TRANSPORTATION With the increase in population, an efficient and a complete transportation system is needed.

The planning and preparation process needs to be implemented efficiently, so as not to cause difficulties to consumers, such as traffic jams and services. Various types of transportation system are built to fulfill human needs. Some of these transportation systems use human, engine and electricity. The development of transportation can be divided into three stages. That is preliminary stage, simple machine stage and lastly engine and motor stage. The preliminary stage used energy from human, animal and natural resources such as carrying on the head, sailing ship, horse, shoulder pole and raft for mobilizing energy. The simple machine stage used energy from human and animals with simple machine like trishaw or rickshaw. The engine and motor stage used energy from steam, petrol and diesel engine such as airplane, car, motorcycle and lorry. Transportation systems are divided according to the transportation medium either on land, by air or on water. There have two groups of land transportation system. That is mechanized or motorized like on road such as car, van and bus. Also same at railway magnetic levitation train and others like lift or elevator. And un-mechanized groups such as on railway like train carriage and trolley. Refer to photograph 1 at appendices for examples of land, water and air transport. There are some examples of water transport such as ship, sampan, ferry, boat and barge using sea, river, canal or lake as pathways. There are also other water transport used for recreational purpose such as sailing boat and water ski. Submarines are the one type of transportation that moves under water and normally used for research, security and defense purposes. Air transport is the most expensive transportation system because the manufacturing and maintenance costs are high. This system can move people, goods and animals quickly. Examples of air transport are airplane, helicopter and hot air balloon. Helicopters are used if no airport is found in a particular area. Hot air balloons, para-gliders and parachutes are frequently used for recreational or sports purpose.

Space ships and rockets are used for the exploration of outer space and also carry satellites into space for communication system and spying purposes. For the preparation process of the transportation, the body of transportation system is a combination of various tasks. It has three important tasks of a transportation system. It looked to physical, traffic and services preparation. Physical preparation of a transportation system included stopover, roads and vehicles. For traffic, it is a pathway for vehicles and space required. It also showed characteristic of places to be used such as in the city or tourist areas. Service is the facilities that can be provided by the transportation system like quality control, effectiveness and efficiency of the consumer safety system. In preparing the transportation system, among the factors which must be considered are planning and research, construction, administration and maintenance. Planning and research are preparation processes to achieve a particular objective. Table 1 at appendices shows some of the activities involved in planning and research. Construction is carried out to develop a planned transportation system. It involved three types of transportation systems. There are land, air and water. Refer figure 1 at appendices, there shows examples of activities involved in constructing a transportation system. Administrative systems are divided into two activities. That is project management and monitoring after completion. Refer table 2 at appendices, it showed example of that activities. The transportation system needs to be properly maintained. Without

maintenance and monitoring, the transportation system could be damaged. A high expenditure is required to rectify it. Among some of the maintenance activities are to observe and check the system from time to time. After that, have routine quality control the service. Lastly repair, maintain and replace parts that break down or due to be changed. Without all the factors above, we know that, transportation cannot be existed because all the activities are systematic and have like organization. It make all the system of transportation be smooth and efficient.