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Larry R. Griffey
NOTATION In the formulas below, unless stated otherwise, we
employ the following notation which may or may not appear with
subscripts:
n sample size
x sample mean
s sample stdev
Q
j
jth quartile
N population size
population mean
population stdev
d paired difference
p sample proportion
p population proportion
O observed frequency
E expected frequency
CHAPTER 3 Descriptive Measures
Sample mean: x
x
n
Range: Range Max Min
Sample standard deviation:
s
_
(x x)
2
n 1
or s
_
x
2
(x)
2
/n
n 1
Quartile positions: (n +1)/4, (n +1)/2, 3(n +1)/4
Interquartile range: IQR Q
3
Q
1
Lower limit Q
1
1.5 IQR, Upper limit Q
3
+1.5 IQR
Population mean (mean of a variable):
x
N
Population standard deviation (standard deviation of a variable):
_
(x )
2
N
or
_
x
2
N
2
Standardized variable: z
x
j1
P(A
j
) P(B | A
j
)
(A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
k
mutually exclusive and exhaustive)
Bayess rule:
P(A
i
| B)
P(A
i
) P(B | A
i
)
k
j1
P(A
j
) P(B | A
j
)
(A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
k
mutually exclusive and exhaustive)
Factorial: k! k(k 1) 2 1
Permutations rule: (m)
r
m!
(mr)!
Special permutations rule: (m)
m
m!
Combinations rule:
_
m
r
_
m!
r! (mr)!
Number of possible samples:
_
N
n
_
N!
n! (N n)!
CHAPTER 5 Discrete Random Variables
Mean of a discrete random variable X: xP(X x)
Standard deviation of a discrete random variable X:
_
(x )
2
P(X x) or
_
x
2
P(X x)
2
Factorial: k! k(k 1) 2 1
Binomial coefcient:
_
n
x
_
n!
x! (n x)!
Binomial probability formula:
P(X x)
_
n
x
_
p
x
(1 p)
nx
,
where n denotes the number of trials and p denotes the success
probability.
Mean of a binomial random variable: np
Standard deviation of a binomial random
variable:
_
np(1 p)
Poisson probability formula: P(X x) e
x
x!
Mean of a Poisson random variable:
Standard deviation of a Poisson random variable:
-1-
FORMULA/ TABLE CARD FOR WEISSS INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, FIFTH EDITION
Larry R. Griffey
CHAPTER 7 The Sampling Distribution of the Mean
Mean of the variable x:
x
Standard deviation of the variable x:
x
/
n
Standardized version of the variable x:
z
x
/
n
CHAPTER 8 Condence Intervals for One Population Mean
z-interval for ( known, normal population or large sample):
x z
/2
n
Margin of error for the estimate of : E z
/2
n
Sample size for estimating :
n
_
z
/2
E
_
2
,
rounded up to the nearest whole number.
Studentized version of the variable x:
t
x
s/
n
t -interval for ( unknown, normal population or large sample):
x t
/2
n
with df n 1.
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean
z-test statistic for H
0
:
0
( known, normal population or
large sample):
z
x
0
/
n
t -test statistic for H
0
:
0
( unknown, normal population or
large sample):
t
x
0
s/
n
with df n 1.
Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic for H
0
:
0
(symmetric
population):
W sum of the positive ranks
CHAPTER 10 Inferences for Two Population Means
Pooled sample standard deviation:
s
p
_
(n
1
1)s
2
1
+(n
2
1)s
2
2
n
1
+n
2
2
Pooled t -test statistic for H
0
:
1
2
(independent samples, nor-
mal populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations):
t
x
1
x
2
s
p
(1/n
1
) +(1/n
2
)
with df n
1
+n
2
2.
Pooled t -interval for
1
2
(independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations):
(x
1
x
2
) t
/2
s
p
_
(1/n
1
) +(1/n
2
)
with df n
1
+n
2
2.
Degrees of freedom for nonpooled-t procedures:
__
s
2
1
/n
1
_
+
_
s
2
2
/n
2
__
2
_
s
2
1
/n
1
_
2
n
1
1
+
_
s
2
2
/n
2
_
2
n
2
1
,
rounded down to the nearest integer.
Nonpooled t -test statistic for H
0
:
1
2
(independent samples,
and normal populations or large samples):
t
x
1
x
2
_
(s
2
1
/n
1
) +(s
2
2
/n
2
)
with df .
Nonpooled t -interval for
1
2
(independent samples, and
normal populations or large samples):
(x
1
x
2
) t
/2
_
(s
2
1
/n
1
) +(s
2
2
/n
2
)
with df .
MannWhitney test statistic for H
0
:
1
2
(independent
samples, same shape populations, and n
1
n
2
):
M sum of the ranks for sample data from Population 1
Paired t -test statistic for H
0
:
1
2
(paired sample, and normal
differences or large sample):
t
d
s
d
/
n
with df n 1.
Paired t -interval for
1
2
(paired sample, and normal differ-
ences or large sample):
d t
/2
s
d
n
with df n 1.
Wilcoxon paired-sample signed-rank test statistic for H
0
:
1
2
(paired sample and symmetric differences):
W sum of the positive ranks
-2-
FORMULA/ TABLE CARD FOR WEISSS INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, FIFTH EDITION
Larry R. Griffey
CHAPTER 11 Inferences for Population Standard Deviations
2
-test statistic for H
0
:
0
(normal population):
n 1
2
0
s
2
with df n 1.
2
-interval for (normal population):
_
n 1
2
/2
s to
_
n 1
2
1/2
s
with df n 1.
F-test statistic for H
0
:
1
2
(independent samples and normal
populations):
F s
2
1
/s
2
2
with df (n
1
1, n
2
1).
F-interval for
1
/
2
(independent samples and normal popula-
tions):
1
_
F
/2
s
1
s
2
to
1
_
F
1/2
s
1
s
2
with df (n
1
1, n
2
1).
CHAPTER 12 Inferences for Population Proportions
Sample proportion:
p
x
n
,
where x denotes the number of members in the sample that have
the specied attribute.
One-sample z-interval for p:
p z
/2
_
p(1 p)/n
(Assumption: both x and n x are 5 or greater)
Margin of error for the estimate of p:
E z
/2
_
p(1 p)/n
Sample size for estimating p:
n 0.25
_
z
/2
E
_
2
or n p
g
(1 p
g
)
_
z
/2
E
_
2
rounded up to the nearest whole number (g educated guess)
One-sample z-test statistic for H
0
: p p
0
:
z
p p
0
p
0
(1 p
0
)/n
(Assumption: both np
0
and n(1 p
0
) are 5 or greater)
Pooled sample proportion: p
p
x
1
+x
2
n
1
+n
2
Two-sample z-test statistic for H
0
: p
1
p
2
:
z
p
1
p
2
_
p
p
(1 p
p
)
(1/n
1
) +(1/n
2
)
(Assumptions: independent samples; x
1
, n
1
x
1
, x
2
, n
2
x
2
are
all 5 or greater)
Two-sample z-interval for p
1
p
2
:
( p
1
p
2
) z
/2
_
p
1
(1 p
1
)/n
1
+ p
2
(1 p
2
)/n
2
(Assumptions: independent samples; x
1
, n
1
x
1
, x
2
, n
2
x
2
are
all 5 or greater)
Margin of error for the estimate of p
1
p
2
:
E z
/2
_
p
1
(1 p
1
)/n
1
+ p
2
(1 p
2
)/n
2
Sample size for estimating p
1
p
2
:
n
1
n
2
0.5
_
z
/2
E
_
2
or
n
1
n
2
_
p
1g
(1 p
1g
) + p
2g
(1 p
2g
)
_
_
z
/2
E
_
2
rounded up to the nearest whole number (g educated guess)
CHAPTER 13 Chi-Square Procedures
Expected frequencies for a chi-square goodness-of-t test:
E np
Test statistic for a chi-square goodness-of-t test:
2
(O E)
2
/E
with df k 1, where k is the number of possible values for the
variable under consideration.
Expected frequencies for a chi-square independence test:
E
R C
n
where R row total and C column total.
Test statistic for a chi-square independence test:
2
(O E)
2
/E
with df (r 1)(c 1), where r and c are the number of possible
values for the two variables under consideration.
CHAPTER 14 Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation
S
xx
, S
xy
, and S
yy
:
S
xx
(x x)
2
x
2
(x)
2
/n
S
xy
(x x)(y y) xy (x)(y)/n
S
yy
(y y)
2
y
2
(y)
2
/n
Regression equation: y b
0
+b
1
x, where
b
1
S
xy
S
xx
and b
0
1
n
(y b
1
x) y b
1
x
-3-
FORMULA/ TABLE CARD FOR WEISSS INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, FIFTH EDITION
Larry R. Griffey
Total sum of squares: SST (y y)
2
S
yy
Regression sum of squares: SSR ( y y)
2
S
2
xy
/S
xx
Error sum of squares: SSE (y y)
2
S
yy
S
2
xy
/S
xx
Regression identity: SST SSR +SSE
Coefcient of determination: r
2
SSR
SST
Linear correlation coefcient:
r
1
n1
(x x)(y y)
s
x
s
y
or r
S
xy
_
S
xx
S
yy
CHAPTER 15 Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation
Population regression equation: y
0
+
1
x
Standard error of the estimate: s
e
_
SSE
n 2
Test statistic for H
0
:
1
0:
t
b
1
s
e
/
S
xx
with df n 2.
Condence interval for
1
:
b
1
t
/2
s
e
S
xx
with df n 2.
Condence interval for the conditional mean of the response
variable corresponding to x
p
:
y
p
t
/2
s
e
_
1
n
+
(x
p
x/n)
2
S
xx
with df n 2.
Prediction interval for an observed value of the response variable
corresponding to x
p
:
y
p
t
/2
s
e
_
1 +
1
n
+
(x
p
x/n)
2
S
xx
with df n 2.
Test statistic for H
0
: 0:
t
r
_
1 r
2
n 2
with df n 2.
Test statistic for a correlation test for normality:
R
p
xw
_
S
xx
w
2
where x and w denote, respectively, observations of the variable
and the corresponding normal scores.
CHAPTER 16 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Notation in one-way ANOVA:
k number of populations
n total number of observations
x mean of all n observations
n
j
size of sample from Population j
x
j
mean of sample from Population j
s
2
j
variance of sample from Population j
T
j
sum of sample data from Population j
Dening formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
SST (x x)
2
SSTR n
j
(x
j
x)
2
SSE (n
j
1)s
2
j
One-way ANOVA identity: SST SSTR +SSE
Computing formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
SST x
2
(x)
2
/n
SSTR (T
2
j
/n
j
) (x)
2
/n
SSE SST SSTR
Mean squares in one-way ANOVA:
MSTR
SSTR
k 1
, MSE
SSE
n k
Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (independent samples, normal
populations, and equal population standard deviations):
F
MSTR
MSE
with df (k 1, n k).
Condence interval for
i
j
in the Tukey multiple-comparison
method (independent samples, normal populations, and equal
population standard deviations):
(x
i
x
j
)
q
2
s
_
(1/n
i
) +(1/n
j
),
where s
MSE and q