UNIVERISTATEATITUMAIORESCUBUCURESTI FACULTATEADEINFORMATICA

HOMEWORK ENGLISHCOURSE

TutuMihaiAlexandru Anul2,GrupaI203 20122013

Homework
Page97ex.B B.Choosethecorrectvariant: 1) WhatisthecapacityofastandardPCFloppy? a) 2Mb b) 1.44K a) 1.44Mb c) 120Mb 2) WhatdoseaCPUstandfor? b) CentralProcessingunit a) CertifiedPublicUnit b) CentralPowerUnit c) CertifiedPowerUnit 3) InwhatcanaCathodeRayTubebefound? a) CPU b) Printer c) Monitor c) Scanner 4) WhatdoesthetermIRQstandfor? a) InputRequestQue b) InterruptRequestQue d) InterruptRequest c) InputRequest 5) Typically,whattehnologydotheharddiskdrivesemployasastoragemechanism? a) Laser e) Magnetic b) Light c) Chemical 6) Whichofthefollowingisnotamousetehnology? a) Mechanical b) Optical f) Motorized c) OpticalMechanical
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7) Dataonacomputerismeasuredinbits.Whichanswercorrectlyshowsmesurements fromthesmallesttothelargest? a) Cm,mm,m b) Byte,megabyte,gigabyte,bit g) Bit,byte,gigabyte c) 1digit,2digits,3digits 8) Thelargest,fastest,mostexpensivetypeofcomputeris..... h) Personal i) Server j) Supercomputer k) Mainframe Page116ex.163 Consolidation6:WordUsage163 1) Myneighbourhasthreatenedtotakelegalactionoverourdisputeaboutproperty boundries.(sue,takelegalaction,try,bringmetotrial) 2) Mr.WrightisbeingprosecutedformurderattheOldBaileythisafternoon.(takento court,tried,prosecuted,charged) 3) Theheavyrainlashedoncontinuouslythroughtthenightwithoutlettingup. (continually,continuously,perpetually,eternally) 4) Weintendthistobea(n)ongoingproject,takeingusintothenextdecade. (constant,incessant,steady,ongoing) 5) Aslongasuhavethemostessentialingredientsfortherecipe,youcanmakedo withouttheotherthings.(critical,crucial,essential,vital) 6) A(n)significantproportionofthepopulationdidnotvoteinthelastelections. (essential,significant,grave,fundamental) 7) Whenaformersecretagenttriedtopublishhismemories,thegovernmanthad certainpartsofthebookcensored.(forbidden,prohibited,banned,censored) 8) BenjamiinBritten,thecomposer,isprobablymostfamousforhisoperaPeter Grimes.(famous,renowned,celebrated,distinguished) 9) RenownedscientistsfromaroundtheworldmetinLondontodiscussa revolutionarynewdrug.(eminent,renowned,notorious,revered)
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10) Imanagedtochecktheflowofbloodbytightlybandagingthewound.(restrain, curb,check,inhibit) Page116ex.165 Consolidation6:WordUsage165 repress abideby decline hold relish control clingto secure stickto bar 1) todeclineanoffer. 2) toabidebytherules. 3) toclingtoanidea. 4) torepressone`sfeelings. 5) tobarsomeonefromaclub. 6) tosecuresomeone`srelease. 7) tosticktothequestion. 8) tocontrolacrowd. 9) relishanoldhabit. 10) toholdsomeone`shand. TASKS:Exercise1 1. Choosethecorrectverbformineachofthefollowing. 1) Inthisprocess,themixtureisheated/isheatingto120C. 2) Oncethesaltsaredissolving/havedissolvedtheheatisreduced. 3) Severalpeoplehavesurvived/aresurvivingtheearthquakeandaretreating/are beingtreatedinhospitalatthemoment. 4) Forsecuritypurposestheemployeeschange/arechangeingtheirpasswords regularly. 5) Upuntilnowpeopleinthisareahavetaken/takewasteplastictorecyclingcentres, butatpresentwehavetried/aretryingacurbsidecollectionsystem. TASKS:Exercise2 2. Ajournalistisaskingsomequestions.Complettheanswersbyputtingtheverbin bracketsintoappropiatepresenttenseintheactiveorpassive.
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1) A:Doyounormallyholdtheseproductsinstock? B:No.Theyarenormallymadetoorder.(make) 2) A:Isthechiefengineerhereatthemoment? B:I`mnotafraid.HeiscurrentlyinspectingtheplantinthenorthofScotland. (inspect) 3) A:CanIseethenewdesign? B:Yes,ofcourse.Ithasjustcameofftheproductionline.(come) 4) A:Howmanyunitsdoyouproduceamonth? B:Weproduce5.000unitsamonthandonlyasmallnumberarerejected. (produce)(reject) 5) A:Howlonghaveyoubeenuseingimportedrawmaterials? B:Wehavebeenimporting(import)rayonformanyyearsbutwehaveonlyjust begun(begin)useingimportedpolyester. 6) A:Isthisthenaturalcolorofthefabric? B:No,thisfabricisdyed.(dye) 7) A:Andhowlongwillitbekeptinstore? B:Notlongatall.Wewillbedispatching(dispatch)thisloadtomorrowafternoon. TASKS:Exercise3 3. Completthefollowingtextwiththecorrectformoftheverbsinbrackets. Over the past ten years, this area (a) has been experiencing (experience) sever flooding. Houses (b) were damaged (damage) and roads (c) were destroyed (destroy). The local authority (d) has decided (decide) to introduce a flood control system. At present our workforce(e)hasbuilt (build)adam onthe westsideofthetownanddikesalongtheriver bank (f) were heightened (heighten). We must complet the work within two months, so at the present we (g) are working (work) 24 hours a day. We (h) believe (believe) that this measures will solve the problem in the short term bunt on 1`st May we (i) will be starting (start)workonanewwatercourse.Theplans(j)arealreadydrawnup(drawup)andwe(k) are(be)readytostartnextweek.

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AboutHardware
Computer hardwareis the collection of physical elements that constitute acomputersystem. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk, mouse, system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that you can actually touch. In contrast,softwareis untouchable. Software exists as ideas, application, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance. A combinationofhardwareandsoftwareformsausablecomputingsystem. CentralProcessingUnit(CPU) Acentral processing unit(CPU), also referred to as acentral processor unit,is the hardware within acomputerthat carries out theinstructionsof acomputer programby performing the basic arithmetical, logical, andinput/outputoperations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.The form,design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, buttheirfundamentaloperationremainsmuchthesame. A computer can have more than one CPU; this is calledmultiprocessing. Someintegrated circuits(ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip; those ICs are calledmulticoreprocessors. Motherboard Amotherboard(sometimes alternatively known as themainboard,system board,planar boardorlogic board,or colloquially, amobo) is the mainprinted circuit board(PCB) found incomputersand other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as thecentral processing unit(CPU) andmemory, and provides connectors for otherperipherals. Unlike abackplane, a motherboardcontainssignificantsubsystemssuchastheprocessor. Motherboardspecifically refers to aPCBwith expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often includesound cards,video cards,network cards,hard drivesor other forms of persistent storage;TV tuner cards, cards providing extraUSBorFireWireslots and a variety of other custom components (the termmainboardis applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machinesandotherembeddedsystems). RandomAccessMemory(RAM) Randomaccess memory(RAM/rm/) is a form ofcomputer data storage. A randomaccess device allows storeddatato be accessed directly in any random order. In contrast, other data storage media such ashard disks,CDs,DVDsandmagnetic tape, as well as early primary memory types such asdrum memory, read and write data only in a predetermined order, consecutively, because of mechanical design limitations. Therefore
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the time to access a given data location varies significantly depending on its physical location. Today, randomaccess memory takes the form ofintegrated circuits. Strictly speaking, modern types ofDRAMare not random access, as data is read in bursts, although the nameDRAM/ RAM has stuck. However, many types ofSRAM,ROM,OTP, andNOR flashare stillrandom accesseven in a strict sense. RAM is normally associated withvolatiletypes of memory (such asDRAMmemory modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many other types of nonvolatile memory are RAMaswell,includingmosttypesofROMandatypeofflashmemorycalledNORFlash.The first RAM modules to come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late1960sandearly1970s. HardDiskDrive Ahard disk drive(HDD)is adata storage deviceused for storing and retrievingdigitalinformation using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDDretains its dataeven when powered off. Data is read in arandom accessmanner, meaning individualblocksof data can be stored or retrieved in any order ratherthansequentially.AnHDDconsistsofoneormorerigid("hard")rapidlyrotatingdisks (platters) withmagneticheadsarranged on a movingactuatorarm to read and write data to thesurfaces. Introduced byIBMin 1956,HDDs became the dominantsecondary storagedevice forgeneral purpose computersby the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintainedthispositionintothemoderneraofserversandpersonalcomputers.Morethan 200 companies have produced HDD units, though most current units are manufactured bySeagate,ToshibaandWestern Digital. Worldwide revenues for HDDs shipments are expectedtoreach$33billionin2013,adecreaseofapproximately12%from$37.8billionin 2012. The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity andperformance. Capacity is specified inunit prefixescorresponding to powers of 1000: a 1terabyte(TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000gigabytes(GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billionbytes). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by thefile systemand the computeroperating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy forerror correctionand recovery. Performance is specified by the time to move the heads to a file (Average Access Time) plus the time it takes for the file to move under its head (averagelatency, a function ofthephysicalrotationalspeedinrevolutionsperminute)andthespeedatwhichthefileis transmitted(datarate). The two most commonform factorsfor modern HDDs are 3.5inchin desktop computers and 2.5inch in laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standardinterfacecablessuchasSATA(SerialATA),USBorSAS(SerialattachedSCSI)cables. As of 2012, the primary competing technology for secondary storage isflash memoryintheformofsolidstatedrives(SSDs).HDDsareexpectedtoremainthedominant mediumforsecondarystorageduetopredictedcontinuingadvantagesinrecordingcapacity and price per unit of storage;but SSDs are replacing HDDs where speed,power consumptionanddurabilityaremoreimportantconsiderationsthanpriceandcapacity.
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 VideoCard Avideo card(also called avideo adapter,display card,graphics card,graphics board,display adapterorgraphics adapter) is anexpansion cardwhich generates a feed of output images to a display. Most video cards offer various functions such as accelerated rendering of3Dscenes and2D graphics, MPEG2/MPEG4 decoding, TV output, or the abilitytoconnectmultiplemonitors(multimonitor). Video hardware can be integrated into themotherboardor (as with more recent designs) theCPU, but all modern motherboards (and some from the 1980s) provide expansion ports to which a video card can be connected.In this configuration it is sometimes referred to as avideo controllerorgraphics controller. Modern lowend to mid range motherboards often include a graphics chipset manufactured by the developer of thenorthbridge(e.g. anAMDchipset withRadeongraphics or anIntelchipset with Intel graphics) on the motherboard. This graphics chip usually has a small quantity of embedded memoryandtakessomeofthesystem'smainRAM,reducingthetotalRAMavailable.Thisis usually calledintegrated graphicsoronboard graphics, and is usually low in performance and undesirable for those wishing to run 3D applications. A dedicated graphics card on the other hand has its own Random Access Memory orRAMand Processor specifically for processingvideoimages,andthusoffloadsthisworkfromtheCPUandsystemRAM.Almost allofthesemotherboardsallow(PCIE)thedisablingoftheintegratedgraphicschipinBIOS, and have anAGP,PCI, orPCI Express(PCIE)slot for adding a higherperformance graphics cardinplaceoftheintegratedgraphics. SoundCard Asound card(also known as anaudio card) is an internalcomputerexpansion cardthat facilitates the input and output ofaudio signalsto and from a computer under control of computer programs. The termsound cardis also applied to external audio interfacesthatusesoftwaretogeneratesound,asopposedtousinghardwareinsidethePC. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applicationssuchasmusiccomposition,editingvideooraudio,presentation,educationand entertainment(games)andvideoprojection. Soundfunctionalitycanalsobeintegratedontothemotherboard,usingbasicallythe same components as a plugin card. The best plugin cards, which use better and more expensive components, can achieve higher quality than integrated sound. The integrated soundsystemisoftenstillreferredtoasa"soundcard". NetworkInterfaceController Anetwork interface controller(NIC) (also known as anetwork interface card, network adapter,LAN adapterand by similar terms) is acomputer hardwarecomponent thatconnectsacomputertoacomputernetwork. Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented onexpansion cardsthat plugged into acomputer bus; the low cost and ubiquity of theEthernetstandard meansthatmostnewercomputershaveanetworkinterfacebuiltintothemotherboard.
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 PowerSupply Apower supply unit(PSU) convertsmains ACto lowvoltage regulatedDC powerfor the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use aswitchedmode power supply. Some power supplies have a manual selector for input voltage,whileothersautomaticallyadapttothesupplyvoltage. Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to theATX specification,whichincludesformfactorandvoltagetolerances.WhileanATXpowersupply isconnectedtothemainssupply,italwaysprovidesa5Vstandby(5VSB)voltagesothatthe standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are powered. ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from themotherboard. They also provide a signal to the motherboard to indicate when the DC voltages are in spec, so that the computer is abletosafelypowerupandboot.ThemostrecentATXPSUstandardisversion2.31ofmid 2008. OpticalDrive Incomputing, anoptical disc drive(ODD) is adisk drivethat useslaserlight or electromagnetic waves within or near thevisible light spectrumas part of the process of reading or writing data to or fromoptical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers.Compact discs,DVDs, andBluray discsare common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usuallydescribedas"CD""DVD",or"Bluray",followedby"drive","writer",etc. Optical disc drives are an integral part of standalone consumer appliances such asCD players,DVD playersandDVD recorders. They are also very commonly used in computerstoreadsoftwareandconsumermediadistributedondisc,andtorecorddiscsfor archival and data exchange purposes.Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1.44MB, have been madeobsolete: optical mediaare cheap and have vastly higher capacity to handle the large files used since the days of floppydiscs, and the vast majority of computers and much consumer entertainment hardware have optical writers.USB flash drives, highcapacity, small,andinexpensive,aresuitablewhereread/writecapabilityisrequired. Disc recording is restricted to storing files playable on consumer appliances (films, music, etc.), relatively small volumes of data (e.g., a standard DVD holds 4.7gigabytes) for localuse,anddatafordistribution,butonlyonasmallscale;massproducinglargenumbers ofidenticaldiscsischeaperandfasterthanindividualrecording. Optical discs are used toback uprelatively small volumes of data, but backing up of entire hard drives, as of 2011typically containing many hundreds of gigabytes, is less practicalthanwiththesmallercapacitiesavailablepreviously.Largebackupsareoftenmade on external hard drives, as their price has dropped to a level making this viable; in professionalenvironmentsmagnetictapedrivesarealsoused.

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