0.

AIM::

1.To observe the spectra of the given discrete time signals. 2. To illustrate the convolution theorem. 3. To undersample,sample at nyquist rate and to over sample a discrete time signal and to observe their spectra.

0.2
0.2.1

Background reading::
FOURIER SERIES::

Any non sinusoidal periodic signal can be represented as the sum of innite sinusoidal signals of dierent frequencies (or) any periodic signal can be represented as a linear combination of harmonically related complex exponentials. This series is called as FOURIER SERIES and is dened as follows

Trigonometric Fourier series(T.F.S)::

x(t) = a0 +
i=1

an cos0 t + bn sin0 t

(1)

Where 0 Fundamental frequency and a0 , an , bn are T.F.S coecients a0 = 1 T

T

x(t)dt
0

an =

2 T

x(t)cosn0 tdt
0

bn =

2 T

x(t)sinn0 tdt
0

Exponential /Complex Fourier Series::

x(t) =
i=

cn ejn0 t

(2)

Where cn = 1 T
0

x(t)ejn0 t dt

(3)

But in this Fourier series representation, irrespective of the number of harmonics we are adding ,always at the point of discontinuity we are observing 9 percent overshoot !!!( i.e Gibbs Phenomenon). Hence for convergence of Fourier Series ,we have the following Properties to be satised.

Convergence Of Fourier Series::(Dirchlet conditions) 1. x(t) must be absolutely integrable over a period.
T

| x(t) | dt <
0

(4)

2. x(t) must have nite number of discontinuities ,maxima and a minima within a period.

0.2.2

FOURIER TRANSFORM::

Fourier Transform is the extension of Fourier Series for Non Periodic signals and it provides a frequency domain representation of time domain signals. Transformation is the process in which one domain is converted to another domain such that the signal analysis becomes easy.fourier transform of a signal x(t) is given as, Analysis Equation,

X ( ) =

x(t)ejt dt

(5)

Synthesis Equation, X ( ) = 1 2

X ( )ejt dt

(6)

Convergence of Fourier Transform:: 1. F.T is dened for stable and energy signals 2. F.T is not dened for signals of type neither energy nor power signals

0.2.3

Fourier Series for discrete time signals::

Consider a discrete periodic signal x[n] with period N, where the fundamental 2 . The fourier series expression is given by, period is 0 = N
N 1

X [n] =
k=0

ak ejk0 n

ak =

1 N

N 1

x[n]ejk0 n
k=0

(7)

0.2.4

FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD::

Consider a periodic signal with period T, f (t) = f (t + T ) The fundamental period of the signal is the smallest real positive number T0 for which the periodic function f (t) = f (t + T ) holds true.

0.3

Implementation::

n 1. The spectra of the given signals x1 (n) = cos 2n and x2 (n) = cos are 3 generated and plotted and these are compared with the spectra obtained by usinf matlab functions. 2.The fourier transform of the given unit step signal is plotted and observed. 3.By considering two sinusoidal signals,Convolution theorem is veried by looking at the convoluted output in both frequency and time domain. 4.The eect of undersampling,nyquist sampling and oversampling are observed by respectively sampling the discrete time signal with corresponding frequencies.

0.4

Results::

1.Fourier transform of the given two signals,x1 (n) = cos 2n and x2 (n) = n cos 3

Now the spectra of the signals will show us two impulse functions at the corresponding signal frequencies.

2.Fourier transform of unit impulse signal.

plot of a unit step function and its fourier transform.unit step function is discontinuous at t = 0

3.Convolution of two discrete time signals and its spectra

it shows the equivalence of convolution in time domain and multiplication in frequency domain.Using the FFT, convolution by multiplication in the frequency domain can be hundreds of times faster than conventional convolution in time domain. 4.Sampling of discrete time signal,

a sinusoidal discrete signal was taken and it is sampled at dierent frequencies.g 2 shows how aliasing eects the signal when undersampled.when critically sampled ,some negligible interferences occurs as shown in g 1.when it is oversampled there is no interference which shows that reconstruction is possible

without any distortion.

0.5

Disussion ::

1.Here the given two signal are plotted in time domain and the spectra of the two signals are plotted.The spectra generated by matlab functions are also generated and plotted.Here we observe that as the frequencies of the two discrete time signals are dierent,they are shifted to two dierent frequencies in the frequency domain i.e two impulse functions at two frequencies f and f of the respective signal. 2.The given unit step signal and its spectra which is an impulse function are plotted here. 3.Here we considered two discre time signals and the convoluted signal obtained in time domain is plotted.The spectra of the convoluted signal is also plotted.Now to illustrate the convolution theorem, we plotted the spectra of rst and second signals.Next we multiplied the two frequency domain spectra and obtained the spectra of the convoluted signal.

4.A sinusoidal signal is considered and it is sampled at three dierent frequencies undersampling,oversampling and nyquist sampling.By observing the spectra of the three sampled signals,we can say that in under sampling, the information is lost as we observed the loss of a frequency component in undersampling.Hence under sampling is not preferred in sampling a signal.