
U

U
a
b

(4-25)

91

BI0

BTH1

ua

I0
BU0

ub
C
C
C

FF1

CL1

CL2

RM1

RM2

BTH2

v
FF2

R
U0

Hnh v 4-26: Nguyn l ca s bo v chng chm t chp

V tn hiu in p thng qua b lc L c a n cc r le mc RM1 v RM2 lm
vic theo ch kho lin ng nhau. Khi mt r le no khi ng s kho khng cho r
le kia lm vic, thng tin v trng thi khi ng ca mt r le mc no s c lu tr li
trong b lt (Flip-Flop) FF1 v FF2 tng ng.
B bo v ny thng c s dng kt hp vi cc bo v chng chm t n nh
xt trn bo v cho cc h thng ni t qua cun PETERSEN.

4.7 CU HI N TP
1 Bo v ng dy ti in bng bo v qu dng in c c tnh thi gian c lp v
ph thuc.
2 S dng bo v qu dng c hng bo v cc ng dy ti in. Cch phi hp
thi gian tc ng gia cc bo v.
3 Lnh vc ng dng ca bo v ct nhanh c hng.
4 S dng bo v so lch c hm bo v cc ng dy ti in.
5 Bo v cc ng dy ti in bng r le khong cch. Phi hp tng tr thi gian tc
ng gia cc cp ca bo v khong cch.
6 Bo v khong cch ca ng dy c t t b dc?
7 Bo v chng chm t trong li in c dng chm t b?

92

CHNG 5: BO V MY PHT IN NG B
5.1 CC DNG H HNG V TNH TRNG LM VIC KHNG BNH
THNG CA MY PHT IN
My pht in ng b l phn t quan trng nht trong h thng in, s lm vic tin
cy cu my pht in c nh hng quyt nh n tin cy ca ton h thng. V vy i
vi my pht in, c bit l my c cng sut ln, ngi ta t nhiu loi bo v khc nhau
chng tt c cc loi s c v ch lm vic khng bnh thng xy ra bn trong cc
cun dy cng nh bn ngoi my pht.
Nhng s c bn trong cun dy ca my pht in ng b bao gm:
1 i vi cun dy Stato :
Cun dy b chm t (chm v)
Ngn mch gia cc cun dy (cc pha)
Cc vng dy chm nhau
2 i vi cc cun dy r to :
Chm t 1 im
Chm t 2 im
Nhng h hng v ch lm vic khng bnh thng xy ra bn ngoi cun dy my
pht in bao gm:
Ngn mch gia cc pha
Ti khng i xng
Mt kch thch
Mt ng b
Qu ti cun dy Stato
Qua ti cun dy r to
Qu in p
Tn s thp
My pht in lm vic ch ng c
Tu theo cng sut ca my pht in, vai tr ca my pht trong h thng loi my
pht in (nhit in, thu in, thu in tch nng ) v s u dy ca nh my in
(c h thng thanh gp in p my pht ni ph ti a phng hay my pht in ni theo
s b vi my pht in ln thanh gp truyn ti) m ngi ta la chn phng thc bo
v thch hp.
i vi nhng my pht in cng sut ln, xu th hin nay l lp t hai h thng bo
v c lp nhau vi ngun in thao tc ring, mi h thng bo v bao gm mt bo v
chnh v mt s bo v d phng c th thc hin y cc chc nng bo v cho my pht
in.
93

5.2 BO V CHNG CHM T CUN DY STATO

Chm t trong cun dy stato l loi s c bn trong thng gp my pht in.
mng in p my pht thng lm vic vi trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua cun
PETERSEN nu dng in chm t khng ln, c bit i vi my pht in ni b vi
my bin p:

I (1)

U P
2

rq X C 0

(5-1)

trong :
: l phn trm cun dy t trung im n v tr chm t
Up : l in p pha ca my pht in
rq : l in tr qu ti ch s c
XCo l dung khng ba pha ng tr ca tt c cc phn t trong mng in p
my pht
Nu b qua in tr qu ti ch s c (rq = 0) dng chm t bng:

I (1) 3 C0 U P

(5-2)

Khi chm t xy ra gn u cc my pht ( = 1) dng t tr s ln nht :

I (1) ( 1) max 3C 0 U P

(5-3)

Nu dng chm t ln cn phi t cun PETERSEN, theo quy nh cun PETERSEN

cn phi t khi:
I(1)max 30 A

i vi mng c Ud = 6 kV

I(1)max

i vi mng c Ud = 10 kV

20 A

Kinh nghim cho thy rng, dng in I(1) 5 A c kh nng duy tr tia la in ti ch
chm t lm hng cun dy v li thp ti ch s c, v vy bo v cn phi tc ng ct
my pht in.
Thc t nu c ph ti cp in p my pht, c bit i vi mng cp, thng dng
chm t I(1) vt qu tr s 5A. Ngay c trong trng hp c t cun PETERSEN vi tnh
ton b hon ton dng in dung vn c kh nng dng chm t vt qu 5A khi ng ct
cc ng dy cp in p my pht trong qu trnh vn hnh.
i vi my pht in ni b vi my bin p, bo v ch cn tc ng bo tn hiu v
dng in chm t b.
V dng chm t I(1)x ph thuc vo v tr ca im chm t, nn nu im chm
t xy ra gn pha trung tnh ( 0) bo v s khng nhy.
Bo v ch m bo c nhy khi 30%, ngha l ch bo v c khong 70 %
cun dy stato k t u cc my pht vo (Hnh v 5-1).
Phng php hng dng in c th m rng vng bo v chng chm t n khong
90 % cun dy k t u cc my pht vo. S nguyn l bo v trnh by trn Hnh v
5-2.

94


I(

1)

1)

I(

UP

1)

I(

C0F

C0H

Hnh v 5-1: Chm t trong cun dy Stato my pht in

BU0
3U0
K
Vng tc
ng

IU
(a)
R1

3I0 = I(1)

BTH1
ILV

+I(1)

C1

R2

C2

-I(1)

I
t

CL1

Vng hm

RI

BI0

BTH2
IH

LV
(b)

CL2

Hnh v 5-2: Bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stato my pht in u trc tip vi
thanh gp in p my pht: a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t
R le so snh tng quan gia dng in lm vic Ilv v dng in hm IH theo quan h:

I I H I lv

(5-4)

I I I (1)
H
U

(5-5)

I I I (1)
lv
U

(5-6)

trong :

Vi U l dng in ly t ngun in p U0 (Hnh v 5-2 - a) cn I(1) ly t b lc dng

th t khng.
T th vc t Hnh v 5-2-b c th thy rng, iu kin lm vic ca bo v c xc
nh theo du I, bo v s tc ng ct my pht khi I > 0 ngha l | I H I lv , iu ny
c tho mn nu chm t xy ra trong vng bo v. ng K-L trn th vc t Hnh v
5-2-b l ranh gii gia min tc ng v min hm ca bo v.
95

Nu chuyn mch kho K (Hnh v 5-2-a) u in p U0 qua in tr R1 thay cho t C1

th s c th s dng bo v cho cc my pht in c dng in s c so snh vi
thnh phn phn khng ca dng in khi trung im ca cun dy my pht in khng ni
t.
Nu thnh phn tc dng v thnh phn phn khng ca dng in chm t gn bng
nhau, ngi ta s dng s 450 khi y kho K (Hnh v 5-2-a) s chuyn sang mch R2, C2
vi thng s c la chn thch hp.
Vi my pht in cng sut ln ngi ta yu cu cn phi bo v 100% cun dy Stato
chng chm t ngn chn kh nng chm t vng gn trung im ca cun dy do cc
nguyn nhn c hc. Ngy nay bo v 100% cun dy Stato chng chm t, ngi ta
thng dng hai phng php sau y:
Theo di bin thin ca bi bc ba trong sng in p trung im v u cc cun dy
my pht in.
a thm mt in p hm tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy my pht in.
Phng php theo di s bin thin ca bi bc ba trong sng in p da trn c s l
do tnh phi truyn ca mch t my pht in m trong sng in p ca cun dy my pht
bao gi cng cha cc bi bc ba. Trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, nu o in p ca
bi bc ba cc im khc nhau trn cun dy s vi t ta c phn t nh trn Hnh v 5-3a. Tr s ca in p o c t l vi tr s dng in ti ca my pht in.
UFD
UFD

(a) N

50%

F
100%

UN
UN

UFD
UFD

(b)

(c)

100%

50%

50%

F
100%

UN
UN

Hnh v 5-3: Phn b thnh phn hi bc ba dc theo cun dy stato my pht in, a) ch
bnh thng; b) khi chm t trung im; c) u cc my pht in.
Khi my y ti, in p ny (UN) ln hn so vi khi khng ti (U U).
Khi chm t mt u cun dy (N hoc F), in p u kia tng ln gn gp i so
vi ch tng ng trc khi chm t (Hnh v 5-3-b, c).
S bo v chng chm t trong cun dy Stato vng gn trung im da trn
nguyn tc so snh hi bc ba cha trong in p u trung tnh UN v in p u cc my
pht in UF trnh by trn (Hnh v 5-4,a). R le in p RU2 ni qua b lc tn s LF (cho
qua bi bc ba) vo u ra a, b ca cun tm gic h BU0. Cc tng tr Z1 v Z2 c la
chn sao cho trong ch lm vic bnh thng Uab = 0 (Hnh v 5-4-b). Cn khi chm t
96

xy ra gn trung im Uab c tr s ln hn nhiu so vi in p khi ng ca RU2 (Hnh v

5-4-c).
S bo v ny c mt s nhc im:
Khi chm t vng gn gia cun dy, bo v c th khng lm vic v thnh phn bi
bc ba trong in p qu b (Hnh v 5-3-a);
in p Uab t vo r le s suy gim khi in tr ch s c ln;
S khng pht hin c chm t khi my pht in khng lm vic;
Trong mt s loi my pht in, thnh phn hi bc ba khng ln bo v c th
pht hin c.
khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta dng phng php a thm mt in p hm
tn s thp vo trung im ca cun dy my pht in (Hnh v 5-5).

MP

(a)

a, b

2BU0

UND

(b)

UFD

RU1

N
UND

R0

a
Z2
LF1
UF

Z1
1BU0

N
(c)

UND

UFD
b

RU2

Hnh v 5-4: S bo v 100% cun dy stato chng chm t theo hi bc 3: a) s

nguyn l, b) th vc t trong ch vn hnh bnh thng, c) khi c chm t gn trung
im my pht in
Dng in I t ngun 20 Hz sau khi qua b lc 1LF c phn thnh hai thnh phn:
chy vo BU0 ni vi trung tnh my pht in v B chy qua in tr t R. Thnh phn
thng qua my bin dng trung gian BIG v b lc tn s 2LF c nn thnh dng in lm
vic. Dng in I lv a vo r le so snh vi dng in hm I H cng do ngun 20 Hz to
ra thng qua in tr t Rc. Dng in hm c tr s khng thay i. ch lm vic bnh
thng (R = ), dng in I c xc nh theo in dung ca cun dy i vi t CE nn
tr s b do I lv I H v r le s khng tc ng.
Khi c chm t, dng I c xc nh ch yu theo in tr chm t R, I lv I H
r le s tc ng ct my pht in.
Cc b lc tn s 1LF v 2LF m bo cho s ch lm vic vi thnh phn 20HZ,
ngoi ra b lc 1LF bo v cho my pht 20 HZ khi b qu ti bi dng in tn s cng
nghip 50 Hz khi c chm t xy ra gn u cc my pht in.

97

MP
B

RD

CD

1LF

iD

20 Hz

i
IB

RB

BIG

RC

2LF
Lm vic

+
RL

Ct

Hm

|IC|

|ILV|

|ID|

Hnh v 5-5: S bo v 100% cun dy stato chng chm t c a thm in p hm

20Hz vo trung im my pht in

5.3 BO V CHNG NGN MCH GIA CC PHA

Vic tnh ton dng in s c bn trong cun dy Stato my pht in khi xy ra chm
chp gia cc pha rt phc tp. C th nh gi mt cch nh tnh quan h gia dng in s
c cho tng trng hp n gin nht: chm chp ba pha i xng trong cun dy my pht
tua bin hi hai cc khi n lm vic ring r vi h thng (hnh 4-6). Dng in s c I(3) ph
thuc vo v tr im chm chp vi l s vng dy (%) tnh t trung im ca cun dy
n im s c :
I (3 )

E
Z

(5-7)

trong :
E l sc in ng cm ng trong phn cun dy b chp v E = . EP
EP l sc in ng pha
Z = R + jX l tng tr phn cun dy b chp
X l in khng phn cun dy b chp, n ph thuc vo my pht in, i
vi loi my pht in tua bin hi hai cc ta c:
X = 2. XP
(5-8)
XP l in khng pha ca cun dy my pht in
R l in tr tc dng ca mch vng ngn mch
R = RP + Rq

(5-9)
98

RP l in tr pha ca cun dy, Rq l in tr qu ti ch s c.

T c th xc nh dng in s c:

I (3 )

E P

R P .X 2 P
2

(5-10)

Nu b qua in tr tc dng ta c:
I (3 )

E P
.X P

(5-11)

T (5-10) v (5-11) ta c nhn xt:

Khi chm chp gia cc pha trng cun dy my pht in, dng in s c c th ln
hn dng in khi ngn mch trn u cc my pht in v in khng X ca mch
vng ngn mch gim nhanh hn sc in ng E .
Nu xt n nh hng ca in tr tc dng R (trong in tr qu Rq ng vai
tr quyt nh) th khi chm chp gn trung im my pht in dng in s c c th
c tr s rt b.
cc dng ngn mch khng i xng, tnh cht ph thuc ca dng in s c vo v
tr im ngn mch cng tng t nh i vi ngn mch ba pha.
i vi my pht in nhiu cc, quan h gia dng in s c v v tr im ngn
mch phc tp hn nhiu. Trong mt s trng hp dng in s c c th b hn c
dng in nh mc ca my pht.
bo v chng chm chp gia cc pha trong cun dy my pht in ngi ta s
dng bo v so lch c hm lm bo v chnh (vi my pht c cng sut ln) hoc bo
v qu dng in (my pht cng sut trung bnh v b).

5.3.1 Bo v so lch hm
Nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so lch dng in c hm i vi cun dy stato ca
my pht in cng tng t nh i vi ng dy ti in trnh by trong chng 4.
Trong s bo v my pht in, ngi ta t hai nhm my bin dng hai u cun dy,
pha trung im (BI1) v pha u cc (BI2).
Trn Hnh v 5-7 trnh by s nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng in c hm dng
cho my pht in ng b. Khc vi bo v ng dy ti in, cc t my bin dng nm
gn nhau nn chng c th c ni trc tip vi nhau bng dy dn ph.
Thng thng hai nhm BI (BI1) v (BI2) pha trung tnh v u cc ca my pht
in c chn hon ton ging nhau nn ngi ta c th dng phng n bo v so lch tng
tr cao bo v cho my pht in (Hnh v 5-8-a). R le so lch RU trong s ny c
in tr kh ln v phn ng theo in p Usl t ln mch so lch. ch vn hnh bnh
thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, nu cc nhm bin dng BI1 v BI2 khng b bo ho hoc
c mc bo ho ging nhau th cc sc in ng E1 v E2 v cm khng L1, L2 ging nhau
phn b in p trong mch in nh trn (Hnh v 5-8-b).
Tr s in p t trn r le so lch Usl ph thuc vo tng quan gia in tr th cp
R1 v R2 ca my bin dng (gm in tr cun th cp v dy dn ph ni gia hai nhm
my bin dng).
Khi R1 = R2 th Usl = 0 nh trong Hnh v 5-8-b)
99

Khi ngn mch ngoi, nu hai t BI c mc bo ho khc nhau th in p t trn r le

so lch c th khc khng. Trng hp xu nht nu mt t BI b bo ho hon ton. Chng
hn nu t my bin dng BI2 b bo ho hon ton th E2 = 0 v L2 = 0, khi y ta c phn b
in p trong mch nh trn Hnh v 5-8-c. in p ln nht t trn r le so lch bng:

(a)
Rq

0
Rq

E
EP
E
(b)

0
I (3)

1
R=0

(c)

R0
I=EP/Xd
0

Hnh v 5-6: Ngn mch ba pha trong cun dy stato my pht in ng b, a) s nguyn
l, b) phn b sc in ng theo s vng ca cun dy, c) v quan h gia dng s c vi
s vng dy b ngn mch

A
BI1

C
IS2

IT1
BILV

Vng
bo
v

BI2

BIH
IH

ILV
IS1

IT2

RI
i ct

Hnh v 5-7: Bo v so lch dng in c hm cun dy stato my pht

100

IN

BI1

BI2

(a)
USL

RU

(b)
R1
E1

E1

L1

USL

R2

R1

RSL

L2

E2

USL=0

E1

L1 USL

(c)

R2
RSL

E1
E2

E2=0

USL=0

Hnh v 5-8: Bo v so lch dng r le tng tr cao t cho my pht in: a) S nguyn
l, b) Mch in ng tr v phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng, c) Mch in
ng tr v phn b in p khi c ngn mch ngoi v nhm BI2 b bo ho hon ton
U sl max

I' N
R 1 R sl
ni

(5-12)

trong :
I"N : l tr s hiu dng ca dng in siu qu khi ngn mch trn u cc
my pht in
ni : l t s bin i ca my bin dng.
R1 : l in tr mch th cp ca BI
Rsl : l in tr mch so lch (gm r le v dy ni).
m bo chn lc, in p khi ng ca r le so lch phi chn ln hn Usl max,
ngha l:

U k k at .U sl max

(5-13)

trong : kat = 1,15 1,2

Thi gian lm vic ca c hai loi bo v so lch c hm v so lch dng r le c tng
tr cao khong 15 20 ms.

5.3.2 Bo v khong cch

i vi my pht in ln ngi ta thng s dng bo v khong cch lm d phng
cho bo v so lch. Nhng my pht in ln thng lm vic theo s hp b vi my
bin p tng p (Hnh v 5-9-a).

101

Vng th nht ca bo v khong cch c chn bao gm in khng ca my pht

in v khong 70% in khng ca my bin p tng, ngha l:
ZIk = ZMP + 0,7 ZB
Thi gian lm vic ca vng lm vic ca vng I thng chn tI = 0,4 0,5s (Hnh v
5-9-b), vng th II thng bao gm phn cn li ca cun dy my bin p, thanh dn v
ng dy truyn ti ni vi h thng thanh gp lin k.
X

MC

(a)

tII
B

t
XB

BU

0,7XB
tI = 0,4-0,5 s

U
MP

(b)

XMP

Z<
I

BI

Hnh v 5-9: Bo v khong cch cho b MP-MBA: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh thi

gian
c tuyn khi ng ca r le khong cch c th c dng vng trn vi tm gc to
hoc dng hnh bnh hnh vi nghing ca cnh bn bng nghing ca vc t in p
UMP (Hnh v 5-10).
i khi ngi ta b xung vo b phn khi ng ca bo v khong cch mt r le in
p thp, m bo khi ng bo v mt cch chc chn trong trng hp my pht in
c kch thch bng ngun chnh lu ly in t u cc my pht in.
jX

UF
Zkd

jXkd
600
0

R
Rkd

Hnh v 5-10: c tuyn khi ng ca r le khong cch dng lm bo v cho my pht in

5.3.3 Bo v qu dng in
Vi my pht in b v trung bnh, ngi ta thng s dng bo v qu dng in c
kho in p thp lm bo v d phng cho bo v so lch (Hnh v 5-11). Cp tI c phi
hp vi thi gian tc ng ca bo v d phng ca ng dy v my bin p. Cp th II tII
102

(ln hn) tc ng dng my pht nu sau khi ct my ct u my pht hoc u hp b m

dng s c vn tip tc tn ti (chng t s c xy ra trong hp b hoc my pht).
Kho in p thp cho php phn bit gia ngn mch v qu ti v cho php bo v
lm vic chc chn khi my pht in c kch thch t ngun in ly t u cc my pht.
Trong trng hp ny dng ngn mch s suy gim nhanh chng khi ngn mch xy ra gn
u cc my pht in. Trong mt s s ngi ta cn dng bin php m bo cho bo v
tc ng chc chn, ch theo tn hiu in p thp sau khi r le dng in tr v do s suy
gim dng ngn mch.

MC
BU
U<

tI

Ct MC

tII

Dng MP

BU

&

MP
I<

Hnh v 5-11: Bo v qu dng c kha in p thp lm bo v d phng cho my pht in

5.4 BO V CHNG CHM CHP CC VNG DY TRONG MT

PHA CA CUN STATO
Cc vng dy ca my pht in chp nhau thng do nguyn nhn h hng cch in
ca dy qun. C th xy ra chm chp gia cc vng trong cng mt nhnh (cun dy n)
hoc gia cc vng dy thuc hai nhnh khc nhau trong cng mt pha.
i vi cc my pht in cng sut ln, cun dy pha c hai nhnh c th s dng
nguyn l so lch ngang thc hin bo v chng cc vng dy chp nhau (hnh 4-12). Bo
v c th c thc hin ring tng pha. Trn hnh 4-12,a trnh by s so lch ngang c
hm thc hin cho pha C ca my pht in. Cc pha khc cng thc hin tng t.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, dng in hm v dng in lm vic bng:

I I I 2I
H
T1
T2
T

(5-14)

I I I 0
lv
T1
T2

(5-15)

nn bo v khng tc ng

103

LV

Ct

RL

R
H

ILV*

IS1
BI2

IH

BI1 I
S2

ILV

ILV = IH
IT2

4
3

BIH
BILV

ILV = f(IH)

2
1

IT1

IH
0

b)

a)

Hnh v 5-12: Bo v so lch ngang chng ngn mch gia cc vng dy ca my pht in
cng sut ln: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh khi ng
Khi xy ra chp cc vng dy gia hai nhnh khc nhau, gi thit ch my pht
cha mang ti, ta c S1 = - S2, do :

I I I 0
H
T1
T2

(5-16)

I I I 2I
lv
T1
T2
T

(5-17)

V Ilv >> IH nn r le s tc ng ct my pht.

Mt phng n khc thc hin bo v chng cc vng dy chp nhau trnh by trn
Hnh v 5-13.
A

(1)

(2)

I12
O1

U12
O2

LF3
RL

Ct

Hnh v 5-13: Bo v cun dy my pht in c hai nhnh song song chng chm chp
gia cc vng dy

Bo v lm vic trn nguyn l so lch th U 1 v U 2 gia trung im O1 v O2

ca hai nhnh cun dy. ch lm vic bnh thng ta c:

104

 0
U
12
1
2

(5-18)

nn s s khng lm vic (I12 = 0)

Khi xy ra chm chp gia cc vng dy, 1 2 nn U12 khc 0 v dng in I12 s
chy qua b lc tn s LF cho qua bi bc ba, khi ng RI tc ng ct my pht. Dng khi
ng (s cp) ca bo v thng c chn.
Ik = (0,1 0,05) IdMP
trong : IdMP l dng in danh nh ca my pht

5.5 BO V CHNG CHM T CUN DY R TO

i vi my pht in cng sut b v trung bnh , thng t bo v bo tn hiu khi
c mt im chm t trong mch r to v tc ng ct my pht in khi xy ra chm t
im th hai (Hnh v 5-14-a)
_

B
(1)

N(1)B

(b)

(a)

Hnh v 5-14: Chm t trong cun dy roto MP, a) Chm t mt im, b) Hai im
Vi my pht in cng sut ln, hu qu ca vic chm t im th hai trong mch
kch thch c th rt nghim trng, v vy khi chm t mt im trong cun dy r to bo v
phi tc ng ct my pht in ra khi h thng.
Trn Hnh v 5-15 trnh by nguyn l thc hin bo v chng chm t mt im trong
cun dy r to ca my pht in c dng thm ngun in p ph mt chiu hoc xoay
chiu.

UKT
(a)

UKT

+
U_
RL

RD

(c)

C
R

U
RL

IRL=

IRL

(b)
URL+ U0
R+RRL

IK

IK

U0
R+RRL

U
XC

(d)
0

Hnh v 5-15: Bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy roto my pht in dng in

p ph mt chiu: a) S nguyn l, b) Dng in qua r le theo v tr im chm t v
khi dng ngun in ph xoay chiu: c) S nguyn l, d) Dng in qua r le

105

Ngun in p ph mt chiu cho php loi tr vng cht v thc hin bo v 100%
cun dy r to chng chm t (Hnh v 5-15-b). S c nhc im l s lin h trc tip
v in gia thit b bo v vi in p kch thch UKT c tr s kh cao i vi cc my pht
in c cng sut ln. khc phc nhc im ny c th dng s vi ngun in p ph
xoay chiu (Hnh v 5-15-c) c cch ly vi in p kch thch UKT qua t C. Khi c chm
t, dng in s c chy qua r le c xc nh theo in khng ca r le RRL c th b qua
v kh b so vi in khng XC. S ny cng bo v c 100% cun dy r to chng mt
im chm t (Hnh v 5-15-d).
i vi cc my pht in c h thng kch t khng c chi than vi cc it chnh lu
lp trc tip trn thn rto ca my pht, in dung ca h thng kch thch i vi t tng
ln ng k (c bit i vi cc my pht in cng sut ln) v h thng bo v chng
chm t ca cun dy rto cng tr nn phc tp hn.
Cc s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy rto ca cc my pht in
hin ti thng tc ng ct my ct ( loi tr kh nng xy ra im chm t th hai) v
da trn mt trong nhng nguyn l sau:
o in dn ca mch kch thch (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p tn s cng nghip
50HZ.
o in tr ca mch kch thch (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p mt chiu hoc tn
hiu sng ch nht tn s thp.
Nguyn l o in dn ca mch kch thch i vi t ca my pht in c h thng
kch t khng chi than trnh by trn Hnh v 5-16.
Ngun in p ph xoay chiu tn s cng ngip c t vo gia trung im ca cun
dy my kch thch xoay chiu ba pha v thn rto ca my pht in thng qua cc thanh gp
v chi than S1 v S2. B lc tn s LF ch cho tn s cng nghip chy qua r le o in dn
RY loi tr nh hng ca hi bc cao trong php o.
in dn m r le RY o c ch yu xc nh theo in tr R v in dung C i
vi t ca mch kch thch.
Trn hnh 5.20 trnh by qu o ca mt vc t tng tr Z m r le o c cho 2
trng hp: Khi R = const; C = var v khi C = const; R = var.
My kch thch
R

Roto ca my kch thch

LF

R le o in dn

S1
Cun dy roto
ca MP

S2

RY
R

U(50Hz)

BUG

Hnh v 5-16: S bo v chng chm t cun dy roto my pht in c h thng kch t

khng chi than vi it chnh lu lp trc tip trn thn roto da trn nguyn l o in dn

106

2
1
C = 0

R = 0

C =
R/2

C = var
R = const

X/2
R =

C =
const
R = var

-jX

Hnh v 5-17: c tnh bin thin ca tng tr i vi t ca mch kch thch Hnh v 5-16
v c tnh tc ng ca r le o in dn chng chm t mch roto my pht in
ng b: 1) c tnh ct, 2) c tnh cnh bo
R le RY c chnh nh vi hai mc tc ng: mc cnh bo vi c tnh khi ng
v hai mc tc ng ct my pht vi c tnh khi ng 1. c tnh 1 bc ly mt phn ca
gc phn th hai v th ba trn mt phng to m bo cho bo v tc ng mt cch
chc chn khi c chm t trc tip (R 0).
S bo v Hnh v 5-16 c mt s nhc im: trc tin l s c mt ca cc chi
than S1 v S2 lm tin cy ca s khng cao v tr s ca in tr tip xc c th nh
hng n s o ca r le. Ngoi ra bn thn h thng kch thch mt chiu cng c th nh
hng n s lm vic ca bo v, khi in dung ca mch kch thch i vi t C ln,
in tr r R ln nht c th o c ch khong 10 k .
khc phc nhng nhc im ny ngi ta dng s vi ngun in ph mt
chiu hoc ngun in p xoay chiu tn s thp c dng sng hnh ch nht. Trn Hnh v
5-18trnh by nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rto my pht in c kch
thch t ngun in t dng qua b chnh lu thyristor dng ngun tn hiu sng ch nht c
tn s 1Hz.
Cc in tr ph R1, R2 c la chn c v tr s kh ln so vi in tr RM to in
p UM t vo b phn o lng M.
Dng in do ngun in ph U to ra bng
I

U
RD R RM

(5-19)

107

trong : R

R 1R 2
R1 R 2

Lu rng RM << R v b qua in tr ca bn thn cun dy rto, ta c :

UM U

RM
RD R

+
(a)

Ngun kch t

(5-20)

R1
C
R

Thanh gp t dng

R2

Cun dy roto MP

U: Ngun ph (1Hz)

Cp 1: Cnh bo
M

UM

RM

Cp 2: Ct MP
(b)

(c)

U (1Hz)

UM

R = 5k
C = 2F

R = 0

Hnh v 5-18: S nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy roto my pht in dng
ngun in ph 1Hz c dng sng ch nht (a) v dng sng t vo b phn o UM i vi
cc in tr chm t khc nhau (b v c)
in dung i vi t ca mch kch t C mc song song vi in tr R s lm tng
tc thi tr s dng in I v in p UM thi im u mi na chu k ca ngun in p
U. in tr R c tc dng lm suy gim tr s I v UM. R cng b, suy gim cng nhanh,
trn Hnh v 5-18-b,c trnh by dng sng UM o c hai tr s ca R khc nhau.
Bo v c chnh nh tc ng bo tn hiu khi in tr r R tt di 80 k (mc
1) v tc ng ct my pht in khi R 5 k (mc 2).

108

5.6 BO V CHNG DNG IN TH T NGHCH

Dng in th t nghch c th xut hin trong cun dy Stato my pht in khi c t
dy (hoc h mch) mt pha khi c ph ti khng i xng hoc ngn mch khng i xng
trong h thng.
Nguy him ca dng in th th nghch i vi my pht in l n to nn t thng
th t nghch 2 ct rto vi vn tc 2 lm cm ng trong thn rto cng nh cc ph kin
kim loi trn thn rto dng in ln t nng rto v c my pht in.
Dng th t nghch I2 cng ln th thi gian cho php tn ti cng b, v vy bo v
chng dng in th t nghch thng c quan h thi gian t ph thuc t l nghch:
k1

t
I2

I d

k 2 2

(5-21)

trong :
k1 v k2 l cc h s t l vi: k 2 .

I 2cp

I d
l hng s i vi tng loi rle c th
I2cp l dng th t nghch cho php vn hnh lu di, n ph thuc vo chng
loi my pht in, cng sut v h thng lm mt ca cun rto
Id l dng in danh nh ca my pht in.
S nguyn l ca bo v chng dng in th t nghch trnh by trn Hnh v 5-19a. Bo v c th c c tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch theo quan h (5-21) Hnh v
5-19-a hoc c tnh thi gian c lp hai cp: cp 1 cnh bo v cp hai tc ng ct Hnh v
5-19-c.

(a)

Cnh bo

Ct

BI

LI2

I2
Id

I2

I2

1RI2

2RI2

I2
Id

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1

(b)

t(s)
100

(c)

t2

1000

0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1

Ik.2RI2
t1

Ik.1RI2

t(s)
2

10

Hnh v 5-19: Bo v chng dng in th t nghch t my pht in, a) s nguyn l,

b) c tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch, c) c lp c 2 cp

109

5.7 BO V CHNG MT KCH T

Trong qu trnh vn hnh my pht in c th xy ra mt kch t do h hng trong
mch kch t (do ngn mch hoc h mch), h hng trong h thng t ng iu chnh in
p, thao tc sai ca nhn vin vn hnh v v Khi mt pht in b mt kch t thng dn
n mt ng b, gy pht nng cc b stato v rto. Nu h mch kch thch c th gy
qu in p trn cun dy rto nguy him cho cch in ca cun dy.
ch vn hnh bnh thng, my pht in ng b lm vic vi sc in ng E
cao hn in p u cc my pht U (ch qu kch thch, a cng sut phn khng Q vo
h thng, Q>0).
Khi my pht lm vic ch thiu kch thch hoc mt kch thch, sc in ng E
thp hn in p U, my pht in nhn cng sut phn khg t h thng (Q<0) (Hnh v
5-20: Bo v chng mt kch t my pht in, a) Thay i hng cng sut phn khng Q, b)
Thay i tng tr o c cc MF, c) Gii hn thay i ca cng sut MP nh Hnh v
5-20-a,c.
.
I, Q

(a)

H thng

.
U

(b)

+jX
I

II

Zpt Min qu kch thch (E>U, Q>0)

0,5Xd
B

Min thiu kch thch (E<U,

Xd
III

ZF
-jX

IV

A
c tnh khi ng ca r le
cm khng cc tiu

+Q

Gii hn pht nng

cun roto
Gii hn pht nng
cun dy stato
0

Min lm vic
bnh thng

P(MW)

(c)

-Q

Gii hn pht nng

li thp stato

110

Hnh v 5-20: Bo v chng mt kch t my pht in, a) Thay i hng cng sut phn
khng Q, b) Thay i tng tr o c cc MF, c) Gii hn thay i ca cng sut MP
Nh vy khi mt kch t, in khng ca my pht in s thay i t tr s Xd (in
khng ng b) n tr s X'd (in khng qu ) v c tnh cht dung khng. V vy pht
hin mt kch t my pht in, ta c th s dng mt r le in khng cc tiu c X'd < Xk
< Xd vi c tnh vng trn c tm nm trn trc - jX ca mt phng tng tr phc (Hnh v
5-20-b).
c tnh ca r le cm khng cc tiu Hnh v 5-20-b c th nhn c t s nguyn
u cc my pht v
l trn Hnh v 5-20-a. Tn hiu u vo ca r le l in p dy U
BC
dng in pha B v C ca cc pha tng ng.
c a qua my bin in p trung gian BUG vi cun th cp c nhiu
in p U
BC
v b U
(vi b>a) tng ng vi cc im A v B
u ra c th ly ra cc i lng a U
BC
BC
trn c tnh in khng khi ng Hnh v 5-21-b.
.

BUG
A B

U2

U1

(a)
.

S2

BU

&

S1
-1

RL

Ct

-S1

aUBC bUBC

IB

U1
IC

BI

.
UA

-U1

BI
G

U2

(c)
S1

(b)

t
BC
A

S2
t

.
UC

.
UB
BC

.
UD

1K

S3= -S1.S2
t

C
.
bUBC
.
aUBC

S4 = S3
.
UBC

t
K
Ct

Hnh v 5-21: S bo v chng mt kch thch my pht in s dng r le in khng

cc tiu: a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t, c) Cc dng sng ca cc i lng tng ng
Khi mt kch t, dng in chy vo my pht mang tnh in dung v vt trc in
p pha tng ng mt gc 90o.
111

Hiu dng in cc pha B v C ( I BC I B I C ) thng qua my bin dng cm khng

vt trc dng in I mt gc 90 o. Nh vy lch
BIG to nn pha th cp in p U
D
BC
o

pha gia hai vct in p v U l U 180 (Hnh v 5-21).

D

BC

in p c a vo cc b bin i dng sng (hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) S1 v S2

tng ng bng:

a.U
U

U
1
BC
D

(5-22)

b.U
U

U
2
BC
D

(5-23)

v U
c kim tra, nu ch bnh thng = 0, rle
Gc lch pha gia U
1
2
khng lm vic; khi mt kch t = 180 o, rle s tc ng. Gc khi ng k c chn
khong 90o.
Cc h s a v b c chn (bng cch thay i u phn p ca BUG) sao cho cc
im A v B (Hnh v 5-21-b) tho mn in kin:
U
a.U

b.U
BC
D
BC

(5-24)

v U
c kim
Khi mt kch thch, gc pha dng in thay, gc lch pha gia U
1
2
tra thng qua di ca tn hiu S3 = - S1.S2.
Nu > k (Hnh v 5-21-c) bo v s tc ng ct my pht trong khong t 1 n 2
giy.

5.8 BO V CHNG QU TI CHO CUN DY STATO V RTO MY

PHT IN
Qu ti gy pht nng cun dy stato c th do nhiu nguyn nhn nh pht in vn
hnh vi h s cng sut thp, thnh phn cng sut phn khng vt qu mc cho php, c
th trc trc hoc h hng trong h thng lm mt hoc h thng iu chnh in p lm cho
cun dy rto b pht nng qu mc. Cun dy rto cng c th b qu ti ngn hn trong qu
trnh iu chnh in p khi my pht ti y cng sut tc dng.
Thi gian chu ng qu ti ca cc cun dy my pht in c gii hn v ph thuc
vo mc qu ti, kt cu ca my pht, h thng lm mt v c cng sut ca my pht
in.
I
Id
2

(Cun dy stato)

1
(Cun dy roto)

t(s)

112

Hnh v 5-22: Quan h gia mc qu ti v thi gian qu ti cho php ca cc cun dy MP

Thng cc nh ch to cho sn quan h gia mc qu ti (I/Id) vi thi gian qu ti
cho php cho tng loi my pht in. Chng hn t c tuyn i vi cc my pht in c
cng sut ln trn Hnh v 5-22, c th nhn thy nu mc qu ti nm trong khong t 1,05
(mc qu ti lu di cho php l 1,04) n 1,15 bo v s tc ng vi thi gian khng i
300s. Qu gii hn ny (1,15) thi gian s tc ng gim nhanh t l nghch vi mc qu ti.
Thng thng vi qu ti nh nhau, mc qu ti cho php ca cun dy stato (ng 2 trn
Hnh v 5-22) cao hn ca cun dy rto ng 1).
gii hn trn ca mc qu ti (2,3 i vi cun dy stato v 2,1 i vi cun dy
rto) thi gian tc ng khng vt qu 10s.
C nhiu nguyn l khc nhau c th p dng thc hin bo v chng qu ti cho
cun dy ca my pht in: theo s o trc tip ca nhit cun dy, nhit ca cht lm
mt hoc gin tip qua tr s dng in chy qua cun dy.
S nguyn l trnh by trn Hnh v 5-23 s dng kt hp hai php o: o trc tip
nhit ca mi cht lm mt v o gin tip qua bnh phng tr s hiu dng ca dng
in.
H thng o lng gm hai knh lm vic song song, bo v ch tc ng khi hai rle
RL1 v RL2 cng tc ng.

BIG

Knh o lng 1
I2

I2
f

Cun dy

Ct

RL1

&

Cht lm mt
(Nhit k in tr)

RL2
2

I
f
Knh o lng 2
I2

Hnh v 5-23: S nguyn l bo v chng qu ti cun dy my pht in vi 2 knh o

lng c lp

5.9 BO V CHNG QU IN P
in p u cc my pht in c th tng cao qu mc cho php khi c trc trc trong
h thng t ng iu chnh kch t hoc khi my pht b mt ti t ngt.
Khi mt ti t ngt mc qu in p cc mt pht thu in c th t n 200% tr
s danh nh l h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ca tuabin nc c qun tnh ln,
kh nng vt tc ca rto my pht cao hn nhiu so vi my pht in tuabin hi. cc
my pht nhit in (tuabin hi hoc tuabin kh) cc b iu tc thp hn, ngoi ra cc tuabin
kh v hi cn c trang b cc van STOP c th ng ngun nng lng a vo tuabin
trong vng vi miligiy khi mc vt tc cao hn mc chnh nh.

113

Ngoi ra, cc my pht thu in thng nm xa trung tm ph ti v bnh thng phi

lm vic vi mc in p danh nh b li in p ging trn h thng truyn ti, khi
mt ti t ngt mc qu p li cng cao.
Qu in p u cc my pht in c th gy tc hi cho cch in cun dy, ca cc
thit b u ni u cc my pht, cn i vi my pht in lm vic hp b vi my bin p
s lm bo ho mch t ca my bin p tng, km theo nhiu tc dng xu.
Bo v chng qu in p t my pht in thng gm hai cp (Hnh v 5-24). Cp
1 (RU1) vi in p khi ng:
U k RU1 1,1.U d

(5-25)

Cp 1 lm vic c thi gian v tc ng ln h thng t ng iu chnh kch t gim

kch thch ca my pht in. Cp 2 (RU2) vi in p khi ng:
U k RU 2 1,3 1,4 .U d

(5-26)

Cp 2 lm vic tc thi, tc ng ct my ct in u cc my pht v t ng ng

in t trng ca my pht in.

MC

RU2>

Ct my ct
Ct kch t

BU

RU1>

n h thng iu chnh U
(gim kch t)

Hnh v 5-24: Bo v chng qu in p hai cp t my pht in

5.10 BO V CHNG TN S GIM THP

Tn s ca h thng in c th b gim thp do mt cn bng (thiu) cng sut tc dng
trong h thng hoc do h thng t ng iu chnh tn s t cc my pht in b h
hng. Tn s thp c th gy nhiu hu qu xu:
Lm hng cnh tuabin do b rung.
Gim nng sut ca cc thit b t dng nh bm, qut, h thng cp nhin liu, h
thng lm mt v.v do cc ng c b gim cng sut dn n mt cn bng cng trm
trng thm, c th gy nn hin tng thc tn s lm tan r h thng.
Lm tng nhit ca my pht in qu mc cho php do tn tht thp tng ln v h
thng lm mt b gim nng sut.
Gy bo ho mch t ca cc my bin p.
Thi gian cho php vn hnh my pht in vi tn s thp hn tr s danh nh ph
thuc vo mc gim tn s. Trn Hnh v 5-25 trnh by quan h gia thi gian tch hp cho

114

php vn hnh my pht in tn s thp hn tr s danh nh. Phn pha di ng bc

thang l vng cm vn hnh v c th gy nguy hi cho tuabin.
Bo v chng tn s gim thp thng c 2 mc tc ng, cp th nht vi tn s khi
ng:
fk = 47,5 Hz

(5-27)

Rle s tc ng tc thi cch ly my pht in ra khi h thng. Cp th 2 s tc ng

dng t my nu sau khi my pht b cch ly ra khi h thng mt khong thi gian xc nh
m tn s khng th khi phc li tr s bnh thng.
f %
f = fd

0
-1
-2
-3

Di tn1

-4

Di tn2

-5

Di tn3
t (pht)

Vng cm vn hnh
0,1

10

100

Hnh v 5-25: Thi gian tch hp cho php vn hnh my pht in tn s cao

5.11 BO V CHNG LUNG CNG SUT NGC

Cng sut s chy t h thng vo my pht nu vic cung cp nng lng cho tuabin
(du, kh, hi nc hoc nc) b gin on. Khi y my pht in s lm vic nh mt ng
c in tiu th cng sut ca h thng. Nguy him ca ch ny i vi cc my pht in
l tuabin s lm vic ch my nn, nn lng hi tha trong tuabin lm cnh tuabin c
th nng qu mc cho php. i vi cc my pht izen ch ny c th lm n my.
bo v chng ch cng sut ngc, ngi ta kim tra hng cng sut tc dng
ca my pht in. Yu cu r le hng cng sut phi c nhy cao pht hin c
lung cng sut ngc vi tr s kh b (thng ch b p li tn tht c ca my pht
trong ch ny). Vi cc my pht in tuabin hi, cng sut khi ng bng:

P 0,01 0,03Pd

(5-28)

trong : i vi cc my pht thu in v tuabin kh: P 0,03 0,05Pd

m bo nhy ca bo v chng cng sut ngc ca cc my pht in c cng
sut ln, mch dng in ca bo v thng c u vo li o lng ca my bin dng
(thay cho li bo v thng dng cho cc thit b bo v khc).

115

BU

Cp 2
t2

RP

BI

&

t1

Ct

Cp 1
Van

Hnh v 5-26: S nguyn l ca bo v chng cng sut ngc

Bo v chng cng sut ngc thng c 2 cp tc ng: Cp th nht vi thi gian

khong 2 - 5 giy sau khi van STOP khn cp lm vic v cp th 2 vi thi gian ct my
khong vi chc giy khng qua tip im ca van STOP (Hnh v 5-26).

5.12 CU HI N TP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Cc dng h hng v ch d lm vic khng bnh thng ca my pht in ng b.

Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy stato my pht in ng b.
Bo v chng ngn mch gia cc pha cun dy stato my pht in ng b.
Bo v chng cc vng dy trong cun dy stato chp nhau.
Bo v chng chm t trong cun dy roto ca my pht in.
Bo v chng dng in th t nghch trong cun dy stato my pht in.
Bo v chng mt kch t ca my pht in.
Bo v chng qu ti cho cun dy stato v roto my pht in.
Bo v chng qu in p cho my pht in.

116

CHNG 6: BO V MY BIN P
6.1 CC H HNG V NHNG LOI BO V THNG DNG
Cng ging nh i vi my pht in, nhng h hng thng xy ra i vi my bin
p v my bin t ngu c th phn ra thnh hai nhm: h hng bn trong v h hng bn
ngoi.
H hng bn trong my bin p bao gm:
Chm chp gia cc vng dy
Ngn mch gia cc cun dy
Chm t (v) v ngn mch chm t
Hng b chuyn i u phn p
Thng du b thng hoc r du
Nhng h hng v ch lm vic khng bnh thng bn ngoi my bin p bao gm:
Ngn mch nhiu pha trong h thng
Ngn mch mt pha trong h thng
Qu ti
Qu bo ho mch t
Tu theo cng sut ca my bin p, v tr v vai tr ca my bin p trong h thng m
ngi ta la chn phng thc bo v thch hp cho my bin p. Nhng loi bo v thng
dng chng cc loi s c v ch lm vic khng bnh thng ca my bin p c
gii thiu trong bng 5.1.
Bng 6-1: Cc loi bo v thng dng cho my bin p
Loi h hng
Ngn mch mt pha hoc
nhiu pha chm t

Chm chp cc vng dy thng

du thng hoc b r du

Loi bo v
So lch hm ( bo v chnh )
Khong cch ( bo v d phong )
Qu dng c thi gian ( chnh hoc d phng tu
theo cng sut )
Qu dng th t khng
Rle kh ( BUCHHOLZ )

Qu ti

Qu dng in
Hnh nh nhit

Qu bo ho mch t

Chng qu bo ho

6.2 BO V SO LCH DC
Khc vi bo v so lch ca my pht in, dng in s cp hai (hoc nhiu) pha
ca my bin p thng khc nhau v tr s (theo t s bin gia cc in p cc pha) v v
gc pha (theo t u dy: YN, YO; YN, D11; Y, D5 vv).

117

V vy cn bng dng in th cp cc pha ca bo v so lch trong ch lm

vic bnh thng, ngi ta s dng my bin dng trung gian BIG (hnh 5-1) c t u dy
ph hp vi t u dy ca my bin p v t s bin i c chn sao cho cc dng in
a vo so snh trong rle so lch c tr s gn bng nhau.
Mt c im na ca bo v so lch my bin p l dng in t ho ca my bin p
s to nn dng in khng cn bng chy qua rle. Tr s qu ca dng in khng cn
bng ny c th rt ln trong ch ng my bin p khng ti hoc ct ngn mch ngoi.
V vy, hm bo v so lch ca my bin p ngi ta s dng dng in t ho ca my
bin p.
IS1

IS1
BIG

IS2

BIG1

BI1

BI1

BIG2
BI2
YN,
d11

YN, Y0, d11

BIG3
BI3

BI2

IS3

IS2

Hnh v 6-1: Cn bng pha v tr s ca dng in th cp trong bo v so lch my bin p 2

v 3 cun dy bng my bin dng trung gian BIG
IS1

IT1

Ilv

BI1

IHM
IH1
IT2

1
IS2
BI3
IS3

HM

lv

BI2

Hi bc 2

H1

IT3

IH2
H2

Hnh v 6-2: S nguyn l bo v so lch c hm cho my bin p 3 cun dy HM- hm

theo thnh phn hi bc 2 trong dng in t ho MBA
Gn y, trong cc rle so lch hin i ngi ta c th thc hin vic cn bng pha v
tr s ca dng in th cp cc pha ca my bin p ngay trong rle so lch.
Trn Hnh v 6-2 trnh by s nguyn l ca bo v so lch c hm dng cho my
bin p 3 cun dy.

118

Gi s pha cun dy 1 ca my bin p ni vi ngun cung cp, pha cun dy 2 v 3

ni vi ph ti. B qua dng in kch t ca my bin p, trong ch lm vic bnh thng
ta c:
I I I
S1
S2
S3

(6-1)

Dng in i vo cun dy lm vic bng:

I I I I
lv
T1
S2
S3

(6-2)

Cc dng in hm:

I I I
H1
T1
T2

(6-3)

I I
H2
T3

(6-4)

Cc dng in hm c cng vi nhau theo tr s tuyt i to nn hiu ng hm

theo quan h:

I I I I .k
H
T1
T2
T3
H

(6-5)

trong : kH 0,5 l h s hm ca bo v so lch.

Ngoi ra ngn chn tc ng sai do nh hng ca dng in t ho khi my bin p
khng ti v khi ct mch ngoi, bo v cn c hm thnh hi bc hai trong dng in t
ho IHM .
m bo c tc ng hm khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v cn thc hin iu
kin:
I I
H2
T3

(6-6)

6.3 BO V QU DNG IN
Bo v qu dng in c thi gian thng c dng lm bo v chnh cho cc my
bin p c cng sut b v lm bo v d phng cho my bin p c cng sut trung bnh v
ln chng cc dng ngn mch bn trong v bn ngoi my bin p.
Vi my bin p 2 cun dy dng mt b bo v t pha ngun cung cp. Vi my
bin p nhiu cun dy thng mi pha t mt b.
Dng in khi ng ca bo v chn theo dng in danh nh ca my bin p c xt
n kh nng qu ti. Thi gian lm vic ca bo v chn theo nguyn tc bc thang, phi hp
vi thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v ln cn trong h thng.
Nu my bin p nhiu cun dy ni vi ngun t nhiu pha th cn t b phn nh
hng cng sut pha ni vi ngun c thi gian tc ng b hn.

119

6.4 BO V KHONG CCH

i vi nhng my bin p cng sut ln (>100 MVA), ngi ta thng dng bo v
khong cch lm bo v d phng thay cho bo v qu dng in.
Trn hnh 5.3 trnh by nguyn l s dng bo v khong cch bo v cho my bin
p (hoc my bin p t ngu) hai cun dy. Bo v khong cch c t c 2 pha ca
my bin p vi 3 vng tc ng v pha trc (hng thun) v mt vng tc ng v pha
sau (hng nghch).
Bo v khong cch hai pha ca my bin p lm nhim v d phng cho bo v so
lch ca my bin p v cho cc bo v chnh t thanh gp v cc ng dy ln cn vi
my bin p.
Tng tr khi ng v thi gian lm vic ca cc vng c chn nh sau:
Vng th nht:
ZIk = 0,7 XB
tI = (0,4 0,5)s (trong XB l in khng ca MBA)
Vng th hai:
ZIIk = 1,3 XB
tII = tI + t (vi t = (0,3 0,5) s)
Vng th ba c phi hp vi vng th hai ca cc bo v khong cch RZD1 v
RZD2 t cc ng dy D1 v D2 ln cn vi my bin p.

RZ1

RZ2

RZD1

D1

RZD2
MC1

MC2

XB

tRZ1

tIIIRZ1

ZII KRZ1 = 1,3XB

tIVRZ1
tIRZD1

ZIKRZ1 = 0,7XB

RZ2

tIIRZ1

tIRZ1

t
III

D2

tIRZ2

II

tIRZD2
tIVRZ2

RZ2

ZIIKRZ2 =1,3XB

ZI KRZ2 = 0,7XB

tRZ2

Hnh v 6-3: S nguyn l (a) v c tnh thi gian (b) ca bo v khong cch t MBA
hai cun dy (hoc MBA t ngu)

120

6.5 BO V BNG R LE KH (BUCHHOLZ)

Nhng h hng bn trong thng ca my bin p c cun dy ngm trong du u lm
cho du bc hi v chuyn ng. Cc my bin p c du cng sut ln hn 500 kVA thng
c bo v bng r le kh c cp tc ng (vi bin p t 500 kVA n 5 MVA) hoc 2 cp
tc ng (ln hn 5 MVA). R le kh thng t trn on ng ni t thng du n bnh dn
du ca my bin p. R le vi cp 2 tc ng gm c 2 phao bng kim loi mang bu thu
tinh con c tip im thu ngn hoc tip im t. ch lm vic bnh thng trong bnh
r le y du, cc phao ni l lng trong du, tip im ca r le trng thi h. Khi kh bc
ra yu (chng hn v du nng do qu ti), kh tp trung ln pha trn ca bnh r le y phao
s 1 xung, r le gi tn hiu cp 1 cnh bo. Nu kh bc ra mnh (chng hn do ngn mch
trong thng du) lung du vn chuyn t thng ln bnh dn du x phao th 2 chm xung
gi tn hiu i ct my bin p. R le kh cn c th tc ng khi mc du trong bnh rle h
thp do du b r hoc thng bin p b thng. r le kh c lm vic c d dng ngi
ta to mt nghing nht nh ca ng dn so vi mt phng ngang. Gc nghing khong
t 2 n 5o i vi r le kh c mt phao c t 3 n 7o i vi rle c 2 phao. Cp cnh bo
thng tc ng vi lng kh tp trung pha trn bnh du rle t 100 n 250 cm3, cp 2 tc
ng ct my bin p khi tc di chuyn ca du qua r le, chiu di ca on ng t thng
du n r le phi ln hn 5 ln ng knh ca n v t r le n bnh dn du phi ln hn
3 ln.
R le kh c th lm vic kh tin cy chng tt c cc loi s c bn trong thng du,
tuy nhin kinh nghim vn hnh cng pht hin mt s trng hp tc ng sai do nh hng
ca chn ng c hc ln my bin p (chng hn do ng t, do cc v n gn ni t my
bin p vv )
i vi my bin p ln b iu chnh in p di ti thng c t trong thng du
ring v ngi ta dng mt b r le kh ring bo v cho b iu p di ti.

121

Hnh v 6-4: V d v r le kh t cho my bin p

6.6 BO V CHNG CHM T CA MY BIN P

S bo v chng chm t n gin nht my bin p c trung im ni trnh by
trn Hnh v 6-5-a. S dng mt my bin dng t trn dy trung tnh ca my bin p v
mt rle qu dng vi dng in khi ng:
I k 0,2 0,4 I d

(6-7)

trong : Id l dng in danh nh ca my bin p.

Thi gian lm vic chn theo nguyn tc bc thang phi hp vi thi gian ca bo v
chng chm t t cc phn t ln cn
(a)

MBA

Thng bin p

BI2

BI4
I0

N1

I0>

Cch
in

I0 >

BI2

MBA

BI3

BT
N

N2

I0
I0
BI1

R
I0

N1

N2
BI1

R
R

(a)

(b)

I0

(b)

BI3

I0

Hnh v 6-5: Bo v chng chm t c gii hn dng cho my bin p : a) MBA hai cun
dy, b) MBA t ngu
122

Bo v qu dng vi tr s khi ng chn theo (6-7) m bo loi tr c tt c cc

trng hp chm t xy ra trong cun dy ni hnh sao ca my bin p v vng ln cn ca
li in ni vi cun dy ny.
S dng Hnh v 6-5-a cng c th s dng bo v chng chm v (thng) my
bin p. Trong trng hp ny thng my bin p c cch in i vi t v my bin
dng c t trn dy ni gia thng v vi t (Hnh v 6-5-b). Bnh thng khi khng c
chm v (thng) dng in i qua bin dng bng khng nn c th chnh nh dng khi
ng ca bo v vi tr s kh b v bo v c nhy cao.
Vi cc my bin p c cng sut ln, m bo chng chm t trong cun dy ni
hnh sao ca my bin p, ngi ta dng s bo v chng chm t c gii hn. Thc cht
y l loi bo v so lch dng in th t khng c min bo v c gi hn gia my bin
dng t trung tnh ca my bin p v t my bin dng ni theo b lc dng in th t
khng t pha u ra ca cun dy ni hnh sao ca my bin p (hnh 5-5,a). R le so lch
tng tr cao c mc song song vi in tr R c tr s kh ln.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v ngn mch chm t ngoi vng bo v (im
N1), ta c:

I0 3I0 I 0

(6-8)

trong :
I l dng th t khng chy trong cun dy my bin p
0

I l dng in chy qua cun dy trung tnh my bin p

Nu b qua sai s ca cc my bin dng, ta c dng in th cp chy qua in tr R

bng khng v in p t trn rle cng bng khng.
Khi ngn mch trong vng (im N2) ton b dng chm t s chy qua in tr R to
nn in p t trn rle so lch rt ln, rle tc ng.
bo v chng chm t cho ca cun dy ni tam gic ca my bin p, ngi ta c
th t thm my bin p to trung im ni t u cun tam gic v mt b bo v th hai
tng t.
Nguyn l so lch dng in th t khng cng c th c s dng bo v chng
chm t cho cc my bin p t ngu (Hnh v 6-5-b).

6.7 BO V QU NHIT CHO MY BIN P

Khi lm vic, tn tht cng sut my bin p bin thnh nhit nng. Tn tht cng sut
my bin p bao gm:
P = PCu + PFe = PFe(1 + b)

(6-9)

trong
PCu l tn hao do cun dy my bin p to nn
PFe l tn hao do dng in xoy trong li thp to nn
P
b Cu l t s tn hao cng sut trong cun dy v li thp khi ph ti nh
PFe
mc (b = 2 6)
Khi ph ti khc nh mc, tn hao cng sut thay i theo biu thc:
123

P = PFe(1 + bk2).

(6-10)

trong :
S
l ph ti tng i ca my bin p
Sm
Sm l cng sut nh mc ca my bin p
tng nhit ca du lp trn cng so vi nhit mi trng lm mt vi ph ti
tng i k c th xc nh theo biu thc:
k

1 bk 2

d
1 b

(6-11)

trong :
dm l tng nhit ca du khi ph ti nh mc
m l s m ph thuc vo h thng lm mt my bin p. Nu lm mt bng du
tun hon t nhin m = 0,8. Nu lm mt bng du tun hon t nhin c qut
gi m = 0,9. Nu lm mt bng du tun hon cng bc m = 1,0. Nu lm mt
bng du tun hon cng bc v nc m = 1,0.
tng nhit ca cun dy so vi nhit ca du t l vi tn hao cng sut trong
cun dy theo lu tha bc n. Mt khc tn hao cng sut trong cun dy t l vi bnh
phng ph ti. Do :
C = Cm.k2n

(6-12)

trong : Cm - tng nhit cun dy im nng nht so vi nhit du lp

trn cng khi ph ti nh mc. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th coi n = m.
Vy tng nhit cun dy ti im nng nht so vi nhit mi trng lm mt
vi h s ph ti tng i k bng:
C = d + C

(6-13)

S ph thuc c, d vo ph ti ch xc lp i vi my bin p c h thng lm

mt khc nhau c m t trn Hnh v 6-6
0

(5)
(4)

100

(3)
(2)

50

(1)

c
k
0,5

1,0

1,5

Hnh v 6-6: S ph thuc tng nhit ca du so vi nhit mi trng lm mt v

tng nhit cun dy so vi nhit ca du vo ph ti xc lp.

124

ng 1, 4 h thng lm mt bng du tun hon t nhin. ng 2, 3, 5 h thng lm

mt bng du tun hon cng bc
Thc nghim cho thy rng, ngun nhit ch yu to ra t cun dy chim khong 80%
tn hao tng.
Khi nhit im nng nht ca cun dy my bin p bng 980C th thi gian phc v
ca cch in bng khong 20 25 nm. Nhit im nng nht ca cun dy cao hn nhit
trung bnh ca n l 130C. Nh vy, nhit trung bnh ca cun dy trong iu kin vn
hnh cng sut nh mc 85 0C. Nhit im nng nht ca du (lp trn cng) bng
khong 55 0C. tng nhit im nng nht ca cun dy so vi nhit ca du bng
khong 230C v so vi khng kh xung quanh bng : 55 0C + 23 0C = 78 0C.
Do nhit im nng nht ca cun dy trong iu kin vn hnh cng sut nh
mc s l 780C + 200C = 980C. Vi nhit ny my bin p c th lm vic sut thi gian
phc v ca n.
i vi my bin p ngoi cng sut nh mc cn c khi nim kh nng ti. Ch
lm vic ca my bin p khng gy ra s gi ci cch in nhanh chng v gim bt thi
gian phc v ca n gi l ch lm vic lu di cho php, ch lm vic gy ra hao mn
cch in nhanh chng v rt ngn thi hn phc v ca my bin p gi l qu ti. Khi qu
ti nhit im nng nht khng vt qu tr s nguy him gi l qu ti cho php. xem
xt kh nng ph ti ca my bin p trong iu kin nht nh cn phi xc nh nhit c
th t ti ca du v ca cun dy.
Thi hn phc v ca my bin p l thi gian k t lc n bt u lm vic cho n khi
cch in b hu hoi hon ton. i vi my bin p do Lin X (c) ch to thi hn phc
v ca n khong 20 25 nm, ng vi nhit mi trng l 200C v nhit im nng
nht ca cun dy trong iu kin vn hnh cng sut nh mc l 980C.
Thc t nhit mi trng khng phi lc no cng l 200C, ngoi ra ph ti my
bin p lun thay i hng ngy, hng nm, trong s ngy ph ti nh hn nh mc ln
hn 20 25 nm. V vy trong vn hnh c th cho my bin p lm vic vi ph ti ln hn
nh mc mt lng no , ngha l my bin p c php qu ti m thi gian phc v ca
n khng gim i.
Khi qu ti bnh thng, nhit im nng nht ca cun dy c th ln hn (trong
nhng gi ph ti cc i) nhng khng vt qu 1400C v nhit lp du pha trn khng
vt qu 950C.
Trong iu kin s c cho php my bin p (vi bt k h thng lm mt no, khng
ph thuc mi trng lm mt) lm vic trong thi gian 5 ngy m vi h s qu ti l 1,4
cng sut nh mc.
Di y l s bo v qu nhit cho my bin p.
B cm bin nhit 1 c th ch to t cht bn dn platin t pha trn thng du
my bin p. Khi nhit my bin p tng ln t 700C n 750C. B khuch i 4 ng qut
gi, nu nhit tip tc tng b khuch i 6 ng bm du tun hon. Nu nhit tip tc
tng b khuch i 3 cho tn hiu v o lng nhit cho nhn vin vn hnh bit tm bin
php x l nh gim bt ph ti. Sau khi gim bt ph ti m nhit my bin p tip tc
tng n 117 0C tng ng vi nhit cao nht cun dy 1170C + 23 0C = 140 0C, b tch
phn thi gian s lm vic, theo quy nh vi nhit ny my bin p lm vic trong 6 gi
s cho tn hiu ti b khuch i 2 ct my bin p.

125

Ct my bin p

Tn hiu

4
Qut gi
5

Cm bin
nhit
(1)

6
Bm du
7

T1
T
T2
T
T3 T4
T4
T

B phn tch
thi gian qu
nhit
(8)

Thit b ci t
nhit

Hnh v 6-7: S bo v qu nhit my bin p

6.8 LA CHN PHNG THC BO V MY BIN P

Cng nh i vi my pht in xt trc y, phng thc bo v my bin p ph
thuc vo cng sut, chng loi, s cun dy, v tr v s u dy ca my bin p.
Hin nay cng khng c nhng tiu chun thng nht lc chn phng thc bo v
cho my bin p. Sau y ch nu mt s v d thng gp trong thc t. Trn Hnh v 6-8
trnh by s phng thc bo v i vi cc my bin p hai cun dy cng sut b (n
vi chc MVA), chng ngn mch gia cc pha v s c bn trong thng du ngi ta
thng dng bo v so lch c hm (1) v r le kh (2) lm bo v chnh. Bo v qu dng
in c thi gian (3) c s dng lm bo v d phng. chng qu ti v nhit du
tng cao ngi ta s dng bo v qu dng (4) v bo v phn ng theo nhit (5).
1
A

(a)

3 I>,t
4

MC2

o
I
1

Ct MC1, MC2

RK 2

MC1

2 RK

1
2
(b)

3 1>,t
4

Bo hiu

Hnh v 6-8: Phng thc bo v my bin p hai cun dy cng sut b

126

2
I0

8
I

5
Z<

4
RK2

RK1

11
o

1
I

Z<
6
I>
7

I
9

I
10

Hnh v 6-9: Phng thc bo v my bin p ba cun dy cng sut ln

i vi my bin p ba cun dy cng sut ln (Hnh v 6-9), ngi ta dng bo v so
lch c hm (1), bo v so lch dng th t khng (2), rle kh (3) v (4) lm bo v chnh,
bo v khong cch (5), (6) v bo v qu dng c thi gian (7) lm bo v d phng.
chng qu ti dng bo v qu dng (8), (9), (10), t ring cho cc pha bo v
phn ng theo nhit ca du (11).
2
RK1
RK2

1
I0

5
1

4
Z<

4
I

Hnh v 6-10: Phng thc bo v my bin p t ngu cng sut ln

Trn Hnh v 6-10 trnh by phng thc bo v cho cc my bin p t ngu c cng
sut ln. Cc li bo v v chc nng ca tng loi cng tng t nh trn hnh 5-9 i vi
my bin p 3 cun dy. Ring bo v so lch thng ngi ta s dng loi rle so lch tng
tr cao.

6.9 CU HI N TP
1 Cc dng h hng v ch lm vic khng bnh thng ca my bin p v my bin
p t ngu.
2 Bo v so lch c hm cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
3 Bo v qu dng in c thi gian cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
4 Bo v chng chm t cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
5 Bo v bng r le hi cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
6 Bo v qu nhit cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.

127

CHNG 7: BO V CC H THNG THANH GP

7.1 CC DNG H HNG
Trn thanh gp ca cc nh my in v trm bin p c th xy ra ngn mch gia cc
pha v ngn mch mt pha chm t. Trong cc h thng hin i kh nng pht sinh h hng
trn thanh gp t hn rt nhiu so vi trn ng dy. Tuy nhin nu nh vic loi tr cc s
c trn thanh gp thc hin khng tt th hu qu i vi ton b h thng in s rt tai hi.
Bi vy cn phi thc hin cc bo v r le bo m ct nhanh v c chn lc ngn mch gia
cc pha v ngn mch mt pha trn thanh gp. Trong cc mng U 35kV s bo v ch
thc hin cho hai pha. Khi chm t mt pha trong cc mng ny, thit b kim tra cch in
ch tc ng bo tn hiu.
bo v thanh gp c th dng cc bo v ca cc phn t ni vo thanh gp nh bo
v dng in cc i, bo v khong cch ca cc ng dy hoc bo v ring bit.

7.1.1 Nhng trng hp khng cn t bo v ring

bo v ng dy AB u A thng t bo v dng in c nhiu cp thi
gian (Hnh v 7-1-a).
Khi ngn mch trn thanh gp B, bo v dng in cc i s tc ng ct
ngun vi thi gian tII. Thi gian ny vn cho php v khi ngn mch cui ng
dy vi kh nng pht sinh nhiu hn so vi kh nng ngn mch trn thanh gp, bo
v vn lm vic vi thi gian nh vy.
i vi thanh gp khng phn on ca nh my in cng sut b cung cp in ch
yu cho ph ti cp in p my pht in (Hnh v 7-1-b) hoc thanh gp pha th cp khng
phn on ca trm bin p (Hnh v 7-1-c) cng khng cn t bo v thanh gp ring m
dng bo v chng ngn mch ngoi ca my pht in hoc ca my bin p bo v cho
thanh gp.
TG A

TG B

~
(a)
TG A

TG B

~
(b)

(c)

Hnh v 7-1: Th d cc s ni in khng cn t bo v thanh gp ring

115

7.1.2 Nhng trng hp cn t bo v ring cho thanh gp

t bo v ring cho thanh gp nhm cc mc ch sau y:
m bo yu cu tc ng nhanh gi vng tnh n nh ca h thng.
m bo ct c chn lc ngn mch trn thanh gp c phn on (Hnh v 7-2-a) khi c
hai phn on cng lm vic v my ct phn on ng, trn h thng hai thanh gp
lm vic song song vi my ct ni ng (Hnh v 7-2-b)
bo v thanh gp c th dng cc bo v dng in cc i, bo v dng in c
hng, bo v khong cch v thng dng nht l bo v so lch v bo v ny bo m ct
nhanh v c chn lc cc s c trong s ni in bt k.

~
(a)
(b)

Hnh v 7-2: Th d cc s ni in cn bo v ring cho thanh gp

7.2 CC LOI S THANH GP

Trong cc nh my in, trm bin p v trm phn phi tu thuc vo vai tr, v tr ca
n trong h thng in c th s dng cc loi s thanh gp nh sau:

7.2.1 S mt h thng thanh gp

Cc loi s thanh gp
a. S mt h thng thanh gp.
b. S mt h thng thanh gp c phn on bng mt dao cch ly
c. S mt h thng thanh gp c phn on bng hai dao cch ly
d. S mt h thng thanh gp c phn on bng my ct in.
e. S mt h thng thanh gp c thanh gp vng

116

CLP

P1

P2

CLP1

P1

P2
CLP2

(a)

(b)

(c)

CLV
MCV

MCP

P1

P2

CLV2

CLV1

P1

P2
MCP

(d)

(e)

TGV
N

Hnh v 7-3: Cc loi s mt h thng thanh gp

7.2.2 S hai h thng thanh gp c mt my ct trn mch

Cc s h thng hai thanh gp c cho hnh di y:
D1

D2

D3

(a)
MCn
TG1

TG2

N1

N2
117

D1

D2

D3

D4

(b)

MCn2

MCn

TG1
MCP

TG2

P1

P2

N1

N2
a) S hai h thng thanh gp

b) S hai h thng thanh gp c phn on thanh gp lm vic.

D

TG
V

MC
MCn

TG2

(c)
TG1

c)S hai h thng thanh gp c thanh gp vng.

D1

D2

D3

TG

CL
MC
TG
(d)
TG

N1

118

N2

d) S hai h thng thanh gp c thanh gp vng tit kim MCV ch dng MCN
va lm nhim v lin lc gia TG1 vi TG2 va lm nhim v MCV khi phi s dng
thm DCLV
Hnh v 7-4: S hai h thng thanh gp c mt my ct trn mt mch

7.2.3 S thanh gp mi mch in c ni vi h thng thanh gp

qua hai my ct in
1 S hai h thng thanh gp c hai my ct trn mch

TG2
TG1

Hnh v 7-5: S hai thanh gp mi mch c ni vi hai h thng thanh gp qua hai my
ct in
2 S hai h thng thanh gp c ba my ct trn hai mch.
TG2

TG1

Hnh v 7-6: S hai h thng thanh gp c ba my ct trn hai mch

119

3 S hai h thng thanh gp c bn my ct trn ba mch

TG2
TG1

Hnh v 7-7: S hai h thng thanh gp c bn my ct trn ba mch

4 S a gic
N2

D2

D1

N1
Hnh v 7-8: S b tr h thng thanh gp theo hnh a gic

7.3 BO V SO LCH TON PHN THANH GP

7.3.1 Nhng c im khi thc hin bo v so lch ton phn thanh gp
Khi thc hin bo v so lch cho cc thanh gp n (hnh 6-9) hoc thanh gp c phn
on vi cc phn t phn b ln c hai phn on (hnh 6-10) cn phi ch cc c im
sau y:
1 Cn t bin dng in trn tt c cc phn t ni vo thanh gp.
120

2 Cc bin dng in v nguyn tc nn chn c cng dng in nh mc chn theo

dng in lm vic cc i Ilv max ca phn t mang cng sut ln nht. Khi dng cc
bin dng in c h s bin khc nhau th phi cn bng cc sc in ng do chng
to ra bng cc bin dng bo ho trung gian.
3 Bo v tc ng ct cc phn t ni vi ngun, cc phn t khng ni vi ngun c th
khng ct gim nh vic ng tr li ngun in.
4 Trong s bo v thng dng r le c bin dng bo ho trung gian lm gim nh
hng cc gi tr qu ca dng in khng cn bng

RI

Qua RG i ct tt
c cc phn t
ni vi ngun
Hnh v 7-9: Bo v so lch ton phn ca thanh gp n
5 Ni t ch thc hin mt im chung (trn bng bo v).
gim s lng cp trong mch th cp v gim ph ti ca cc bin dng in, cc
mch th cp ca cc bin dng in thng ni vi nhau trm phn phi.

i ct PI

P I

1 RI

+
3 RI

P II

i ct
MCP

i ct
PII

2 RI

Hnh v 7-10: Bo v so lch ton phn thanh gp c phn on vi cc phn t phn b ln

c hai phn on
Trong s bo v thanh gp c phn on (hoc h thng hai thanh gp) v cc phn
t phn b c nh ln cc phn on (hoc cc thanh gp) dng 3 b r le dng in: 3RI
lm nhim v phn bit ngn mch ngoi v lm nhim v khi ng 2 b 1RI v 2RI; 1RI v
2RI lm nhim v chn lc phn on (hoc thanh gp) b h hng.
121

7.3.2 Bo v so lch dng in c hm

S nguyn l ca bo v so lch c hm dng cho h thng thanh gp n nh Hnh
v 7-11.

MC1

MC 2

BI1

IT1

BI2

IS1

IS2

MCn

IT2

ITn

BIn

ISn

I
BIG

BIG

BIG

IH
+ ILV

R
CL

CL

CL

RL

I LV
i ct MC1, MC2
Mch lm vic

Mch hm

Hnh v 7-11: S nguyn l so lch dng in c hm bo v thanh gp n

Dng in lm vic ILV bng tng vc t ca dng in th cp ca tt c cc phn t
ni vo thanh gp
n

I lv

Ti

I T1 I T 2 ... I Tn

(7-1)

i 1

Dng in hm IH t l vi tng i s ca dng in th cp tt c cc phn t ni vo

thanh gp.
n

I h k h I Ti k h I T1 I T 2 ... ITn

(7-2)

i 1

trong h s hm k h

Ilv
Ih

H s hm c th iu chnh c (bng cch thay i tr s ca in tr R trn Hnh v

7-11). m bo hiu ng hm tin cy khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (im N), ngay
c khi mc bo ho ca cc my bin dng khng ging nhau phi iu chnh IH > ILV.
Thng thng chn kH t 0,5 n 0,9 nh Hnh v 7-12.

122

Ilv
Ilv=Ih

kh=0,8
kh=0,6
kh=0,5
IH

Hnh v 7-12:c tnh bo v thanh gp dng dng in hm

Trng hp s mt h thng thanh gp c phn on (Hnh v 7-13) mi phn on
c bo v ring v my ct phn on MCP coi nh thuc c hai phn on.

P1

BIP1

1MC

2MC

BI1

Ct MCP
1MC, 2MC

MCP

BIP2

P2

3MC
BI2

4MC

BI3

BI4

IP2

IP1

Ct MCP
3MC, 4MC

Hnh v 7-13: S bo v mt h thng thanh gp c phn on

i vi cc s thanh gp phc tp nh s hai h thng thanh gp, h thng thanh
gp c thanh gp vng, s 1,5 my ct, s a gic . . . s bo v thanh gp cn c
b tr sao cho c th t ng thch ng c vi s thay i cu hnh ca cc phn t pha s
cp v tn hiu ct ch gi i ct cc phn t lin h trc tip vi thanh gp h hng, my ct
ca cc phn t khc vn lm vic bnh thng.
m bo yu cu ny, thng s dng phng php t hp l gc cc tip im ph
phn nh v tr ca cc phn t (qua dao cch ly) trong h thng thanh gp.
S nguyn l ca bo v h thng hai thanh gp lin h vi nhau qua r le phn nh
v tr ca dao cch ly ni thanh gp nh hnh 6-14.
Thc t vic chuyn i trong mch th cp ca my bin dng khng c h mch
dng in.
Trong cc bo v hin i, v tr ca cc phn t c phn nh qua h thng tn hiu
in t v v tr ca tng phn t c ghi nh ngay c trong trng hp mt ngun in thao
123

tc. Ngoi ra bo v cn cnh bo khi c h hng trong mch th cp (t dy, chp mch)
hoc cun dy ca bin dng sai cc tnh khi chuyn i.

TGI
+

TGII

CLI

CLI
CLII

CLII

GI

HI

GII
-

CLII

CLI

2MC

CLI
CLII

LVI

Ct TGI
I
TGI

ILVI

CLI

CLII
CLII

LVI

HI

IHI

GII

CLI

IHII

GI

1MC

I
TGI
ILVI

HII

BII

HII

BIII

Ct TGII

LVII

LVII

Hnh v 7-14: S bo v so lch c hm h thng hai thanh gp

7.3.3 Bo v so lch thanh gp dng r le tng tr cao

S nguyn l bo v so lch thanh gp dng r le tng tr cao nh Hnh v 7-15.
N1

TG
MC1

BI1
BI2
N2

R le tng tr cao

MC2

R
RL

Ct

Hnh v 7-15: Bo v thanh gp bng r le tng tr cao

124

 n gin xt trng hp thanh gp ch c hai phn t, cc my bin dng c thng

s hon ton nh nhau. Dng s thay th hnh ta c mch ng tr ca hnh nh hnh 616.
Nu cc my bin dng c thng s hon ton ging nhau th:
- R1 = R2 (R l in tr cun dy my bin dng v dy ni trong s bo v).
- X1 = X2 (X1, X2 l in khng mch t ho)
ch ngn mch ngoi, nu cc my bin dng khng b bo ho th X c gi tr
kh ln (hnh 6-16), dng in trong mch t ho c th b qua. V cc dng in s cp ra v
vo nt cn bng nhau nn pha th cp dng in Tun hon hay so lch khng chy qua
r le, r le khng tc ng.

MC2

MC1
IT1
U1

BI1

R1

R2

X1

IS1

IT1

IT2

UR
R

X2

U2

D1

BI2

BI1

U10

(a)

R1

R2

IT2

UR
R

X2

U2

IS2

IS2

UR0
N2

D2

BI2

X10

IS1

UR0
N2

MC2

MC1

D1

(b)

D2

Hnh v 7-16: S mng in ng tr dng r le so lch ttng tr cao khi ngn mch ngoi
a) Ch bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi cc BI khng b bo ho
b) Khi ngn mchngoi v my bin dng phn t s c b bo ho hon ton

Trng hp xu nht l my bin dng t trn phn t c s c b bo ho hon ton,

c th xem nh X1 = 0 (hnh 6-16,b). Mch th cp ca BI1 coi nh b ni tt v ph ti pha
th cp ca BI2 bng hai in tr ghp song song nhau, in tr cao ca mch r le R v in
tr R1 ca cun dy my bin dng b bo ho cng vi dy ni t my bin dng ny n r
le.
in tr ca mch r le R c chn sao cho in p ging trn R1 (cng l in p t
trn r le UR) khng vt qu in p khi ng ca r le.
in p t trn r le bng:
UR = ITN.max. R1
Trong ITN.max Dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht pha th cp ca my bin dng
cho bo v khng tc ng nhm do my bin dng b bo ho, thng chn:
UK 2,5ITN.max.(RBI + 2Rdd)
Trong RBI in tr cun dy my bin dng.
125

Rdd in tr dy dn ni t my bin dng xa nht n r le.

Mun tng nhy ca bo v cn chn my bin dng c in tr cun dy RBI b v
phi gim n mc thp nht in tr ca dy ni.
Khi c ngn mch trn thanh gp, tt c cc dng in pha s cp u chy vo thanh
gp, pha th cp tt c dng in u chy qua r le. bo v chng qu in p cho r
le c th mc song song vi r le mt in tr phi tuyn.

7.3.4 Bo v thanh gp dng nguyn l so snh pha dng in

S nguyn l so snh pha dng in nh hnh 6-17
N1

S1

TG

I T1

R1

T2

S2

&

R2

tC

Ct

I S3

N2

D1

D2

T3

R3

D3
Hnh 6-17 S nguyn l so snh pha dng in
bo v thanh gp

- Khi c ngn mch trn thanh gp tai im N1 dng in s cp v th cp ca BI tt

c cc phn t c pha ging nhau (hnh 6-18,a), thi gian trng hp tn hiu tC cho na chu k
(dng hoc m) ln (i vi dng in c fm = 50Hz thi gian
tCmax = 10ms)
cho bo v tc ng (tC t).
- Khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (im N2), dng in chy qua my bin dng
ca phn t b s c c pha ngc vi pha dng in trong cc my bin dng khc, thi gian
trng hp tn hiu cng cc tnh bng 0, bo v khng lm vic. (hnh 6-18,b).

iT1

iT1

iT2

iT2

iT3

iT3
t

(a)

(b)

iR1

iR1

iR2

iR2

iR3

iR3

Tn hiu
ct

Hnh 6-18
Pha dng in khi
ngn mch trong
vng bo v (a);
v khi ngn mch
ngoi vng bo v
(b) ca thanh gp

tC

Tn hiu
ct
126

t
tC=0

7.4 BO V SO LCH KHNG TON PHN THANH GP

S bo v so lch khng hon ton thng dng bo v cc thanh gp in

p my pht in c nhiu phn t ni vo thanh gp (hnh 6-19). Cc bin dng in
ch t trn cc phn t ni thanh gp vi ngun (cc mch my pht in, my bin
p, my ct phn on, my ct ni).
Bo v so lch khng hon ton thc cht l mt bo v dng in cc i c
nhiu cp thi gian (thng l hai cp).
6.4.1 Cp th nht ca bo v
i ct 2MC

13CN

N
4BI

7 RI

1MC

Th 11

PII

10 RG
Th 12

IN+KPt(IPt+IPit
)

BTD

6BI

9 RT

i ct
2MC
1MC

PI

2MC 3MC
5BI

8 RI

KP(IPt+IPit)

Hnh 6-19
S nguyn l mt pha ca bo v so lch khnghon ton ca
thanh gp in p my pht in

Bo v dng in ct nhanh gm cc r le 7RI, 11TH, 10RG l cp ch o bo v chng ngn mch trn thanh gp v trn cc on
ni cc phn t vi thanh gp. Cp ny tc ng s ct, my ct 1MC ni vi h thng v my ct phn on 2MC. My ct 3MC u cc
my pht in c th ct hay khng tu thuc vo v tr ca con ni 13CN. Nu con ni 13NC m, sau khi my ct 1MC v 2MC ct, nu
ngn mch c t gii tr th my ct 3MC vn gi c s cung cp in cho cc ph ti in p my pht in. Nu ngn mch tn ti
lu di cp th hai ca bo v s ct my ct 3MC.

Dng in khi ng ca bo v cp th nht:

IIK = kat [I(3)N ng.max + kPt ( IPt + IPtt )] ,
trong :
I(3)N ng.max - dng in ngn mch 3 pha ln nht khi ngn mch sau khng in
ng dy hoc sau my bin p t dng ( cc phn t trn khng t bin dng
in cung cp cho bo v ).
IPt - dng in ph ti ca cc ng dy ra ni vi phn on c bo v m
khng b bo v bc ly, khi tt c cc phn on ca thanh gp in p my pht in
u lm vic.
IPtt - tng dng in ph ti thm vo khi mt trong cc phn on thanh gp in
p my pht in ngh hoc b ct ra;
kat - h s an ton ly bng 1,2;
127

kPt - h s ph ti tnh n kh nng tng dng in ph ti khi ngn mch sau

khng in ng dy lm cho in p trn thanh gp gim xung. Thng ly
kPt = 1,2 1,3.
6.4.2 Cp th hai ca bo v
y l bo v dng in cc i gm cc r le 8RI, 9RI, 12TH, 10RG lm nhim
v d tr chng ngn mch trn cc phn t ni vi thanh gp m khng b bo v bc
ly khi bo v chnh ca cc phn t ny khng tc ng.
Dng in khi ng ca cp ny chn theo dng in ph ti cc i ca cc
phn t ni vo thanh gp m khng b bo v bc ly. xc nh dng in ph ti
ny cn ch n cc trng hp sau:
a- Khi mt trong cc phn on thanh gp ngh, bo v phi tr v sau khi ct
ngn mch sau khng in ca mt trong cc ng dy ra c loi tr:
IIIK =

kat .k Pt
( IPt + IPtt ),
kv

trong kv - h s tr v ly bng 0,85.

b- Bo v khng c tc ng khi thit b t ng ng ngun d tr chuyn
cc ph ti t phn on b ct sang phn on c bo v:
IIIK = kat ( IPt + kmm IPtt ),
trong kmm - h s t m my ly bng 2,5 3.
bo v lm vic mt cch chc chn khi c ngn mch cn kim tra nhy
ca cc cp:
- nhy ca cp th nht ( cp ct nhanh ) c xc nh theo dng in ngn
mch nh nht khi ngn mch ba pha trc tip trn thanh gp. Yu cu kIn 1,5 .
- nhy ca cp th hai c xc nh theo dng in ngn mch nh nht khi
ngn mch sau khng in ng dy hoc cui ng dy ni trc tip vo thanh gp
c bo v kIIn 1,2.

7.4.1.1 CU HI N TP CHNG VI
1- Nu cc dng h hng trn thanh gp, cc loi bo v t cho thanh gp?
Nu nhng thanh gp cn phi t bo v ring cho thanh gp?
2- Nu nhng c im khi thc hin bo v so lch ton phn thanh gp?
3- Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so lch dng in c hm bo v
cho thanh gp
4- Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so lch thanh gp dng r le tng tr
cao.
5- Hy nu nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so snh pha dng in bo v cho
thanh gp?
6- Trnh by bo v so lch khng hon ton trn thanh gp?

128

129