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TRNG I HC IN LC
GIO TRNH I HC
BO V RLE
TRONG H THNG IN
CC TC GI
THs.
TS.
Nguyn Vn t
Nguyn ng Ton
Khoa H thng in
Khoa H thng in
H ni 2010
ii
LI TA
Gio trnh Bo v rle trong h thng in c dng ging dy cho sinh vin
ngnh H thng in trng i hc in lc v lm ti liu tham kho cho nhng ngi lm
cng tc k thut v vn hnh cc thit b bo v trong h thng in.
Gio trnh a ra mt s vn c bn ca k thut bo v h thng in bng rle, cc
nguyn tc tc ng v cch thc hin cc loi bo v thng gp. i vi mi phn t trong
h thng in, gio trnh trnh by tm tt cc ch lm vic, tnh trng h hng v lm vic
khng bnh thng, m t nguyn l lm vic v chc nng cc phn t chnh trong s bo
v.
Gio trnh gii thiu v xem xt vic bo v cc phn t chnh trong h thng in bao
gm: ng dy truyn ti, my pht in, my bin p, thanh gp, ng c in, t in,
khng in, cp in.
Ton b cun sch chia lm 8 chng. y l ln ti bn th nht, cc tc gi c
gng chnh sa nhng thiu st ca ln xut bn trc v cp nht thm mt s kin thc mi,
nhng chc chn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nhng nhn xt v gp ca bn c
xin gi cho Khoa H thng in Trng i hc in lc 235 Hong Quc Vit - H Ni.
Email.
Tel :
iii
LI CM N
iv
MC LC
LI TA...................................................................................................................................... iii
LI CM N............................................................................................................................... iv
MC LC ......................................................................................................................................v
DANH MC HNH V ................................................................................................................ ix
DANH MC BNG.....................................................................................................................xv
PHN I: CC NGUYN L BO V........................................................................................xvi
1.9 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................28
vi
3.4 BO V SO LCH.................................................................................................................62
3.4.1 So lch dng in .............................................................................................................62
3.4.2 So snh pha ca dng in ................................................................................................65
3.4.3 nh gi v bo v so lch................................................................................................66
3.5 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................66
PHN II: BO V CC PHN T TRONG H THNG IN ................................................67
CHNG 4: BO V CC NG DY TI IN ........................................68
4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG.............................................................................................................68
4.2 BO V QU DNG IN ..................................................................................................69
4.2.1 Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh........................................................................................69
4.2.2 Bo v qu dng in c thi gian ....................................................................................70
4.2.3 Bo v qu dng c kho in p thp ..............................................................................71
4.2.4 Bo v qu dng in c hng ........................................................................................72
4.2.5 Bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng ................................................................................74
4.3 BO V SO LCH DC NG DY TI IN ..............................................................75
4.3.1 Bo v so lch dng in c hm ......................................................................................75
4.3.2 Bo v so lch dng dy dn ph ......................................................................................77
4.3.3 Bo v so snh pha dng in ...........................................................................................78
4.4 BO V KHONG CCH ...................................................................................................81
4.4.1 Chn gi tr khi ng v thi gian lm vic r le khong cch .........................................81
4.4.2 Bo v khong cch cc ng dy c t t in b dc :.............................................83
4.5 BO V SO SNH HNG .................................................................................................85
4.6 NGUYN L BO CHNG CHM T.............................................................................87
4.6.1 Nguyn tc tc ng .........................................................................................................87
4.6.2 Bo v qu dng in th t khng...................................................................................88
4.6.3 Bo v qu dng in th t khng c hng....................................................................88
4.6.4 Bo v chng chm t chp chn .................................................................................91
4.7 CU HI N TP .................................................................................................................92
vii
viii
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh v 1-1: V d v tnh chn lc ca bo v rle ........................................................................... 3
Hnh v 1-2: Cu trc tng qut ca h thng bo v .......................................................................... 5
Hnh v 1-3: V d v mt cu trc ca h thng bo v ..................................................................... 6
Hnh v 1-4: S cu trc ca h thng bo v c d phng tng cng tin cy...................... 6
Hnh v 1-5: My bin dng cao p, h p v s nguyn l ca my bin dng .............................. 7
Hnh v 1-6: Sai s ca BI v s thay th ca BI dng trong bo v............................................... 9
Hnh v 1-7: Ni tip hai my bin dng ...........................................................................................10
Hnh v 1-8: ng cong t ho (a) v quan h ca dng in s cp iS, t thng F,.........................11
Hnh v 1-9: Cc ni BI v rle theo s hnh sao ..........................................................................11
Hnh v 1-10: S ni mt rle vo hiu dng in hai pha v s vc t ca dng in th cp
qua rle khi ngn mch 2 pha v ba pha ............................................................................................12
Hnh v 1-11: Cc s b lc dng in th t khng: a) s nguyn l, b) b lc dng ba my
bin dng, c) b lc mt my bin dng dng cho ng dy trn khng, d) b lc mt my bin dng
dng cho ng dy cp ngm ..........................................................................................................13
Hnh v 1-12: Cc s b lc dng in th t nghch LI2: a) S cu trc, b) mch in, c) th
vc t i vi thnh phn th t thun, d) th vc t thnh phn th t nghch ..............................14
Hnh v 1-13: My bin in p cao p, h p v s nguyn l ca my bin in p ....................15
Hnh v 1-14: S ni cc BU theo hnh sao: a ni vo in p dy, b) ni vo in p pha, c) in
p ba pha v dy trung tnh ca HT ................................................................................................16
Hnh v 1-15: S ni cc BU theo hnh V/V .................................................................................16
Hnh v 1-16: Cc s b lc th t khng, a) cun tam gic h, b) b lc in p th t khng
trung tnh my pht in ...................................................................................................................17
Hnh v 1-17: S nguyn l ca b lc in p th t nghch........................................................18
Hnh v 1-18: S dng rle dng in c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn lm vic vi
dng in thao tc mt chiu.............................................................................................................19
Hnh v 1-19: S bo v dng in dng ngun thao tc xoay chiu theo phng php kh ni tt
cun ct ca my ct .........................................................................................................................20
Hnh v 1-20: S bo v dng in ni vo dng in thao tc xoay chiu qua bin dng bo ho
trung gian .........................................................................................................................................20
Hnh v 1-21: S b cung cp lin hp .........................................................................................21
Hnh v 1-22: S ngun cung cp bng b t np sn ...................................................................21
Hnh v 1-23: Lin h gia cc thit b lm vic vi knh truyn tn hiu ..........................................22
Hnh v 1-24: Nguyn l so snh bin hai i lng u vo ........................................................26
Hnh v 1-25: Nguyn l so snh pha (a) v biu so snh hai tn hiu u vo hnh sin lch pha
nhau (b) ............................................................................................................................................27
Hnh v 2-1: So snh gia rle s v rle thng thng.....................................................................30
ix
Hnh v 3-12: S phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng ca bo v
khong cch. .....................................................................................................................................60
Hnh v 3-13: S phn b dng in trn cc nhnh ca ng dy mch kp ...................................61
Hnh v 3-14: Bo v so lch dng in a) S nguyn l, b) th vct dng in khi ngn mch
ngoi vng v trong ch bnh thng, c) Khi ngn mch trong vng. ............................................63
Hnh v 3-15: S nguyn l ca bo v so lch c hm b sung bng dng in hi bc hai dng
cho bo v my bin p hai dy qun ................................................................................................65
Hnh v 3-16: Bo v so snh pha dng in: a) S nguyn l b) c tnh gc pha bo v. ..........66
Hnh v 4-1: Bo v ct nhanh ng dy c hai ngun cung cp......................................................69
Hnh v 4-2: c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng in, a) c lp, b) Ph thuc. .........................70
Hnh v 4-3: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in trong li in hnh tia (a) cho
trng hp c tuyn c lp (b) v c tuyn ph thuc (c) .............................................................71
Hnh v 4-4: Bo v qu dng in c kho in p thp ...................................................................71
Hnh v 4-5: Bo v qu dng in c hng: a) ng dy hai mch song song, b) cch chn thi
gian lm vic ca bo v ...................................................................................................................73
Hnh v 4-6: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in c hng trong li in c hai
ngun cung cp.................................................................................................................................74
Hnh v 4-7: Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh khng c hng (a) v c hng (b)...........................75
Hnh v 4-8: Bo v so lch dc c hm, a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t ca dng in lm vic
ILV v dng in hm IH khi c ngn mch ngoi (b) v trong vng (c) ..............................................76
Hnh v 4-9: c tnh lm vic ca bo v so lch c hm (1) v tng quan gia dng in lm vic
Ilv v dng in hm IH khi ngn mch trong vng bo v v ngun cung cp t
xi
Hnh v 4-20: S nguyn l ca bo v so snh hng cng sut th t khng truyn tn hiu cho
php..................................................................................................................................................86
Hnh v 4-21: S bin thin ca dng (a) v p (b) ti ch t bo v trc v sau thi im s c (t =
0)......................................................................................................................................................87
Hnh v 4-22: Phn b dng in s c (in dung) khi c chm t trn cc ng dy khc nhau
trong li in hnh tia c trung tnh khng ni t. (a) Chm t ng dy D3; (b) Chm t ng
dy D1 ..............................................................................................................................................89
Hnh v 4-23: S xc nh gc lch pha 0 gia dng (I0) v p (U0) th t khng......................89
Hnh v 4-24: S nguyn l s dng chung cho ton trm mt b xc nh hng cng sut th t
khng, c i ni trong mch dng in th t khng ca cc ng dy..........................................90
Hnh v 4-25: Mc in tr song song vi cun Petersen tng nhy ca bo v chng chm t
.........................................................................................................................................................91
Hnh v 4-26: Nguyn l ca s bo v chng chm t chp .....................................................92
Hnh v 5-1: Chm t trong cun dy Stato my pht in...............................................................95
Hnh v 5-2: Bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stato my pht in u trc tip vi thanh
gp in p my pht: a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t ...............................................................95
Hnh v 5-3: Phn b thnh phn hi bc ba dc theo cun dy stato my pht in, a) ch bnh
thng; b) khi chm t trung im; c) u cc my pht in. ...................................................96
Hnh v 5-4: S bo v 100% cun dy stato chng chm t theo hi bc 3: a) s nguyn l, b)
th vc t trong ch vn hnh bnh thng, c) khi c chm t gn trung im my pht in...97
Hnh v 5-5: S bo v 100% cun dy stato chng chm t c a thm in p hm 20Hz vo
trung im my pht in..................................................................................................................98
Hnh v 5-6: Ngn mch ba pha trong cun dy stato my pht in ng b, a) s nguyn l, b)
phn b sc in ng theo s vng ca cun dy, c) v quan h gia dng s c vi s vng dy b
ngn mch ...................................................................................................................................100
Hnh v 5-7: Bo v so lch dng in c hm cun dy stato my pht ..........................................100
Hnh v 5-8: Bo v so lch dng r le tng tr cao t cho my pht in: a) S nguyn l, b)
Mch in ng tr v phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng, c) Mch in ng tr v
phn b in p khi c ngn mch ngoi v nhm BI2 b bo ho hon ton....................................101
Hnh v 5-9: Bo v khong cch cho b MP-MBA: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh thi gian......102
Hnh v 5-10: c tuyn khi ng ca r le khong cch dng lm bo v cho my pht in .......102
Hnh v 5-11: Bo v qu dng c kha in p thp lm bo v d phng cho my pht in ........103
Hnh v 5-12: Bo v so lch ngang chng ngn mch gia cc vng dy ca my pht in cng sut
ln: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh khi ng................................................................................104
Hnh v 5-13: Bo v cun dy my pht in c hai nhnh song song chng chm chp gia cc vng
dy..................................................................................................................................................104
Hnh v 5-14: Chm t trong cun dy roto MP, a) Chm t mt im, b) Hai im..................105
xii
ng b: 1) c
xiii
xiv
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1-1: Mt s v d v cc t s ca BI ......................................................................................... 8
Bng 1-2: Cp chnh xc ca mt s loi my bin dng in............................................................. 8
Bng 1-3: Gii hn sai s ca BI c cp chnh xc 5P v 10P ............................................................. 9
Bng 1-4: Gii hn sai s ca BU dng cho bo v ...........................................................................16
Bng 2-1: Cc k hiu v loi rle ....................................................................................................32
Bng 6-1: Cc loi bo v thng dng cho my bin p.................................................................117
xv
PHN I: CC NGUYN L BO V
xvi
HT, ngi ta cng rt phi quan tm n cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng, v n
chnh l cc nguyn nhn dn n cc s c nguy him.
Do , nhim v ca cc thit b bo v rle l pht hin v nhanh chng loi tr phn
t b s c ra khi h thng in nhm ngn chn v hn ch n mc thp nht nhng hu
qu tai hi ca s c. Ngoi ra, thit b bo v cn ghi nhn v pht hin nhng tnh trng lm
vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t trong HT. Tu mc quan trng ca thit b in
m bo v rle c th tc ng i bo tn hiu hoc ct my ct in.
Thit b t ng c dng ph bin nht bo v cc HT hin i l cc rle. Ngy
nay, khi nim rle thng dng ch mt t hp thit b thc hin mt hoc mt nhm
chc nng bo v v t ng ha HT, tha mn nhng yu cu k thut ra i vi nhim
v bo v cho tng phn t c th cng nh cho ton b h thng.
1.2 YU CU CA BO V R LE
1.2.1 Tnh tin cy
L tnh nng m bo cho thit b bo v lm vic ng, chc chn. Cn phn bit hai
khi nim sau:
tin cy khi tc ng: l mc chc chn rle hoc h thng bo v rle s tc ng
ng. Ni cch khc, tin cy khi tc ng l kh nng bo v lm vic ng khi c s
c xy ra trong phm vi c xc nh trong nhim v bo v.
tin cy khng tc ng: l mc chc chn rng rle hoc h thng rle s khng
lm vic sai. Ni cch khc, tin cy khng tc ng l kh nng trnh lm vic nhm
ch vn hnh bnh thng hoc s c xy ra ngoi phm vi bo v c qui
nh.
Trn thc t tin cy tc ng c th c kim tra tng i d dng bng tnh ton
thc nghim, cn tin cy khng tc ng rt kh kim tra v tp hp nhng trng thi vn
hnh v tnh hung bt thng c th dn n tc ng sai ca bo v khng th lng trc
c.
nng cao tin cy nn s dng rle v h thng rle c kt cu n gin, chc
chn, c th thch qua thc t s dng v cng cn tng cng mc d phng trong
h thng bo v. Qua s liu thng k vn hnh cho thy, h thng bo v trong cc h thng
in hin i c xc sut lm vic tin cy khong (95 99)%.
1.2.4 nhy
nhy c trng cho kh nng cm nhn s c ca rle hoc h thng bo v.
nhy ca bo v c c trng bng h s nhy Kn l t s ca i lng vt l t vo
rle khi c s c vi ngng tc ng ca n. S sai khc gia tr s ca i lng vt l t
vo rle v ngng tc ng ca n cng ln, rle cng d cm nhn s xut hin ca s c,
ngha l rle tc ng cng nhy.
nhy thc t ca bo v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Ch lm vic ca HT
(mc huy ng ngun max hay min), cu hnh ca li in (cc ng dy lm vic song
song, hay n l), dng ngn mch (ba pha, mt pha, ), v tr ca im ngn mch (gn
ngun, hay xa ngun), . . .
i vi cc bo v chnh thng yu cu phi c h s nhy t 1,52,0 cn i vi
bo v d phng h s nhy t 1,21,5.
~
F
o lng v x l
tn hiu
(BI, BU,
AC/DC)
~
=
M
BU
/D
Hin th v ghi nh
s kin
/C
Mch iu khin
cc tn hiu, mch
my ct,
Ngun mt chiu
Thanh gp
BI
My ct in
Mch in c bo v
MCF
CC
Ngun
-
KK
RL
BU
Cu ch
Tn hiu ct
BI1
BI2
My ct in
Mch c bo v
MC
MC
CC
CC2
KK
N2
+
N1
CCh1
BV
CCh
BV2
BU
IS
nI
trong :
IT: Dng in pha th cp ca BI.
IS: Dng in pha s cp ca BI.
nI: T s bin i ca my bin dng.
Cc t s bin i thng c ca BI cho trong bng sau
Bng 1-1: Mt s v d v cc t s ca BI
Dng in
50:5
100:5
200:5
400:5
600:5
1000:5
2000:5
T s
10
20
40
80
120
200
400
Fi% = 100.
1
(niiT iS ) 2 dt
T0
IS
trong :
Fi%: Sai s phc hp tnh bng %.
T: Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu S.
ni: T s bin i ca my bin dng.
iT: Gi tr tc thi ca dng in s cp.
IS v iS tng ng l gi tr hiu dng v tc thi ca dng in s cp
Cp chnh xc ca my bin dng dng cho o lng v bo v theo Bng 1-2.
Bng 1-2: Cp chnh xc ca mt s loi my bin dng in
Lnh vc p dng
EEC
(Chu u)
ANSI
(M)
8
Ly chun dng c o ng h mu
o chnh xc
o m in nng
o lng cng nghip i lng U,I,P,Q
Mch Ampemet, Volmet, rle qu dng qu p
Li t dng cho bo v
0,1
0,2
0,5
1,0
3,5
5P, 10P
0,1
0,2
0,5
1,0
3,0
5P, 10P
0,2
0,3
0,6
1,2
1,2
C, T
Cp chnh xc
fi%
5P
10P
i, pht
Fi%
5
60
10
Fi 5%
Fi 10%
U T S pt
2
IT
I T
UT1
IT
Uti
UT2
Z
Hnh v 1-7: Ni tip hai my bin dng
Khi ph ti pha th cp s gim xung mt na v c tnh ton nh sau:
UT
U pt
2
IT Z
2
V ph ti ca mi bin dng l
Z pt
UT IT Z 1 Z
.
IT
2 IT 2
10
eT , B,
( B)
S hnh sao hon ton c th lm vic c khi ngn mch mt pha. Tuy nhin, hin
nay bo v chng ngn mch mt pha, ngi ta thng dng s hon ho hn c b lc
thnh phn th t khng.
a) S hnh sao y
11
I I
v
b
12
3 o
I I I
3I
A
B
C
o
ni
ni
Trong li c dng chm t b (trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua in khng ln)
dng cc b lc th t khng lm vic theo nguyn l cng t thng ca ba pha dng in s
cp (Hnh v 1-11-c,d).
Ch : Khi lp bin dng th t khng u cp, dy ni t v cp phi xuyn li
mch t kh thnh phn t thng do dng in phn b trong t c th chy qua v cp
v dy ni t gy nn.
trong : U
XR 2 U R 2 U X
14
S1*
T1*
Ti
S2
T2
15
Cp chnh xc
3P
6P
u (pht)
120
240
fu (%)
3
6
1.5.3 Cc s ni my bin in p
RL
RL
RL
RL
RL
(a)
RL
RL
(b)
RL
RL
(c)
U
ab
ac
;
3
U b0
U
ba
bc
;
3
U c0
U
ca
cb
3
RL
RL
RL
RL
RL
U R U aU bU c =
1
3
(U A U B U C ) =
UO
nU
nU
a
b
c
m
LU2
ZPT
n
c
a) S nguyn l
C1
R1
Umn
C2
R2
b) s ni cc t
17
A
1
U Bn
BC
AB
CA
U mn
mB Bn
C
U mB
U nC
C
U Am
U nC
U mn=0
U BC
U AB
U CA
Am
C1
3
R1
v C2
1
3.R2
2MC
Tn hiu
N2
N1
1RIT
4RG
T
5
3BI
6
T b c qui
+
-
Hnh v 1-18: S dng rle dng in c c tnh thi gian ph thuc c gii hn lm vic
vi dng in thao tc mt chiu
Khi bo v khi ng rle dng in 1 RIT khp tip im v u dng ca ngun
in thao tc mt chiu t vo cun ct CC ca my ct 2MC. Sau khi my ct m, tip im
BT ca b phn truyn ng my ct m ra, ngt mch dng in thao tc trc khi tip im
ca rle RIT m trnh h hng tip im ca rle do dng in qua cun ct ln. Rle
trung gian 4 RG dng kim tra mch ct. Khi c h hng trong mch ny, tip im 4 RG
ng li v cho tn hiu. in tr 5 lm gim dng in qua cun ct n tr s b hn tr s
dng in lm vic ca n.
Trong mch mt chiu c khi chm t ti hai im (th d ti N1 v N2 trn Hnh v
1-18 tip im ca rle b ni tt lm cho bo v tc ng nhm. V vy cn phi t bo v
chng chm t mt im tc ng bo tn hiu trong mch mt chiu.
19
Hnh v 1-19: S bo v dng in dng ngun thao tc xoay chiu theo phng php kh
ni tt cun ct ca my ct
Hnh v 1-20: S bo v dng in ni vo dng in thao tc xoay chiu qua bin dng
bo ho trung gian
Thc t vn hnh cho thy trong s ny khi bi s dng in ngn mch tng, do
mch th cp ca BIBH h, hin tng h mch pha th cp ca bin dng in c th rt
nguy him. khc phc khuyt im ny ngi ta dng s vi rle RIT c tip im
chuyn tip (Hnh v 1-20-b). Trong s ny, bnh thng cun th cp ca 3BIBH c
ni tt bi tip im thng ng ca rle RIT.
20
21
U I
U I
Ct lin ng
S
bo v
r le
Ct lin ng
Cho php
Cho php
Kho
Kho
Tn hiu iu khin
(Pht)
Ct
KNH
TRUYN
Tn hiu iu khin
(Thu)
S
bo v
r le
TN HIU
o xa
o xa
iu khin xa
iu khin xa
Thoi
Thoi
D liu
D liu
Thng tin
Thng tin
22
Tac.
PVC.
PMC.
23
X TV
X k
25
X 2 K 3 U K 4 I
26
K , tK
Hnh v 1-25: Nguyn l so snh pha (a) v biu so snh hai tn hiu u vo hnh sin lch
pha nhau (b)
Trn Hnh v 1-25 trnh by biu so snh na chu k dng ca hai i lng u
vo hnh sin X1 v X2. Cng c th tin hnh so snh c na chu k m tng mc tc
ng nhanh ca b phn so snh. tng chnh xc ca b phn so snh pha c th lc v
kh thnh phn mt chiu cng nh cc sng hi bc cao trong cc i lng u vo X1 v
X2 trc khi a vo b so snh.
1.8.2.1 Ch h thng in
S c nguy him nht trong HT chnh l s c ngn mch. Hu qu ca ngn mch
li ph thuc rt nhiu vo ch lm vic, hay ch huy ng cng sut ca HT. Ngn
mch cc thi im vn hnh HT khc nhau s cho kt qu tnh ton khc nhau. Nu ch
huy ng cng sut max v min chnh lch nhau ln, th dng in ngn mch s khc
nhau rt nhiu. Thng thng khi tnh ton t thng s ngi ta thng tnh cho ch huy
ng cng sut max (cc my pht, my/thit b b huy ng ht cng sut, ph ti trong h
thng l ln nht). Cn ch huy ng cng sut min (mt s my pht c th b ct ra
bo dng, sa cha) th dng kim tra nhy ca cc bo v.
1.8.2.3 Dng/loi s c
Khi tnh ton mt h thng bo v, ngi ta mong mun n s bo v c tt c cc
dng/loi s c c th xy ra trong h thng. Do cc dng/loi s c s cn phi c quan
tm, nghin cu, tm hiu nguyn nhn, v c ch xy ra t c cc phng thc bo v
tng ng v hiu qu. C th k v d y mt s s c nh:
i vi ng dy trn khng/cp ngm:
Cc dng ngn mch: ba pha (N3), hai pha (N2), hai pha ni t (N1-1), chm
t mt pha
i vi my pht in:
Ngn mch gia cc pha, ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt pha, qu ti,
qu in p, mt cn bng pha, mt kch thch, qu tc , suy gim tn s, chm
t cun dy roto, h hng h thng lm mt
i vi my bin p:
Ngn mch gia cc pha, ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt pha, thng
thng du,
i vi ng c in:
Ngn mch gia cc pha, chm t v ng c
1.9 CU HI N TP
1 Hy nu nhim v v cc yu cu ca h thng bo v r le?
2 Nu nh ngha v my bin dng in? Hy v s nguyn l lm vic v iu kin
chn my bin dng in l gi? Cch nh du cc u dy v cc ch khi ni my
bin dng in?
3 Nu nh ngha v my bin in p? Hy v s nguyn l lm vic v iu kin
chn my bin in p l gi? Cch nh du cc u dy v cc ch khi ni my bin
in p?
4 Cc yu cu i vi ngun in thao tc? Nu u nhc im ca tng loi ngun thao
tc?
5 Nu nhim v v yu cu ca h thng knh thng tin lin lc?
6 V sao phi tnh ton ngn mch phc v tnh ton bo v r le?
28
29
u t
chi ph
Rle s
200
100
M rng
c th
Tiu chun
Ti thiu
Chc nng
RI
RU
RW
30
RG
RT
Rth
Y
RI
RW
I~
I
X1
X2
Xn
RL
Y
X~
~
RL
Y
(a)
(b)
Y
1
Y
1
Xtv Xk
X
0
Xk
(e)
(c)
X Y
Khi ng
X Y
Xk
Tr v
Xtv
Tr v
Xtv
Xk
0
Xtv
(d)
Khi ng
t
(g)
31
+
RT
RI
Rth
(b)
MC
RG
BI
-
RI
RT
RT
Rth RG
RG
MC
_
(c)
(a)
+
Rth
(d)
Tn hiu
(a) S tng hp
(b) S khai trin mch dng in xoay chiu
(c) S khai trin mch thao tc
(d) S khai trin mch tn hiu
K hiu cc loi thit b v rle dng trong s bo v nh Bng 2-1.
Bng 2-1: Cc k hiu v loi rle
K hiu
Bng s
2
3
4
21
Bng ch
t
KT
C
Z<
Loi bo v
Rle thi gian, rle ng hoc m chm
Rle kho lin ng hoc kim tra
Cng tc t chnh
Rle khong cch (tng tr)
32
21N
24
25
27
30
32F
32R
37
40
46
49
49R
49S
50
51
51N
52
52a
52b
55
59
60
64
67
68
74
76
78
79
81
85
86
87
87G
87T
87B
87L
87M
96
S
U<
Th
hoc
hoc
I<
I2
I>>
I>
I0> hoc IE>
MC
MCa
MCb
Cos
U>
U hoc I
I0
I
L
B
I=>
TL (AR)
f
P/T
K
SL (I)
33
2.3 RLE IN C
2.3.1 Rle dng in kiu in t
2.3.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Rle dng in kiu in t lm vic da trn nguyn tc tc ng tng h gia phn
ng lm bng cht st t v t trng ca cun dy c dng in chy qua.
V cu to rle in t c chia thnh ba loi:
Rle in t c phn ng ng m (Hnh v 2-4- a)
Rle in t c phn ng quay (Hnh v 2-4-b)
Rle in t c phn ng chuyn ng tnh tin (Hnh v 2-4-c )
Mi loi u c li st 3 trn c qun cun dy 5, phn ng 1, cc tip im 4 v l
xo cn 2.
Dng in iR chy trong cun dy gy nn t thng i qua li st v khe h khng kh
. Khi h thng t khng bo ho tr s tc thi ca m men quay t l vi bnh phng ca
tr s tc thi ca t thng t hay ca dng in iR:
Mt = k1. t2 = k2. iR2
T biu thc ny ta thy du ca m men quay khng ph thuc vo du ca dng in
to nn m men . Nh vy cc rle in t lm vic c vi c dng in mt chiu v
dng in xoay chiu.
34
4a
4b
3
3
5
5
c
2
3
4
4
1
5
Hnh v 2-4: Mt s loi rle in t: a) Rle in t c phn ng ng m, b) C phn
ng quay, c) phn chuyn ng tnh tin
Tng ng vi Mk c mt gi tr xc nh ca dng in iR cn thit cho s khi ng.
a) Dng in b nht tng ng vi iu kin khi ng gi l dng in khi ng ca
rle IkR.
Sau khi rle tc ng, phn ng ca rle c th tr v v tr ban u phi gim
dng in iR sao cho m men quay in t M phi nh hn m men cn c kh. Cn ch
rng m men ma st cn tr phn ng khi tr v nn du ca n ngc vi du ca m men
cn ca l xo v m men do trng lng. Vy m men cn c kh khi tr v Mcv l:
Mcv = Mlx - Mms + Mp
iu kin rle tr v:
M = Mv < Mlx - Mms + Mp
Tng ng vi m men v Mv c mt gi tr xc nh ca dng in IR bo m cho
rle tr v.
b) Dng in ln nht tng ng vi iu kin tr v, gi l dng in tr v IvR ca rle.
T s gia dng in tr v vi dng in khi ng gi l h s tr v kvR ca
I
rle: k vR v . V Mck v Mcv khc nhau kh nhiu nn IkR v IvR cng khc nhau kh
I kR
nhiu v h s tr v ca rle b. y l khuyt im ng k ca rle c phn ng ng
m.
c) Hin tng phn ng rung ca rle in t
Khi rle lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu iR = IRm sint th tr s ca m men quay Mt
bng:
35
IR
Mt
k 2 I 2R
IR
T=
-k 2 I R2 cos2 t
EN ,, IN
-I 'N
IR
II
1
900
I 'N
EN
36
d) Lnh vc ng dng
Hin nay nguyn tc in t c ng dng rng ri ch to cc rle lm vic theo
mt i lng in (dng in, in p) v c mt s tc ng rle ph khc (rle trung gian,
tn hiu vv...)
Khi la chn c cu to hp l, rle c phn ng quay c th ch to c cc rle
c h s tr v cao, thi gian tr v b, sai s qun tnh nh, cng sut tiu th khng ln lm
v c chnh xc cn thit.
37
II
2
b
I
II
(b)
EN
IN
2
b
1
b
3
b
90
II
90
III
MIIt
Trc ca II
2
1
b
Trc ca I
EI
3
b
EII III
6b
5
b
EM
IM
4
6a
EI II
MIt
1.
Li thp
2.
Vng ngn
3.
a quay
4.
5.
L xo cn
6.
Cun dy
7.
Nam chm
EII
M = k2. I2R
T c th rt ra nhng kt lun:
M men quay ph thuc vo gc lch pha gia cc t thng, tn s ca dng in xoay
chiu v nhit ca mi trng xung quanh (lin quan n s thay i in tr ca
a).
M men quay lun lun hng theo con ng ngn nht t ca t thng vt trc
n trc ca t thng chm sau. Trong rle c vng ngn mch t thng vt trc l t
thng khng qua vng ngn mch, v vy a lun lun quay theo con ng ngn nht
t trc ca phn khng c vng ngn mch n trc ca phn c vng ngn mch.
Cc m men hm do cc dng in ct v nam chm vnh cu 4 gy ra khng nh
hng n dng in khi ng ca rle v chng ch xut hin khi a bt u quay.
Trong rle m men cn thng c to ra bi mt l xo hnh xon c 5 ni vi trc
ca a. Trong trng hp ny, khi tnh n c m men ma st Mms, iu kin khi ng l:
M Mlx + Mms
Khi khi ng a quay c mt gc no th u tip xc ng 6a gn trn trc
ca a hoc ngay trn a s ng vo u tip xc c nh 6b.
Dng nguyn tc cm ng c th kt hp c c b phn khi ng v b phn thi
gian vo cng mt rle dng in. Cc rle cm ng thng gp c thi gian tc ng t 0,5
n 10 - 15 giy.
2.4.3 Rle in p
Ni cun dy ca rle trc tip hoc gin tip qua bin in p, vo in p U ca mng
ta c rle lm vic theo tr s in p ca mng.
V M = k'. I2R m dng in qua rle bng: I R
UR
zR
trong ,
ZR - tng tr ca cun dy rle
UR - in p t vo rle U R
UR
nu
Do vy: M = k'.U2R
Hay nu xt n quan h: M = k''.UR
Biu thc trn cho thy rle lm vic theo in p ca mng.
Cc rle in t c cu to ging nh cc rle dng in in t, ch khc l cun dy
in p c s vng nhiu hn v tit din dy nh hn.
39
thi gian: t R
. C cu nh thi gian thng l mt c cu ng h. Khi ct mch cun
R
dy phn ng 2 v cn 4 tr v ngay v tr ban u nh l xo 3, tip im 8 m ra tc thi.
Mun iu chnh thi gian tR, ta thay i gc quay bng cch thay i v tr ca tip im 8.
Trong mt vi loi rle thi gian cn c thm tip im ng ngay 9 cho php ng
mch vi thi gian b (khong 0,15 - 0,2 giy) v khng iu chnh c.
40
2.5 RLE IN T
Vic s dng cc dng c bn dn (it v trit) cho php gim kch thc ca rle,
gim cng sut tiu th t cc my bin p o lng, nng cao nhy, ci thin cc c tnh
v ch to c cc rle khng tip im v khng c phn ng.
Cc rle n gin lm vic theo mt i lng in - dng in hoc in p, s dng
dng in chnh lu bng it. Trong trng hp ny b phn thc hin thng l cc rle
in t c nhy cao, rle phn cc hay rle t in. Cc rle phc tp hn nh rle cng
41
sut, rle tng tr lm vic theo hai i lng in (dng in v in p) c th thc hin
bng cch ng dng mt trong cc nguyn tc sau y:
v U
. Trong cc rle ny cc in
So snh cc gi tr tuyt i ca hai i lng U
I
II
II
Cc rle ny c thc hin bng mt s so snh pha cho php xc nh gc lch pha gia
v U
.
U
I
II
Hnh v 2-11: Rle dng in chnh lu: a) S nguyn l, b) dng in chnh lu [I]
Trong c hai trng hp, cc i lng cn so snh u l nhng hm s tuyn tnh ca
dng in IR v in p UR t vo rle:
k U
k I v U
k U
U
I
1
R
2 R
II
3 R k 4 IR
trong :
, I
k 1 , k 2 v k 3 , k 4 l cc h s khng i ph thuc vo U
R
R
Thay i cc h s k1, k2 s ch to c cc rle khc nhau c c tnh khc nhau.
Cc rle cng sut c hng rle tng tr u thuc loi ny.
Cc rle dng in v in p thuc loi rle lm vic theo mt i lng in.
Thng dng nhiu nht l cc rle ni vo dng in hoc in p ca mng in qua
chnh lu CL bng it bn dn , ni theo s chnh lu hai na chu k (Hnh v 2-11-Hnh
v 2-11a ). B phn thc hin RL l rle dng in in t, t in hoc rle phn cc c
ni vo dng in chnh lu hai na chu k.
Dng in chnh lu I c cc tr s tc thi t l vi cc tr s tc thi tng ng ca
dng in xoay chiu i = Im.sin t. Bi vy ng biu din I = f(t) c dng p mch,
bin thin t khng n cc i v khng i du (Hnh v 2-11-b). Dng in ny bng tng
ca thnh phn khng i Id v cc thnh phn iu ho bc chn. V tr s trung bnh ca cc
thnh phn iu ho trong mt chu k bng khng, nn thnh phn khng i Id bng dng
in trung bnh Itb ca dng in chnh lu I .
Cc iu ho bc bn v cao hn rt b, c th b qua, nn c th coi thnh phn bin
i ca dng in chnh lu ch c iu ho bc hai bin thin vi tn s 2. = 100Hz ( nh
trong Hnh v 2-11-b). Do vy I = Id = I2 cos2t
42
trong
Id = 0,63 Im = Itb
I2 = 0,425 Im (I2 l bin ca iu ho bc hai),
Im - bin dng in xoay chiu.
RL
RL
RL
(c)
(b)
(a)
I3
L
RL
I2
I1
C
R
(d)
trn Hnh v 2-13-b), hoc bin i theo mt quy lut khc. Rle tc ng khi U Uch . Cc
rle lm vic theo dng in chnh lu c kch thc b v tiu th cng sut b.
44
Tn hiu u
vo
Lc tn
hiu vo
Giao
din
Bn
phm
Rle
cnh bo
Khuch i
A
B
C
O
Tn hiu
nh phn
Cng vo - ra
A
I B
C
O
IMax = 100IK
1 sec
UMax = 140V
Lu di
Tng t
100V, 110V
1A, 5A
Chuyn i
tng t - s
~ A
01
Tng t
10V
B
x l
B nh
RAM
EEPROM
EPROM
Rle
Ct
i t
pht
quang
(LED)
Xung iu
khin u ra,
vo
45
2.7 CU HI N TP
1
2
3
4
46
CHNG 3: CC NGUYN L BO V R LE
H THNG IN
3.1 BO V QU DNG IN
3.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Bo v qu dng in l loi bo v tc ng khi dng in i qua phn t c bo v
vt qu mt gi tr nh trc. Theo phng php m bo tnh chn lc bo v qu dng
in c chia lm hai loi:
Bo v dng in cc i, k hiu 51, 51N hoc I>, I0>
Bo v dng in ct nhanh, k hiu 50, 50N, hoc I>>, I0>>
3.1.2 Bo v dng in cc i.
(3-1)
(3-2)
IV
.
I k
k at .k mm
I lv max
kv
47
k at .k mm .k [ 3] s
I lv max
n i .k v
(3-3)
48
vic ca hai bo v k nhau c chn ln hn nhau mt lng t. C th chn thi gian theo
nguyn tc c lp hoc theo nguyn tc ph thuc.
Lmin
CN
Lmax
CN
49
I N min I k
k at .k mm
I lv max
k trv
(3-4)
51
I>
&
BU
27
U<
trong :
Ulvmin : in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v trong iu kin qu
ti nng n nht.
UNmax : in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo
v ca bo v qu dng.
nU : T s bin i ca my bin in p.
Khi c thm b phn kho in p thp dng in khi ng ca b phn qu dng in
c th chn theo iu kin lm vic bnh thng m khng cn xt n ch qu ti s c.
R le dng in trong trng hp ny lm nhim v khng cho bo v tc ng nhm trong
trng hp t cu ch trong mch r le in p.
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c chn nh bo v qu dng in c thi gian.
3.1.5 Bo v dng in ba cp
phi hp gia bo v dng in cc i v bo v dng in ct nhanh cng nh
gim thi gian loi tr s c ngi ta dng s bo v dng in ba cp nh Hnh v 3-4
50
Cp th nht: Gm cc rle 3 RI, 4RGT, 9Th, l cp ct nhanh khng thi gian (tI
0,1s), ch bo v c mt phn ng dy. Dng in khi ng ca 3RI chn tng t nh
bo v ct nhanh, tc l : II k = kat.INng.max vi kat =1,31,5
Cp th hai: gm cc rle 5RI, 6RT, 10 Th l cp ct nhanh c thi gian, v c thi gian
lm vic l tII = tI + t=0,5s 0,6s. Dng in khi ng ca cp hai c chn nh sau: III
I
k = kat.I k, vi kat = 1,1 1,15.
Cp th ba: gm cc rle 7RI, 8RT, 11Th l cp bo v dng in cc i, c thi gian
t chn theo nguyn tc tng cp tIII = tII + t, dng in IIII k = kat.Ilvmax
III
9Th
CC
+
+
1 MC
10Th
+
4RGT
6 RT
8 RT
+
3 RI
11Th
+
5 RI
7 RI
2 BI
51
~
2MC
1MC
3MC
INg
II kA
III kA
II kB
lIA
tII A
t
l(km)
lIB
tIII A
tII B
tI B
LiA
LIIA
LIIIA
3.1.6 nh gi bo v qu dng in
L loi bo v n gin nht, c s dng sm nht, do n c nhng c im sau:
Tnh tin cy: n gin, lm vic kh tin cy
Tnh chn lc: bo v hon ton phn t c bo v, nhng i vi bo v dng in
ct nhanh cn c vng cht. S phi hp lm vic kh khn nht l trong cc mch
phc tp nh mch vng, nhiu ngun. L loi bo v c tnh chn lc tng i
Tnh tc ng nhanh: nhn chung c thi gian tc ng ln
nhy: Nhn chung c nhy khng cao, nht l khi chn dng in khi ng theo
iu kin dng m my ng c.
Do thng thng bo v qu dng ch lm bo v chnh cho cc mch hnh tia, li
in phn phi. i vi cc thit b quan trng nh My pht in, my bin p, ng dy
truyn ti cao p th cc bo v qu dng thng ch c dng nh bo v d phng.
52
B
(a)
N1
2 3
N2
IN
N2
N1
IN
5 4
(b
C
A
~
N1
1
N2
3
D
~
(c)
53
U
Ct
BU
I
(e)
I2=IN
B
I
(d
ng nhy cc i
I>
Vng
khi
ng
&
t
K
1800
I2=IN
hng cng sut lm vic theo gc lch pha gia dng in (chy qua phn t c bo v)
v in p (trn thanh gp ch t bo v).
Vi cc biu din trn Hnh v 3-6-a v c, nu gi thit tt c cc bo v u c trang
b b phn nh hng cng sut, th theo chiu tc ng ca cc bo v c phn thnh hai
nhm: nhm l gm cc bo v 1, 3, 5 vi bo v 5 nm xa ngun nht cn i vi nhm
chn (2, 4, 6) th bo v 2 nm xa ngun nht.
A
HT 1
B
D
C
3
(a)
A
D
C
3
(b)
t1
tB
HT
HT 22
tC
B
1
tB
HT 1
tC
t3 =2s
t
(c)
tC
tB =1s
t5
L
3
1
A
(d)
tB
tC
tB =1s
t2 =0,5s
t6 =2s
t
(e)
t4 = tC = 1,5s
t
L
2
t n maxt n 1 t
trong :
tn : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng gn ngun hn
tn-1 : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng ca ng dy ni vi thanh gp
lin k (xa ngun hn).
t : cp chn lc v thi gian
k at .k mm
.I lv max I k I N min
kv
k at .k mm
I lv max
kv
B
C
A
~
~
D
ZAB=RAB+jXA
(a)
A
U
ZA
UA
IA
BI
(b)
I
Z<
Z A min
Rq
BU
ZAN=RAN+jXA
<0
ZAN=ZAN+Rq
jX
IA Max = const
jX
B
B
(c)
ZAB
Vng khi ng
ca b phn
khong cch
ZAB
Rq
ZAN
I A max
>0
XA
UA
(d)
ZK
ZAN
N
D
R
RAB
D
0
A
Rq
Vng
tng
tr
ph
ti
Hnh v 3-10: Nguyn l o tng tr, a) S li in; b) Vng bin thin ca tng tr ph
ti; c)Tng tr o trong iu kin s c; d) c tnh khi ng ca b phn khong cch
i vi cc h thng truyn ti, tng tr o c ti ch t bo v trong ch lm
vic bnh thng (bng t s ca in p ch t bo v vi dng in ph ti) ln hn nhiu
so vi tng tr o c trong ch s c. Ngoi ra trong nhiu trng hp, tng tr ca
mch vng s c thng t l vi khong cch t ch t bo v n ch ngn mch (Hnh v
3-10).
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, tng tr o c ti ch t bo v ph thuc vo
tr s v gc pha ca dng in ph ti. Trn mt phng phc s, ch dng in ph ti
cc i IAmax khi ph ti thay i, mt vc t tng tr ph ti cc tiu ZAmin s v nn cung
trn c tm gc to ca mt phng tng tr phc (Hnh v 3-10-b).
Tng tr ca ng dy ti in AB c biu din bng vc t ZAB trn mt phng
phc. nghing ca vc t ZAB so vi trc honh (in tr tc dng R) ph thuc vo tng
quan in khng ca ng dy XAB v in tr tc dng ca ng dy RAB.
Ta c:
D = arctg
X AB
RAB
thng, nhng nghing ca vc t tng tr khng thay i. Khi ngn mch qua in tr
trung gian (thng do in tr ca h quang Rq pht sinh ti ch ngn mch) tng tr o
c ti ch t bo v: ZAN = RAN + jXAN + Rq = ZAN + Rq Tng tr o c c tr s ln
hn nhng gc nghing ca vc t tng tr c gim i so vi khi ngn mch trc tip ti N
(Hnh v 3-10-c).
(a
)
(b
)
(c
)
D R
j
(d
)
(e
)
(h
(g
Z
Z
Z
Hnh v 3-11: Cc c tuyn tng tr khi ng thng gp: a) Tng tr khng hng
(ZK=const); b) Tng tr c hng (vng trn qua gc to ); c) Vng trn lch tm; d)
Hnh thu knh, e,g) Hnh a gic; h) 7SA513
Nhng r le tng tr ch to v s dng trong h thng in c c tuyn khi ng
rt a dng nh Hnh v 3-11 nhm p ng tt iu kin vn hnh ca cc h thng in.
Hin nay nguyn l o tng tr thng c s dng kt hp vi cc nguyn l khc
nh: qu dng in, qu in p, thiu in p thc hin bo v a chc nng hin i.
Nguyn l o tng tr c th c s dng bo v li in phc tp c nhiu ngun
cung cp vi cu hnh bt k. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca h thng thng tin, v truyn tn
hiu, cc rle khong cch ngy cng c dng rng ri nht l cc cu hnh cho php ct
lin ng, v cho php kha lin ng lm tng tc loi tr s c.
59
MCA
ZAB
MCB
ZBC
N1
D
MCC
ZCD
N2
RZA
RZC
RZB
tIIIA
tIIA
tIA
tIIB
tIIC
tIB
tIC
B
ZAI
=0,8Z
tIIIB
C
ZBI
=0,8Z
D
ZCI
ZAII
=0,8(Z +Z i)
ZAIII =0,8[ZAB+0,8(ZBC
+Zi )]
Hnh v 3-12: S phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng ca bo
v khong cch.
Vic la chn thi gian cho bo v khong cch cng c chn theo nguyn tc tng
cp nh bo v qu dng in cc i. Tc l lch v thi gian lm vic gia cc vng bo
v lin k nhau t chn bng: t = 0,3 0,5 s,
Vng I: bo v khong 80-90% chiu di ng dy c bo v.
Thi gian khi ng chn tAI = 0 (s) ,
Tng tr khi ng: v d bo v A t u ng dy AB, tng tr khi ng s c
I k .Z
,
chn nh sau: Z
A
at
AB
trong : kat < 1 c xt n sai s ca cc mch o lng, bn thn r le khong cch v
ca vic xc nh thng s tng tr ng dy AB .Vi cc r le in c c th ly kat =
0,8, vi cc r le s c chnh xc cao hn c th ly kat = 0,85; nu tng tr ca
ng dy c o trc tip v s dng r le s th kat c th ly bng 0,9.
Vng II: Cn phi phi hp vi bo v cp I ca ng dy tip theo (u B), thng
thng vng II s bo v ton b ng dy AB v khong 20% chiu di ng dy tip
theo, c th chn cc thng s nh sau:
Thi gian khi ng chn tAII = tAI +t (s)
II k . Z
Z I
Tng tr khi ng: Z
A
at
AB
60
at
AB
at
BC
I
Z C
3.3.5.1 nh hng ca in tr qu
in tr qu ti ch s c lm cho tng tr ng dy nh hn tng tr s c.
V d cch tnh in tr h quang c th c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim:
Ra=8750/I1,4(ohm)
trong :
L l chiu di h quang (ft)
L=3V t +L0
V : Tc gi (Mile/h)
t : Thi gian tn ti h quang (s)
L0 : Chiu di h quang s cp(feet)
I l dng in h quang
S xut hin ca h quang ti ch ngn mch cng ng thi lm cho thi gian ca bo
v khong cch tng ln v phi tnh n thi gian tt h quang ti ch ngn mch
VR
V tng tr o c bi rle l t s gia in p v dng in a vo rle: Z
R
I
R
tuy nhin dng in i vo r le khong cch li ph thuc vo cc nhnh nht l trong cc h
thng c ng dy kp nh trn Hnh v 3-13
HT 1
HT 2
ICD
IAB
A
61
3.4 BO V SO LCH
3.4.1 So lch dng in
3.4.1.1 Nguyn tc tc ng
Bo v so lch dng in l loi bo v lm vic da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip
bin dng in hai u phn t c bo v. Nu s sai lch gia hai dng in vt qu
tr s cho trc (gi tr khi ng) th bo v s tc ng.
L loi bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i, vng tc ng ca bo v so lch c gii
hn bng v tr t ca hai t my bin dng u v cui phn t c bo v, t nhn tn
hiu dng in so snh. S ni cc phn t nh Hnh v 3-14 cn c gi l s
dng in tun hon hay dng in so lch.
62
I T1
I T2
I T1
I T1
I R I I T1 I T2
I T2
I T2
63
I k k at IKcbtt max
trong : dng in khng cn bng ph thuc cc yu t sau:
Ikcbttmax =fimax.kn.kkck.INngoimax
fimax: l sai s cc i cho php ca BI (fimax =10%)
kn: H s ng nht ca BI (=01)
kkck l h s k n nh hng ca thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn
mch
INngoimax l thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ln nht
T1
T2
64
65
3.4.3 nh gi v bo v so lch
Bo v so lch c cc c im sau y:
Tnh tin cy: lm vic kh tin cy, tuy nhin s lm vic chnh xc ph thuc rt nhiu
vo gi tr ca dng in khng cn bng, v h thng dy dn ph, hay h thng truyn
tin.
Tnh chn lc: m bo tnh chn lc trong cc mng khc nhau, l loi bo v c tnh
chn lc tuyt i.
Tnh tc ng nhanh: c kh nng ct ngn mch nhanh,
nhy: i khi khng m bo nu c dy dn ph vi tng tr ln, hoc dng khng
cn bng ln
Do thng thng bo v khong cch c lm bo v chnh cho cc ng dy cao
p vi h thng truyn tin hin i, cc MBA, cc MP, thanh gp, ng c in cng sut
ln.
3.5 CU HI N TP
1 Nguyn tc tc ng ca bo v qu dng in? Chn dng in khi ng ca bo v
dng in cc i, bo v dng in ct nhanh? u nhc im v phm vi ng dng
ca bo v dng in cc i v bo v dng in ct nhanh?
2 Bo v qu dng in c hng cng sut? Phm vi ng dng?
3 Nguyn l khong cch, nhng c tuyn khi ng ca r le khong cch?
4 Nguyn tc tc ng ca bo v so lch dng in? S lm vic ca bo v khi c ngn
mch ngoi v trong vng bo v?
5 Nguyn l so snh pha dng in?
66
67
CHNG 4: BO V CC NG DY TI IN
4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
Phng php v chng loi thit b bo v cc ng dy ti in ph thuc nhiu yu
t nh: ng dy trn khng hay dy cp, chiu di ng dy, cng sut truyn ti v tm
quan trng ca ng dy, s mch truyn ti v v tr ca ng dy
Theo cp in p ngi ta phn bit:
U < 1 kV
ng dy h p
1kV U 35 kV
ng dy trung p
66 kV U 220 kV
ng dy cao p
330 kV U 1000 kV
ng dy siu cao p
U > 1000 kV
ng dy cc cao p
68
4.2 BO V QU DNG IN
4.2.1 Bo v qu dng in ct nhanh
Nguyn l lm vic ca bo v qu dng in ni chung v bo v qu dng in ct
nhanh c trnh by trong chng 3.
T nguyn tc chn dng in khi ng m bo tnh chn lc ta thy, vng tc
ng ca bo v khng th bao trm ton b chiu di ng dy c bo v v thay i
theo tr s ca dng in ngn mch v bo v, tc l thay i theo dng ngn mch v theo
ch vn hnh ca h thng (Hnh v 3-2).
ngn chn bo v ct nhanh lm vic sai khi c st nh vo ng dy (khi y cc
chng st van lm vic, hoc khi ng my bin p c th vt qu tr s t ca bo v ct
nhanh) thng thng ngi ta cho bo v lm vic chm li khong 50 - 80 ms.
Vi li in c trung im ni t trc tip, chng c ngn mch 1 pha ngi ta s
dng s ba my bin dng v ba r le ni hnh sao , hoc ba my bin dng ni theo b
lc th t khng v mt r le dng in lm vic theo dng th t khng Io.
Bo v ct nhanh th t khng thng c nhy cao hn v vng bo v n nh hn
khi ch vn hnh ca h thng thay i.
li in c trung im cch in c th s dng s bo v ct nhanh vi hai my
bin dng v hai r le ni hnh ch V.
i vi cc ng dy c hai ngun cung cp, nu bo v ct nhanh t hai u
ng dy khng c b phn nh hng cng sut th dng in khi ng c hai u phi
chn theo dng in ngn mch ln nht xy ra trn mt trong hai thanh gp u ng dy.
Chng hn, vi v d trn Hnh v 4-1, khi h thng A c cng sut ln hn h thng B
th dng khi ng phi chn theo iu kin ngn mch 3 pha trc tip trn u ng dy B.
Nu chnh lch cng sut gia hai h thng qu ln, vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh pha
h thng cng sut b s rt hn ch, khc phc nhc im ny cn t b phn nh
hng cng sut u c ngun dng ngn mch b hn.
HT
pt
(a)
51
I>, tA
51
I>, tB
tpt
51
I>, tC
tA
t
tB
(b)
tC
tpt= tD
L (km)
Z ()
0
t
(c)
tA
0
t
B
tB
t
C
tC
t
D
tpt = tD
L (km)
Z ()
70
Hnh v 4-3: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng in trong li in hnh tia
(a) cho trng hp c tuyn c lp (b) v c tuyn ph thuc (c)
Trn Hnh v 4-3 trnh by cch phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong
mng in hnh tia (Hnh v 4-3-a) cho trng hp c tuyn c lp (Hnh v 4-3-b) v c
tuyn ph thuc (Hnh v 4-3-c).
Trn cc Hnh v 4-3-b, c; t gia hai c tuyn ln cn nhau c gi l cp chn lc
v thi gian, n ph thuc vo sai s ca bn thn r le cng nh thi gian ct ca my ct
in.
i vi cc r le in c thng ly t = 0,4 - 0,5 giy,
Vi cc r le s t = 0,2 - 0,3 giy.
Cng ging nh bo v ct nhanh, bo v qu dng in c thi gian c th c thc
hin theo s hnh sao (ba bin dng + ba r le), s hnh V (hai bin dng + hai r le)
hoc mt r le dng in ni vo b lc dng th t khng. i vi li in c trung im
ni t trc tip thng dng s hnh sao hoc dng th t khng. Bo v qu dng th t
khng c nhy cao hn (v khng phi chnh nh theo dng ph ti cc i), thi gian lm
vic b hn so vi bo v qu dng cng cp (v s cp chnh nh thi gian trong mng th
t khng t hn nhiu so vi s cp trong mng th t thun).
k at k m
.I lv max
kv
(4-1)
51
I>
&
BU
27
U<
U N max
U
U k lv min
nu
nu
( 4 - 2 )
trong :
ULvmin : in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v trong iu kin qu
ti nng n nht.
UNmax : in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo
v ca bo v qu dng.
nu : t s bin i ca my bin in p.
Khi c thm b phn kho in p thp dng in khi ng ca b phn qu dng in
c th chn theo iu kin lm vic bnh thng m khng cn xt n ch qu ti s c.
R le dng in trong trng hp ny lm nhim v khng cho bo v tc ng nhm
trong trng hp t cu ch trong mch r le in p.
Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c chn nh bo v qu dng in c thi gian.
t1 = t3 = t5 + t
t
(b)
t
t
I>
(a)
A
I>
N1
N2
D2
I>
t
t1=t3=t5 +t
D1
I>
t
N3
D3
I>
t
t5
t2=t4<t5
L
A
72
Hnh v 4-5: Bo v qu dng in c hng: a) ng dy hai mch song song, b) cch chn
thi gian lm vic ca bo v
V vy thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v ny s c gim i, cn thi gian t2 v t4 c
th chn b tu (Hnh v 4-5-b).
Vi cc biu din trn Hnh v 4-6-a,c, nu gi thit tt c cc bo v u c trang b
b phn nh hng cng sut, th theo chiu tc ng ca cc bo v c phn thnh hai
nhm: nhm l gm cc bo v 1, 3, 5 vi bo v 5 nm xa ngun nht cn i vi nhm
chn (2, 4, 6) th bo v 2 nm xa ngun nht.
Nu trn thanh gp nhiu ng dy ra, th thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng on
gn ngun hn phi phi hp vi thi gian lm vic ln nht ca bo v qu dng t
ng dy ni vi thanh gp lin k, ngha l:
tn = max {tn-1} + t
(4-3)
trong :
tn : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng gn ngun hn
tn-1 : thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng ca ng dy ni vi thanh gp
lin k (xa ngun hn).
t : cp chn lc v thi gian
A
HT
B
1
D1
C
3
(a)
D2
tB =1s
A
HT
(b)
D
5
D2
tB =1s
C
3
D1
D3
tC =1,5s
B
1
D3
tC =1,5s
t1 =2,5s
t3 =2s
tC =1,5s
tB =1s
(c)
t5 =0,5s
L
3
1
A
(d)
B
2
D1
C
D2
tB =1s
D3
tC =1,5s
t
t6 =2s
(e)
t4 = tC = 1,5s
tB =1s
t2 =0,5s
t
L
2
73
k at .k m
.I lvmax cn cng dng in lm vic ln nht ca c hai phn t trnh
kV
(4-4)
(4-5)
trong :
INngoi maxA : Dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht chy qua bo v t pha ngun
A (im N1)
INngoi maxB : Dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht chy qua bo v t pha ngun
B (im N2)
Vi dng in khi ng chn theo cng thc:
Ik = K at . INngoi max v INngoi max = max {INngoi maxA; INngoi maxB}
th vng c bo v t hai pha ca ng dy s rt hn ch. Nu cng sut ngn
mch ca ngun hai u ng dy khc nhau nhiu th c th (Hnh v 4-7-a):
lCNA + lCNB < lAB
74
(4-6)
I k k at i Nngoi max B
IN
N
N1
I>>
B
N2
I>>
A IN
IN
N
N1
I>>
I>>
B
N2
I
INA
INA
INB
INB
IK
IKA = IKB
IKB
INngmaxA(N1)
INngmaxB(N2)
A
LCNA
INngmaxA(N1)
INngmaxB(N2)
LCNB
LCNA
LCNB
4.3 BO V SO LCH DC NG DY TI IN
4.3.1 Bo v so lch dng in c hm
Nguyn tc lm vic ca bo v so lch dng in trnh by trong chng 3. nng
cao nhy ca bo v v ngn chn tc ng nhm do nh hng ca dng khng cn bng
do sai s ca BI khi c ngn mch ngoi, ngi ta s dng nguyn l hm bo v.
S nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng n c hm trnh by trn Hnh v 4-8-a dng
in so lch Isl (lm vic) xc nh theo:
I I I I I
sl
sl
T1
T2
(4-7)
cn dng in hm c xc nh nh sau:
I I I
H
T1
T2
(4-8)
75
IH
I T1
I LV
IH
IT1
I LV I T1 I T2
I LV
I H IT1 IT2
Hnh v 4-8: Bo v so lch dc c hm, a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t ca dng in
lm vic ILV v dng in hm IH khi c ngn mch ngoi (b) v trong vng (c)
bo v c th lm vic trong trng hp ny, dng in lm vic phi chn ln hn
dng in hm, ngha l:
I k 1 .I
lv
H
H
(4-9)
2
kH
kH1
Ilvmin
tg
1
t
kH
1
IH
Hnh v 4-9: c tnh lm vic ca bo v so lch c hm (1) v tng quan gia dng in
lm vic Ilv v dng in hm IH khi ngn mch trong vng bo v v ngun cung cp t
mt pha (2)
76
Vng bo v
IS1
IS2
2
IH
1
IT1
Dy dn ph
BV2
1
IT2
ILV
2
ILV
BV1
IH
IS2
IS1
2
ILV
ILV
1
I11
Dy dn ph
I12
IH
IH
R
2
BV1
BV2
77
i gia dng phi sao cho dng in cc pha trong my bin dng cng phi chn sao cho
dng in u ra khng b trit tiu i vi bt k mt dng ngn mch no.
Chng hn i vi s trn Hnh v 4-11, t s vng dy gia cc cun l:
W1 : W2 : W3 = 2:1:3
(4-10)
I 2I I 3I
ra
a
c
N
(4-11)
trong : IN l dng in chy trong dy trung tnh ca t my bin dng u hnh sao.
ch vn hnh i xng v vi dng ngn mch khng chm t IN = 0.
A
Ia
B
Ib
IH
C
Ic
1
Dy dn ph
w1 = 2
ILV
IN
w2 = 1
w4 = 1
w3 = 3
3
Dng in u mt thng qua my bin dng trung gian BIG (lm nhim v cch ly
mch bo v v to tn hiu chun cho s bo v) v b lc hi c bn L1 to nn tn hiu
chun hnh sin S1. Thng qua b chuyn dng sng (t hnh sin sang hnh ch nht) DS s to
u ra cc sng ch nht S1R. S1R c a vo u vo ca b so snh pha SP. Mt khc
S1R c a qua b lc bin tn BT v b lc L2 a vo b pht P pht thng tin v pha
1 ca dng in u 1 thng qua knh truyn sang pha i din.
Dng in u i din (u 2) cng i tng t a tn hiu S2R n u 1. Cc
tn hiu S1R v S2R c so vi nhau b so pha SP. Nu cc tn hiu ny trng pha nhau,
chng hn u t thanh gp vo ng dy (Hnh v 4-13-b) th u ra ca b so pha SP s
BIC
C
B
BIB
BIA
I1
L1
BIG
DS
I2
L2
BT
P
Ct
&
L3
BT
S3
SP
S2R
Pha B
Pha C
B khi ng
Tn hiu khi ng
Hnh v 4-12: S khi bo v so snh pha dng in tng pha ring bit
1
i1
i2
i1
i1
(a)
+
S1 = 1
i1
_
1
i2
S1R
S2 = 2
i2
S2R
(b)
i2
S1R = S2R
S3
79
Hnh v 4-13: Tn hiu so snh pha dng in cho trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng (a)
v trong vng (b) bo v
Trong trng hp ny nu b qua dng in ti trn ng dy ta thy, khi c ngn
mch trong vng bo v gia hai tn hiu u vo S1R v S2R c mt khong trng (khng c
tn hiu). Nu gc lch pha gia hai dng in hai u I1 v I2 b hn 180 o - k (vi k l
gc kho bo v) u ra ca SP s xut hin tn hiu S3.
Khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v (Hnh v 4-13-a) dng in hai u ngc nhau,
nn hai tn hiu S1R v S2R lp kn khong trng gia na chu k nn u ra b SP s khng
xut hin tn hiu S3, my ct s khng c ct ra.
tit kim s lng knh thng tin s dng vo mc ch truyn tn hiu pha dng
in, ngi ta thng t hp cc dng in pha theo mt quy lut no thng qua cc my
bin dng cng. Thng ngi ta t hp cc thnh phn i xng ca dng in pha, chng
hn theo quan h:
I I 3I 5I
1
2
0
(4-12)
I k I k I
1 1
2 2
(4-13)
trong : k1 = 1 v k2 = 5 7
Cng c th t hp theo dng in ton phn trn s hnh 3.14. in p u ra U
my bin dng tng hp BT (Hnh v 4-14 ) bng :
.
IB
I\
.
IA
U
.
IC
C
BI
k U
' U
' k I I Z
I I R
U
B
N
C
N
(4-14)
Trong ch ph ti i xng ta c IN = 0, ta c :
k I Z
U
B I CR
(4-15)
trong :
80
k : l t s bin i ca BI
v R l tng tr v in tr tc dng dng chnh nh trong mch u ra
ca BI
Nu chn quan h gia dng in pha v cc thnh phn ca n theo (4-13) th:
ke j1200 R Z
e j1200 I k I
U
1
2 2
(4-16)
0
Z Re j120
trong : h s k 2 j1200
e
Z
R
(4-17)
81
Vng th nht ca bo v vi thi gian lm vic tI = 0 bao trm khong 80 - 90% chiu
di ca ng dy c bo v, ngha l tng tr khi ng ZAI ca vng th nht ca bo v
t u A trn ng dy AB (hnh 3-15,a) c chn theo biu thc:
I k Z
Z
A
at AB
(4-18)
A
MCA
B
ZAB
MCB
ZBC
N1
D
MCC
ZCD
N2
RZA
RZC
RZB
tIIIA
tIIA
tIA
B
ZAI =0,8ZAB
tIIIB
tIIB
tIB
tIIC
tIC
C
ZBI =0,8ZBC
ZAII =0,8(ZAB+ZBi)
(a)
D
ZCI =0,8ZCD
(b)
Hnh v 4-15: Phi hp tng tr khi ng v c tnh thi gian gia ba vng tc ng ca
bo v khong cch, a) S li in, b) Phi hp c tnh khi ng v thi gian
Tng tr khi ng ca vng th II ca bo v u A cn c phi hp vi vng th II
ca bo v on tip theo (u B) theo biu thc:
II k Z k Z
Z
A
at
AB
at BC
(4-19)
trong :
ZBI l tng tr khi ng vng th nht ca bo v t u B ng dy tip
theo
kat c chn nh trn nhm phi hp chn lc gia hai vng th II ca bo v
A v B lin k.
Tng t nh vy c th tnh tng tr khi ng ca vng th III
82
II k Z k Z Z
I
Z
A
at
AB
at
BC
C
(4-20)
ZAB
C1
ZBC1
ng dy ngn nht
RZB1
RZA
C2
ZBC
ng dy di nht
RZB2
tIIIA
tIIA
tIA
A
tIB1
B
ZI A= 0,8.ZAB
ZIIA= 0,8(.ZAB +
I
tIIB1
tIB2
ZI B1=
tIIB2
C1
C2
ZIB2=
ZIIIA= 0,8[(ZAB + 0,8(ZBC2 +ZIC2)]
Hnh v 4-16: Phi hp cc vng bo v khong cch trong trng hp t thanh ci cui
ng dy c nhiu dy ra
83
(a)
(b)
XC=0,6X L
L
2
Z
X1
XN
0,4XL
0,4X L
-X C
XC=0,6XL
(e)
XC
=0,3X L
2
XC
2
XC
=0,3XL
(g) 2
XC
L
XL
3
XC
2
L
3
X
0,4X1
-0,1XL
L
3
X1
0,5XL
XC - L
- 0,6XL
(d)
X C=0,6XL
(c)
XL
XC
2
XC
2
0,4XL
L
0,4XL
XC
2
XC
2
L
84
(a)
X CA
RZ3
XCB
RL, X L
RZ2
RZ1
RZ4
jX
jX
X1
X1
ZII1
(c)
ZI1
(b)
B
2
ZII1
ZI1
XC
B
ZI3
XCA
ZL
RL
R
I
Z3
RL
3I0
I0
&
3U0
Ct
P0
Ct
P0
3U0
I0 >
P0
I0 >
&
Ct
3I0
3I0
3U0
&
RT
1
RT
&
&
CP
CP
(4-21)
(4-22)
trong :
i (t), u(t) l thng s u vo ca dng v p do nguyn nhn s c
i0(t), u0(t) l thng s u vo ca dng v p trc khi xy ra s c
i (t), u (t) l bin thin ca thng s u vo ca dng v p do nguyn
nhn s c.
i(t)
i(t)
(a)
i
i0(t)
u
t
Hnh v 4-21: S bin thin ca dng (a) v p (b) ti ch t bo v trc v sau thi im
s c (t = 0)
88
I0D1
A
D1
(b)
N(1)
(a)
I0N
I0D2
I0D2
C
D2
D2
I0D3
(3)
D3
D3
I0N
Hnh v 4-22: Phn b dng in s c (in dung) khi c chm t trn cc ng dy khc
nhau trong li in hnh tia c trung tnh khng ni t. (a) Chm t ng dy D3; (b)
Chm t ng dy D1
MC
LI0
Cp
3I0
LU
3U0
A B C
89
MC1
MC2
MC3
BU0
BI01
D1
BI02
BI03
D2
D3
3U0
S1
S2
S3
3I0
Hnh v 4-24: S nguyn l s dng chung cho ton trm mt b xc nh hng cng
sut th t khng, c i ni trong mch dng in th t khng ca cc ng dy
90
BI01
D1
3I0D1
BI02
D2
3I0D2
BU0
RU
t2
U0>
U0
2RT
Cun
Petersen
1RT
t1
(4-23)
U
I
U
a
0
0
(4-24)
U
a
b
(4-25)
91
BI0
BTH1
ua
I0
BU0
ub
C
C
C
FF1
CL1
CL2
RM1
RM2
BTH2
v
FF2
R
U0
4.7 CU HI N TP
1 Bo v ng dy ti in bng bo v qu dng in c c tnh thi gian c lp v
ph thuc.
2 S dng bo v qu dng c hng bo v cc ng dy ti in. Cch phi hp
thi gian tc ng gia cc bo v.
3 Lnh vc ng dng ca bo v ct nhanh c hng.
4 S dng bo v so lch c hm bo v cc ng dy ti in.
5 Bo v cc ng dy ti in bng r le khong cch. Phi hp tng tr thi gian tc
ng gia cc cp ca bo v khong cch.
6 Bo v khong cch ca ng dy c t t b dc?
7 Bo v chng chm t trong li in c dng chm t b?
92
CHNG 5: BO V MY PHT IN NG B
5.1 CC DNG H HNG V TNH TRNG LM VIC KHNG BNH
THNG CA MY PHT IN
My pht in ng b l phn t quan trng nht trong h thng in, s lm vic tin
cy cu my pht in c nh hng quyt nh n tin cy ca ton h thng. V vy i
vi my pht in, c bit l my c cng sut ln, ngi ta t nhiu loi bo v khc nhau
chng tt c cc loi s c v ch lm vic khng bnh thng xy ra bn trong cc
cun dy cng nh bn ngoi my pht.
Nhng s c bn trong cun dy ca my pht in ng b bao gm:
1 i vi cun dy Stato :
Cun dy b chm t (chm v)
Ngn mch gia cc cun dy (cc pha)
Cc vng dy chm nhau
2 i vi cc cun dy r to :
Chm t 1 im
Chm t 2 im
Nhng h hng v ch lm vic khng bnh thng xy ra bn ngoi cun dy my
pht in bao gm:
Ngn mch gia cc pha
Ti khng i xng
Mt kch thch
Mt ng b
Qu ti cun dy Stato
Qua ti cun dy r to
Qu in p
Tn s thp
My pht in lm vic ch ng c
Tu theo cng sut ca my pht in, vai tr ca my pht trong h thng loi my
pht in (nhit in, thu in, thu in tch nng ) v s u dy ca nh my in
(c h thng thanh gp in p my pht ni ph ti a phng hay my pht in ni theo
s b vi my pht in ln thanh gp truyn ti) m ngi ta la chn phng thc bo
v thch hp.
i vi nhng my pht in cng sut ln, xu th hin nay l lp t hai h thng bo
v c lp nhau vi ngun in thao tc ring, mi h thng bo v bao gm mt bo v
chnh v mt s bo v d phng c th thc hin y cc chc nng bo v cho my pht
in.
93
I (1)
U P
2
rq X C 0
(5-1)
trong :
: l phn trm cun dy t trung im n v tr chm t
Up : l in p pha ca my pht in
rq : l in tr qu ti ch s c
XCo l dung khng ba pha ng tr ca tt c cc phn t trong mng in p
my pht
Nu b qua in tr qu ti ch s c (rq = 0) dng chm t bng:
I (1) 3 C0 U P
(5-2)
(5-3)
i vi mng c Ud = 6 kV
I(1)max
i vi mng c Ud = 10 kV
20 A
Kinh nghim cho thy rng, dng in I(1) 5 A c kh nng duy tr tia la in ti ch
chm t lm hng cun dy v li thp ti ch s c, v vy bo v cn phi tc ng ct
my pht in.
Thc t nu c ph ti cp in p my pht, c bit i vi mng cp, thng dng
chm t I(1) vt qu tr s 5A. Ngay c trong trng hp c t cun PETERSEN vi tnh
ton b hon ton dng in dung vn c kh nng dng chm t vt qu 5A khi ng ct
cc ng dy cp in p my pht trong qu trnh vn hnh.
i vi my pht in ni b vi my bin p, bo v ch cn tc ng bo tn hiu v
dng in chm t b.
V dng chm t I(1)x ph thuc vo v tr ca im chm t, nn nu im chm
t xy ra gn pha trung tnh ( 0) bo v s khng nhy.
Bo v ch m bo c nhy khi 30%, ngha l ch bo v c khong 70 %
cun dy stato k t u cc my pht vo (Hnh v 5-1).
Phng php hng dng in c th m rng vng bo v chng chm t n khong
90 % cun dy k t u cc my pht vo. S nguyn l bo v trnh by trn Hnh v
5-2.
94
I(
1)
1)
I(
UP
1)
I(
C0F
C0H
IU
(a)
R1
3I0 = I(1)
BTH1
ILV
+I(1)
C1
R2
C2
-I(1)
I
t
CL1
Vng hm
RI
BI0
BTH2
IH
LV
(b)
CL2
Hnh v 5-2: Bo v c hng chng chm t cun dy stato my pht in u trc tip vi
thanh gp in p my pht: a) S nguyn l, b) th vc t
R le so snh tng quan gia dng in lm vic Ilv v dng in hm IH theo quan h:
I I H I lv
(5-4)
I I I (1)
H
U
(5-5)
I I I (1)
lv
U
(5-6)
trong :
(a) N
50%
F
100%
UN
UN
UFD
UFD
(b)
(c)
100%
50%
50%
F
100%
UN
UN
Hnh v 5-3: Phn b thnh phn hi bc ba dc theo cun dy stato my pht in, a) ch
bnh thng; b) khi chm t trung im; c) u cc my pht in.
Khi my y ti, in p ny (UN) ln hn so vi khi khng ti (U U).
Khi chm t mt u cun dy (N hoc F), in p u kia tng ln gn gp i so
vi ch tng ng trc khi chm t (Hnh v 5-3-b, c).
S bo v chng chm t trong cun dy Stato vng gn trung im da trn
nguyn tc so snh hi bc ba cha trong in p u trung tnh UN v in p u cc my
pht in UF trnh by trn (Hnh v 5-4,a). R le in p RU2 ni qua b lc tn s LF (cho
qua bi bc ba) vo u ra a, b ca cun tm gic h BU0. Cc tng tr Z1 v Z2 c la
chn sao cho trong ch lm vic bnh thng Uab = 0 (Hnh v 5-4-b). Cn khi chm t
96
MP
(a)
a, b
2BU0
UND
(b)
UFD
RU1
N
UND
R0
a
Z2
LF1
UF
Z1
1BU0
N
(c)
UND
UFD
b
RU2
97
MP
B
RD
CD
1LF
iD
20 Hz
i
IB
RB
BIG
RC
2LF
Lm vic
+
RL
Ct
Hm
|IC|
|ILV|
|ID|
E
Z
(5-7)
trong :
E l sc in ng cm ng trong phn cun dy b chp v E = . EP
EP l sc in ng pha
Z = R + jX l tng tr phn cun dy b chp
X l in khng phn cun dy b chp, n ph thuc vo my pht in, i
vi loi my pht in tua bin hi hai cc ta c:
X = 2. XP
(5-8)
XP l in khng pha ca cun dy my pht in
R l in tr tc dng ca mch vng ngn mch
R = RP + Rq
(5-9)
98
I (3 )
E P
R P .X 2 P
2
(5-10)
Nu b qua in tr tc dng ta c:
I (3 )
E P
.X P
(5-11)
5.3.1 Bo v so lch hm
Nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so lch dng in c hm i vi cun dy stato ca
my pht in cng tng t nh i vi ng dy ti in trnh by trong chng 4.
Trong s bo v my pht in, ngi ta t hai nhm my bin dng hai u cun dy,
pha trung im (BI1) v pha u cc (BI2).
Trn Hnh v 5-7 trnh by s nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng in c hm dng
cho my pht in ng b. Khc vi bo v ng dy ti in, cc t my bin dng nm
gn nhau nn chng c th c ni trc tip vi nhau bng dy dn ph.
Thng thng hai nhm BI (BI1) v (BI2) pha trung tnh v u cc ca my pht
in c chn hon ton ging nhau nn ngi ta c th dng phng n bo v so lch tng
tr cao bo v cho my pht in (Hnh v 5-8-a). R le so lch RU trong s ny c
in tr kh ln v phn ng theo in p Usl t ln mch so lch. ch vn hnh bnh
thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, nu cc nhm bin dng BI1 v BI2 khng b bo ho hoc
c mc bo ho ging nhau th cc sc in ng E1 v E2 v cm khng L1, L2 ging nhau
phn b in p trong mch in nh trn (Hnh v 5-8-b).
Tr s in p t trn r le so lch Usl ph thuc vo tng quan gia in tr th cp
R1 v R2 ca my bin dng (gm in tr cun th cp v dy dn ph ni gia hai nhm
my bin dng).
Khi R1 = R2 th Usl = 0 nh trong Hnh v 5-8-b)
99
(a)
Rq
0
Rq
E
EP
E
(b)
0
I (3)
1
R=0
(c)
R0
I=EP/Xd
0
Hnh v 5-6: Ngn mch ba pha trong cun dy stato my pht in ng b, a) s nguyn
l, b) phn b sc in ng theo s vng ca cun dy, c) v quan h gia dng s c vi
s vng dy b ngn mch
A
BI1
C
IS2
IT1
BILV
Vng
bo
v
BI2
BIH
IH
ILV
IS1
IT2
RI
i ct
100
IN
BI1
BI2
(a)
USL
RU
(b)
R1
E1
E1
L1
USL
R2
R1
RSL
L2
E2
USL=0
E1
L1 USL
(c)
R2
RSL
E1
E2
E2=0
USL=0
Hnh v 5-8: Bo v so lch dng r le tng tr cao t cho my pht in: a) S nguyn
l, b) Mch in ng tr v phn b in p trong ch lm vic bnh thng, c) Mch in
ng tr v phn b in p khi c ngn mch ngoi v nhm BI2 b bo ho hon ton
U sl max
I' N
R 1 R sl
ni
(5-12)
trong :
I"N : l tr s hiu dng ca dng in siu qu khi ngn mch trn u cc
my pht in
ni : l t s bin i ca my bin dng.
R1 : l in tr mch th cp ca BI
Rsl : l in tr mch so lch (gm r le v dy ni).
m bo chn lc, in p khi ng ca r le so lch phi chn ln hn Usl max,
ngha l:
U k k at .U sl max
(5-13)
101
MC
(a)
tII
B
t
XB
BU
0,7XB
tI = 0,4-0,5 s
U
MP
(b)
XMP
Z<
I
BI
UF
Zkd
jXkd
600
0
R
Rkd
5.3.3 Bo v qu dng in
Vi my pht in b v trung bnh, ngi ta thng s dng bo v qu dng in c
kho in p thp lm bo v d phng cho bo v so lch (Hnh v 5-11). Cp tI c phi
hp vi thi gian tc ng ca bo v d phng ca ng dy v my bin p. Cp th II tII
102
MC
BU
U<
tI
Ct MC
tII
Dng MP
BU
&
MP
I<
I I I 2I
H
T1
T2
T
(5-14)
I I I 0
lv
T1
T2
(5-15)
nn bo v khng tc ng
103
LV
Ct
RL
R
H
ILV*
IS1
BI2
IH
BI1 I
S2
ILV
ILV = IH
IT2
4
3
BIH
BILV
ILV = f(IH)
2
1
IT1
IH
0
b)
a)
Hnh v 5-12: Bo v so lch ngang chng ngn mch gia cc vng dy ca my pht in
cng sut ln: a) S nguyn l, b) c tnh khi ng
Khi xy ra chp cc vng dy gia hai nhnh khc nhau, gi thit ch my pht
cha mang ti, ta c S1 = - S2, do :
I I I 0
H
T1
T2
(5-16)
I I I 2I
lv
T1
T2
T
(5-17)
(1)
(2)
I12
O1
U12
O2
LF3
RL
Ct
Hnh v 5-13: Bo v cun dy my pht in c hai nhnh song song chng chm chp
gia cc vng dy
104
0
U
12
1
2
(5-18)
B
(1)
N(1)B
(b)
(a)
Hnh v 5-14: Chm t trong cun dy roto MP, a) Chm t mt im, b) Hai im
Vi my pht in cng sut ln, hu qu ca vic chm t im th hai trong mch
kch thch c th rt nghim trng, v vy khi chm t mt im trong cun dy r to bo v
phi tc ng ct my pht in ra khi h thng.
Trn Hnh v 5-15 trnh by nguyn l thc hin bo v chng chm t mt im trong
cun dy r to ca my pht in c dng thm ngun in p ph mt chiu hoc xoay
chiu.
UKT
(a)
UKT
+
U_
RL
RD
(c)
C
R
U
RL
IRL=
IRL
(b)
URL+ U0
R+RRL
IK
IK
U0
R+RRL
U
XC
(d)
0
105
Ngun in p ph mt chiu cho php loi tr vng cht v thc hin bo v 100%
cun dy r to chng chm t (Hnh v 5-15-b). S c nhc im l s lin h trc tip
v in gia thit b bo v vi in p kch thch UKT c tr s kh cao i vi cc my pht
in c cng sut ln. khc phc nhc im ny c th dng s vi ngun in p ph
xoay chiu (Hnh v 5-15-c) c cch ly vi in p kch thch UKT qua t C. Khi c chm
t, dng in s c chy qua r le c xc nh theo in khng ca r le RRL c th b qua
v kh b so vi in khng XC. S ny cng bo v c 100% cun dy r to chng mt
im chm t (Hnh v 5-15-d).
i vi cc my pht in c h thng kch t khng c chi than vi cc it chnh lu
lp trc tip trn thn rto ca my pht, in dung ca h thng kch thch i vi t tng
ln ng k (c bit i vi cc my pht in cng sut ln) v h thng bo v chng
chm t ca cun dy rto cng tr nn phc tp hn.
Cc s bo v chng chm t mt im trong cun dy rto ca cc my pht in
hin ti thng tc ng ct my ct ( loi tr kh nng xy ra im chm t th hai) v
da trn mt trong nhng nguyn l sau:
o in dn ca mch kch thch (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p tn s cng nghip
50HZ.
o in tr ca mch kch thch (i vi t) bng tn hiu in p mt chiu hoc tn
hiu sng ch nht tn s thp.
Nguyn l o in dn ca mch kch thch i vi t ca my pht in c h thng
kch t khng chi than trnh by trn Hnh v 5-16.
Ngun in p ph xoay chiu tn s cng ngip c t vo gia trung im ca cun
dy my kch thch xoay chiu ba pha v thn rto ca my pht in thng qua cc thanh gp
v chi than S1 v S2. B lc tn s LF ch cho tn s cng nghip chy qua r le o in dn
RY loi tr nh hng ca hi bc cao trong php o.
in dn m r le RY o c ch yu xc nh theo in tr R v in dung C i
vi t ca mch kch thch.
Trn hnh 5.20 trnh by qu o ca mt vc t tng tr Z m r le o c cho 2
trng hp: Khi R = const; C = var v khi C = const; R = var.
My kch thch
R
LF
R le o in dn
S1
Cun dy roto
ca MP
S2
RY
R
U(50Hz)
BUG
106
2
1
C = 0
R = 0
C =
R/2
C = var
R = const
X/2
R =
C =
const
R = var
-jX
Hnh v 5-17: c tnh bin thin ca tng tr i vi t ca mch kch thch Hnh v 5-16
v c tnh tc ng ca r le o in dn chng chm t mch roto my pht in
ng b: 1) c tnh ct, 2) c tnh cnh bo
R le RY c chnh nh vi hai mc tc ng: mc cnh bo vi c tnh khi ng
v hai mc tc ng ct my pht vi c tnh khi ng 1. c tnh 1 bc ly mt phn ca
gc phn th hai v th ba trn mt phng to m bo cho bo v tc ng mt cch
chc chn khi c chm t trc tip (R 0).
S bo v Hnh v 5-16 c mt s nhc im: trc tin l s c mt ca cc chi
than S1 v S2 lm tin cy ca s khng cao v tr s ca in tr tip xc c th nh
hng n s o ca r le. Ngoi ra bn thn h thng kch thch mt chiu cng c th nh
hng n s lm vic ca bo v, khi in dung ca mch kch thch i vi t C ln,
in tr r R ln nht c th o c ch khong 10 k .
khc phc nhng nhc im ny ngi ta dng s vi ngun in ph mt
chiu hoc ngun in p xoay chiu tn s thp c dng sng hnh ch nht. Trn Hnh v
5-18trnh by nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy rto my pht in c kch
thch t ngun in t dng qua b chnh lu thyristor dng ngun tn hiu sng ch nht c
tn s 1Hz.
Cc in tr ph R1, R2 c la chn c v tr s kh ln so vi in tr RM to in
p UM t vo b phn o lng M.
Dng in do ngun in ph U to ra bng
I
U
RD R RM
(5-19)
107
trong : R
R 1R 2
R1 R 2
UM U
RM
RD R
+
(a)
Ngun kch t
(5-20)
R1
C
R
Thanh gp t dng
R2
Cun dy roto MP
U: Ngun ph (1Hz)
Cp 1: Cnh bo
M
UM
RM
Cp 2: Ct MP
(b)
(c)
U (1Hz)
UM
R = 5k
C = 2F
R = 0
Hnh v 5-18: S nguyn l pht hin chm t trong cun dy roto my pht in dng
ngun in ph 1Hz c dng sng ch nht (a) v dng sng t vo b phn o UM i vi
cc in tr chm t khc nhau (b v c)
in dung i vi t ca mch kch t C mc song song vi in tr R s lm tng
tc thi tr s dng in I v in p UM thi im u mi na chu k ca ngun in p
U. in tr R c tc dng lm suy gim tr s I v UM. R cng b, suy gim cng nhanh,
trn Hnh v 5-18-b,c trnh by dng sng UM o c hai tr s ca R khc nhau.
Bo v c chnh nh tc ng bo tn hiu khi in tr r R tt di 80 k (mc
1) v tc ng ct my pht in khi R 5 k (mc 2).
108
t
I2
I d
k 2 2
(5-21)
trong :
k1 v k2 l cc h s t l vi: k 2 .
I 2cp
I d
l hng s i vi tng loi rle c th
I2cp l dng th t nghch cho php vn hnh lu di, n ph thuc vo chng
loi my pht in, cng sut v h thng lm mt ca cun rto
Id l dng in danh nh ca my pht in.
S nguyn l ca bo v chng dng in th t nghch trnh by trn Hnh v 5-19a. Bo v c th c c tnh thi gian ph thuc t l nghch theo quan h (5-21) Hnh v
5-19-a hoc c tnh thi gian c lp hai cp: cp 1 cnh bo v cp hai tc ng ct Hnh v
5-19-c.
(a)
Cnh bo
Ct
BI
LI2
I2
Id
I2
I2
1RI2
2RI2
I2
Id
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
(b)
t(s)
100
(c)
t2
1000
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
Ik.2RI2
t1
Ik.1RI2
t(s)
2
10
109
(a)
H thng
.
U
(b)
+jX
I
II
0,5Xd
B
Xd
III
ZF
-jX
IV
A
c tnh khi ng ca r le
cm khng cc tiu
+Q
Min lm vic
bnh thng
P(MW)
(c)
-Q
110
Hnh v 5-20: Bo v chng mt kch t my pht in, a) Thay i hng cng sut phn
khng Q, b) Thay i tng tr o c cc MF, c) Gii hn thay i ca cng sut MP
Nh vy khi mt kch t, in khng ca my pht in s thay i t tr s Xd (in
khng ng b) n tr s X'd (in khng qu ) v c tnh cht dung khng. V vy pht
hin mt kch t my pht in, ta c th s dng mt r le in khng cc tiu c X'd < Xk
< Xd vi c tnh vng trn c tm nm trn trc - jX ca mt phng tng tr phc (Hnh v
5-20-b).
c tnh ca r le cm khng cc tiu Hnh v 5-20-b c th nhn c t s nguyn
u cc my pht v
l trn Hnh v 5-20-a. Tn hiu u vo ca r le l in p dy U
BC
dng in pha B v C ca cc pha tng ng.
c a qua my bin in p trung gian BUG vi cun th cp c nhiu
in p U
BC
v b U
(vi b>a) tng ng vi cc im A v B
u ra c th ly ra cc i lng a U
BC
BC
trn c tnh in khng khi ng Hnh v 5-21-b.
.
BUG
A B
U2
U1
(a)
.
S2
BU
&
S1
-1
RL
Ct
-S1
aUBC bUBC
IB
U1
IC
BI
.
UA
-U1
BI
G
U2
(c)
S1
(b)
t
BC
A
S2
t
.
UC
.
UB
BC
.
UD
1K
S3= -S1.S2
t
C
.
bUBC
.
aUBC
S4 = S3
.
UBC
t
K
Ct
BC
a.U
U
U
1
BC
D
(5-22)
b.U
U
U
2
BC
D
(5-23)
v U
c kim tra, nu ch bnh thng = 0, rle
Gc lch pha gia U
1
2
khng lm vic; khi mt kch t = 180 o, rle s tc ng. Gc khi ng k c chn
khong 90o.
Cc h s a v b c chn (bng cch thay i u phn p ca BUG) sao cho cc
im A v B (Hnh v 5-21-b) tho mn in kin:
U
a.U
b.U
BC
D
BC
(5-24)
v U
c kim
Khi mt kch thch, gc pha dng in thay, gc lch pha gia U
1
2
tra thng qua di ca tn hiu S3 = - S1.S2.
Nu > k (Hnh v 5-21-c) bo v s tc ng ct my pht trong khong t 1 n 2
giy.
(Cun dy stato)
1
(Cun dy roto)
t(s)
112
BIG
Knh o lng 1
I2
I2
f
Cun dy
Ct
RL1
&
Cht lm mt
(Nhit k in tr)
RL2
2
I
f
Knh o lng 2
I2
5.9 BO V CHNG QU IN P
in p u cc my pht in c th tng cao qu mc cho php khi c trc trc trong
h thng t ng iu chnh kch t hoc khi my pht b mt ti t ngt.
Khi mt ti t ngt mc qu in p cc mt pht thu in c th t n 200% tr
s danh nh l h thng t ng iu chnh tc quay ca tuabin nc c qun tnh ln,
kh nng vt tc ca rto my pht cao hn nhiu so vi my pht in tuabin hi. cc
my pht nhit in (tuabin hi hoc tuabin kh) cc b iu tc thp hn, ngoi ra cc tuabin
kh v hi cn c trang b cc van STOP c th ng ngun nng lng a vo tuabin
trong vng vi miligiy khi mc vt tc cao hn mc chnh nh.
113
(5-25)
(5-26)
MC
RU2>
Ct my ct
Ct kch t
BU
RU1>
n h thng iu chnh U
(gim kch t)
114
(5-27)
0
-1
-2
-3
Di tn1
-4
Di tn2
-5
Di tn3
t (pht)
Vng cm vn hnh
0,1
10
100
Hnh v 5-25: Thi gian tch hp cho php vn hnh my pht in tn s cao
P 0,01 0,03Pd
(5-28)
115
BU
Cp 2
t2
RP
BI
&
t1
Ct
Cp 1
Van
5.12 CU HI N TP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
116
CHNG 6: BO V MY BIN P
6.1 CC H HNG V NHNG LOI BO V THNG DNG
Cng ging nh i vi my pht in, nhng h hng thng xy ra i vi my bin
p v my bin t ngu c th phn ra thnh hai nhm: h hng bn trong v h hng bn
ngoi.
H hng bn trong my bin p bao gm:
Chm chp gia cc vng dy
Ngn mch gia cc cun dy
Chm t (v) v ngn mch chm t
Hng b chuyn i u phn p
Thng du b thng hoc r du
Nhng h hng v ch lm vic khng bnh thng bn ngoi my bin p bao gm:
Ngn mch nhiu pha trong h thng
Ngn mch mt pha trong h thng
Qu ti
Qu bo ho mch t
Tu theo cng sut ca my bin p, v tr v vai tr ca my bin p trong h thng m
ngi ta la chn phng thc bo v thch hp cho my bin p. Nhng loi bo v thng
dng chng cc loi s c v ch lm vic khng bnh thng ca my bin p c
gii thiu trong bng 5.1.
Bng 6-1: Cc loi bo v thng dng cho my bin p
Loi h hng
Ngn mch mt pha hoc
nhiu pha chm t
Loi bo v
So lch hm ( bo v chnh )
Khong cch ( bo v d phong )
Qu dng c thi gian ( chnh hoc d phng tu
theo cng sut )
Qu dng th t khng
Rle kh ( BUCHHOLZ )
Qu ti
Qu dng in
Hnh nh nhit
Qu bo ho mch t
Chng qu bo ho
6.2 BO V SO LCH DC
Khc vi bo v so lch ca my pht in, dng in s cp hai (hoc nhiu) pha
ca my bin p thng khc nhau v tr s (theo t s bin gia cc in p cc pha) v v
gc pha (theo t u dy: YN, YO; YN, D11; Y, D5 vv).
117
IS1
BIG
IS2
BIG1
BI1
BI1
BIG2
BI2
YN,
d11
BI2
IS3
IS2
IT1
Ilv
BI1
IHM
IH1
IT2
1
IS2
BI3
IS3
HM
lv
BI2
Hi bc 2
H1
IT3
IH2
H2
118
(6-1)
(6-2)
Cc dng in hm:
I I I
H1
T1
T2
(6-3)
I I
H2
T3
(6-4)
I I I I .k
H
T1
T2
T3
H
(6-5)
(6-6)
6.3 BO V QU DNG IN
Bo v qu dng in c thi gian thng c dng lm bo v chnh cho cc my
bin p c cng sut b v lm bo v d phng cho my bin p c cng sut trung bnh v
ln chng cc dng ngn mch bn trong v bn ngoi my bin p.
Vi my bin p 2 cun dy dng mt b bo v t pha ngun cung cp. Vi my
bin p nhiu cun dy thng mi pha t mt b.
Dng in khi ng ca bo v chn theo dng in danh nh ca my bin p c xt
n kh nng qu ti. Thi gian lm vic ca bo v chn theo nguyn tc bc thang, phi hp
vi thi gian lm vic ca cc bo v ln cn trong h thng.
Nu my bin p nhiu cun dy ni vi ngun t nhiu pha th cn t b phn nh
hng cng sut pha ni vi ngun c thi gian tc ng b hn.
119
RZ1
RZ2
RZD1
D1
RZD2
MC1
MC2
XB
tRZ1
tIIIRZ1
ZIKRZ1 = 0,7XB
RZ2
tIIRZ1
tIRZ1
t
III
D2
tIRZ2
II
tIRZD2
tIVRZ2
RZ2
ZIIKRZ2 =1,3XB
ZI KRZ2 = 0,7XB
tRZ2
Hnh v 6-3: S nguyn l (a) v c tnh thi gian (b) ca bo v khong cch t MBA
hai cun dy (hoc MBA t ngu)
120
121
(6-7)
MBA
Thng bin p
BI2
BI4
I0
N1
I0>
Cch
in
I0 >
BI2
MBA
BI3
BT
N
N2
I0
I0
BI1
R
I0
N1
N2
BI1
R
R
(a)
(b)
I0
(b)
BI3
I0
Hnh v 6-5: Bo v chng chm t c gii hn dng cho my bin p : a) MBA hai cun
dy, b) MBA t ngu
122
I0 3I0 I 0
(6-8)
trong :
I l dng th t khng chy trong cun dy my bin p
0
(6-9)
trong
PCu l tn hao do cun dy my bin p to nn
PFe l tn hao do dng in xoy trong li thp to nn
P
b Cu l t s tn hao cng sut trong cun dy v li thp khi ph ti nh
PFe
mc (b = 2 6)
Khi ph ti khc nh mc, tn hao cng sut thay i theo biu thc:
123
P = PFe(1 + bk2).
(6-10)
trong :
S
l ph ti tng i ca my bin p
Sm
Sm l cng sut nh mc ca my bin p
tng nhit ca du lp trn cng so vi nhit mi trng lm mt vi ph ti
tng i k c th xc nh theo biu thc:
k
1 bk 2
d
1 b
(6-11)
trong :
dm l tng nhit ca du khi ph ti nh mc
m l s m ph thuc vo h thng lm mt my bin p. Nu lm mt bng du
tun hon t nhin m = 0,8. Nu lm mt bng du tun hon t nhin c qut
gi m = 0,9. Nu lm mt bng du tun hon cng bc m = 1,0. Nu lm mt
bng du tun hon cng bc v nc m = 1,0.
tng nhit ca cun dy so vi nhit ca du t l vi tn hao cng sut trong
cun dy theo lu tha bc n. Mt khc tn hao cng sut trong cun dy t l vi bnh
phng ph ti. Do :
C = Cm.k2n
(6-12)
(6-13)
(5)
(4)
100
(3)
(2)
50
(1)
c
k
0,5
1,0
1,5
124
125
Ct my bin p
Tn hiu
4
Qut gi
5
Cm bin
nhit
(1)
6
Bm du
7
T1
T
T2
T
T3 T4
T4
T
B phn tch
thi gian qu
nhit
(8)
Thit b ci t
nhit
(a)
3 I>,t
4
MC2
o
I
1
Ct MC1, MC2
RK 2
MC1
2 RK
1
2
(b)
3 1>,t
4
Bo hiu
126
2
I0
8
I
5
Z<
4
RK2
RK1
11
o
1
I
Z<
6
I>
7
I
9
I
10
1
I0
5
1
4
Z<
4
I
6.9 CU HI N TP
1 Cc dng h hng v ch lm vic khng bnh thng ca my bin p v my bin
p t ngu.
2 Bo v so lch c hm cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
3 Bo v qu dng in c thi gian cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
4 Bo v chng chm t cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
5 Bo v bng r le hi cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
6 Bo v qu nhit cho my bin p v my bin p t ngu.
127
TG B
~
(a)
TG A
TG B
~
(b)
(c)
~
(a)
(b)
116
CLP
P1
P2
CLP1
P1
P2
CLP2
(a)
(b)
(c)
CLV
MCV
MCP
P1
P2
CLV2
CLV1
P1
P2
MCP
(d)
(e)
TGV
N
D2
D3
(a)
MCn
TG1
TG2
N1
N2
117
D1
D2
D3
D4
(b)
MCn2
MCn
TG1
MCP
TG2
P1
P2
N1
N2
a) S hai h thng thanh gp
TG
V
MC
MCn
TG2
(c)
TG1
D2
D3
TG
CL
MC
TG
(d)
TG
N1
118
N2
d) S hai h thng thanh gp c thanh gp vng tit kim MCV ch dng MCN
va lm nhim v lin lc gia TG1 vi TG2 va lm nhim v MCV khi phi s dng
thm DCLV
Hnh v 7-4: S hai h thng thanh gp c mt my ct trn mt mch
TG2
TG1
Hnh v 7-5: S hai thanh gp mi mch c ni vi hai h thng thanh gp qua hai my
ct in
2 S hai h thng thanh gp c ba my ct trn hai mch.
TG2
TG1
119
TG2
TG1
D2
D1
N1
Hnh v 7-8: S b tr h thng thanh gp theo hnh a gic
RI
Qua RG i ct tt
c cc phn t
ni vi ngun
Hnh v 7-9: Bo v so lch ton phn ca thanh gp n
5 Ni t ch thc hin mt im chung (trn bng bo v).
gim s lng cp trong mch th cp v gim ph ti ca cc bin dng in, cc
mch th cp ca cc bin dng in thng ni vi nhau trm phn phi.
i ct PI
P I
1 RI
+
3 RI
P II
i ct
MCP
i ct
PII
2 RI
MC1
MC 2
BI1
IT1
BI2
IS1
IS2
MCn
IT2
ITn
BIn
ISn
I
BIG
BIG
BIG
IH
+ ILV
R
CL
CL
CL
RL
I LV
i ct MC1, MC2
Mch lm vic
Mch hm
I lv
Ti
I T1 I T 2 ... I Tn
(7-1)
i 1
I h k h I Ti k h I T1 I T 2 ... ITn
(7-2)
i 1
trong h s hm k h
Ilv
Ih
122
Ilv
Ilv=Ih
kh=0,8
kh=0,6
kh=0,5
IH
P1
BIP1
1MC
2MC
BI1
Ct MCP
1MC, 2MC
MCP
BIP2
P2
3MC
BI2
4MC
BI3
BI4
IP2
IP1
Ct MCP
3MC, 4MC
tc. Ngoi ra bo v cn cnh bo khi c h hng trong mch th cp (t dy, chp mch)
hoc cun dy ca bin dng sai cc tnh khi chuyn i.
TGI
+
TGII
CLI
CLI
CLII
CLII
GI
HI
GII
-
CLII
CLI
2MC
CLI
CLII
LVI
Ct TGI
I
TGI
ILVI
CLI
CLII
CLII
LVI
HI
IHI
GII
CLI
IHII
GI
1MC
I
TGI
ILVI
HII
BII
HII
BIII
Ct TGII
LVII
LVII
TG
MC1
BI1
BI2
N2
R le tng tr cao
MC2
R
RL
Ct
MC2
MC1
IT1
U1
BI1
R1
R2
X1
IS1
IT1
IT2
UR
R
X2
U2
D1
BI2
BI1
U10
(a)
R1
R2
IT2
UR
R
X2
U2
IS2
IS2
UR0
N2
D2
BI2
X10
IS1
UR0
N2
MC2
MC1
D1
(b)
D2
Hnh v 7-16: S mng in ng tr dng r le so lch ttng tr cao khi ngn mch ngoi
a) Ch bnh thng v khi ngn mch ngoi cc BI khng b bo ho
b) Khi ngn mchngoi v my bin dng phn t s c b bo ho hon ton
S1
TG
I T1
R1
T2
S2
&
R2
tC
Ct
I S3
N2
D1
D2
T3
R3
D3
Hnh 6-17 S nguyn l so snh pha dng in
bo v thanh gp
iT1
iT1
iT2
iT2
iT3
iT3
t
(a)
(b)
iR1
iR1
iR2
iR2
iR3
iR3
Tn hiu
ct
Hnh 6-18
Pha dng in khi
ngn mch trong
vng bo v (a);
v khi ngn mch
ngoi vng bo v
(b) ca thanh gp
tC
Tn hiu
ct
126
t
tC=0
13CN
N
4BI
7 RI
1MC
Th 11
PII
10 RG
Th 12
IN+KPt(IPt+IPit
)
BTD
6BI
9 RT
i ct
2MC
1MC
PI
2MC 3MC
5BI
8 RI
KP(IPt+IPit)
Hnh 6-19
S nguyn l mt pha ca bo v so lch khnghon ton ca
thanh gp in p my pht in
Bo v dng in ct nhanh gm cc r le 7RI, 11TH, 10RG l cp ch o bo v chng ngn mch trn thanh gp v trn cc on
ni cc phn t vi thanh gp. Cp ny tc ng s ct, my ct 1MC ni vi h thng v my ct phn on 2MC. My ct 3MC u cc
my pht in c th ct hay khng tu thuc vo v tr ca con ni 13CN. Nu con ni 13NC m, sau khi my ct 1MC v 2MC ct, nu
ngn mch c t gii tr th my ct 3MC vn gi c s cung cp in cho cc ph ti in p my pht in. Nu ngn mch tn ti
lu di cp th hai ca bo v s ct my ct 3MC.
kat .k Pt
( IPt + IPtt ),
kv
7.4.1.1 CU HI N TP CHNG VI
1- Nu cc dng h hng trn thanh gp, cc loi bo v t cho thanh gp?
Nu nhng thanh gp cn phi t bo v ring cho thanh gp?
2- Nu nhng c im khi thc hin bo v so lch ton phn thanh gp?
3- Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so lch dng in c hm bo v
cho thanh gp
4- Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so lch thanh gp dng r le tng tr
cao.
5- Hy nu nguyn l lm vic ca bo v so snh pha dng in bo v cho
thanh gp?
6- Trnh by bo v so lch khng hon ton trn thanh gp?
128
129