BATANGASSTATEUNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I 1ST Semester SY 2012-2013

Atty. Ethel R. Andico-Malabanan Professor of Law

COURSE DESCRIPTION: The fundamental concepts of public law; the values, principles and policies underlying the constitution; the legal structure and basic function of the government; the distribution and limitation of power. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: a. Students must come to class prepared to recite the assignments for the day. Hard copies of all the legal materials listed in this outline are available at the BSU Law Library. Soft copies of the Supreme Court decisions may be downloaded from http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph and www.lawphil.net. The use of cellular phones is prohibited during class. Cellular phones must be turned off or placed in silent mode during class. If a student needs to attend to an emergency call, he/she may do so outside the classroom. Consultation hours are every Fridays from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.

b.

c.

REFERENCE BOOKS: There is no prescribed textbook for this subject. However, the students may consult the latest edition of the book of Father Joaquin Bernas entitled The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A Commentary. Students are advised to have a copy of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. GRADING SYSTEM: The final grade will be determined as follows: Quizzes Recitation Midterm Exams Final Exams 15 % 15 % 30 % 40 % 100 %

REQUIREMENTS: 1. Recitation Every meeting or class day, students will be called randomly to recite on the provisions or cases assigned for the day. In case the

student is called, but he is absent then he will be given a grade of 5 for that day. 2. Quizzes Quizzes may be given on topics or cases assigned for the day or for topics discussed in previous sessions. Generally, quizzes, surprise or otherwise, will be given at the start of the class. 3. Mid-term exam The Mid-term exam is a two (2) hour exam to be given on the date assigned by the College for the class exam. It is a comprehensive exam testing the ability of the student to apply the knowledge of the law in practical situations. It will also include objective type of questions. 4. Final Exam The final exam is a two (2) hour exam to be given on the date assigned by the College for the class exam. OUTLINE OF TOPICS AND CASES IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

PART I. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION A. FUNDAMENTAL LAW AS OVERRIDING VALIDITY IN CASE OF REPUGNANCY Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 B. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION ENFORCED THROUGH JUDICIAL REVIEW Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 Taada v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 PART II. PHILIPPINE SOVEREIGNTY A. PART III. STATE DEFINED PREAMBLE STANDARD OF

A. Purpose Bernas,The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines A Commentary 2009 edition (also of 2003 edition) (read pp. 1-4) PART IV. PHILIPPINE TERRITORY (Lecture for 20 minutes) A. Territory The Archipelago Concept Article I 1987 Philippine Constitution 1 1. The Philippine Archipelago
1

Unless otherwise stated, the provisions cited in this outline refer to the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

a. Treaty limits Treaty of Paris, Art. III Treaty between Spain and U.S. concluded at Washington on Nov. 7, 1900 and that between U.S. and Great Britain on January 2, 1930 b. Method of determining baselines Rep. Act. No. 3046, June 17, 1961 Rep. Act No. 5446, September 8, 1968 Rep. Act. No. 9522 March 10, 2009 2. Other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction P. D. No. 1596, June 11, 1978 Rep. Act. No. 9522 March 10, 2009 3. Two Hundred-Mile Exclusive Economic Zone P. D. No. 1599, June 11, 1978 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, April 30, 1982 Merlin Magallona et.al vs. Hon. Eduardo Ermita et.al G.R. No. 187167 July 11, 2011 PART V. CITIZENSHIP A. Who are Citizens of the Philippines Article IV section 1, 1987 Philippine Constitution 1. Citizens at the time of the adoption of the 1987 Constitution i. Citizens under the 1935 Constitution a. Philippine Bill of 1902 & Jones Law b. The Caram Rule c. Those whose fathers were citizens d. Those who elected upon reaching majority age e. Those who were naturalized ii. Citizens under the 1973 Constitution a. Those already citizens b. Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens c. Those who elected Philippine citizenship d. Those who were naturalized 2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. 3

B. NATURAL BORN PRINCIPLE OF JUS SANGUINIS Tecson v. Comelec G.R. No. 161434 March 3, 2004 i. Natural-born citizens, art. IV, sec. 2 1. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 2. Those who elect Filipino Citizenship 3. Reacquisition of natural born citizenship by repatriation Who must be natural born citizens: (1) President Art. VII, sec. 2 (2) Vice President Art. VII, sec. 3 (3) Members of Congress Art. VI, secs. 3 & 6 (4) Justice of the Supreme Court and lower collegiate courts Art. VIII, sec. 7(1) (5) Tanodbayan and his deputies Art. XI, sec. 8 (6) Constitutional Commissions Art. IX, B, sec. 1(1); Art. IX, C, sec. 1(1) Art. IX, D. sec. 1(1) (7) Members of the Central Monetary Authority Art. XII, sec. 20 (8) Commission on Human Rights Art. XIII, sec. 17(2) Former natural born citizens as transferees of private lands Art XII, sec. 8 a. THOSE NATURALIZED IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW 1. By Judicial Proceeding a. CA No. 473 secs. 2-5, 7, 8, 15 & 18 b. RA No. 530 sec 1 effect on the wife and children 2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9139) 3. By Direct Act of Congress b. Loss of Citizenship Art. IV section 3; CA 63 c. Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 (R.A. No. 9225) AASJS & Hector Calilung v. Datumanong G.R. No. 160969 May 11, 2007 4

d. Dual Allegiance Art. IV sections 4 & 5; see also sec. 40 of R.A. No. 7160 Local Government Code Mercado v. Manzano 307 SCRA 630 Valles v. Comelec G.R. No. 137000 Aug 9, 2000

PART VI. THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT: PRINCIPLES, POLICIES, OFFICIALS AND SOVEREIGN POWERS A. Philippine Government in General Bavani and Matoto v. National Coconut Corporation 100 Phil. 468 see definition of Government of the Republic of the Phils. under section 2 (1) of the Administrative Code of 1987 B. Principles 1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism Art. II, sec. 1 Art. V Villavicencio v. Lukban 39 Phil 778 2. Adherence to International Law Preamble Art. II, sec. 2 Id., secs. 7-8 Art. XVIII, sec. 25 Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, 75 Phil. 113 3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority Art. II, sec. 3 Art. VII, sec. 18 Art. XVI, sec. 5(2)& (4) Alih v. Castro 151 SCRA 279 4. Government as Protector of the People and People as Defenders of the State Art. II, sec. 4 Id., sec. 5 People v. Lagman & Zosa 66 Phil. 13 Chavez v. Romulo G. R. No. 157036 June 9, 2004 5

5. Separation of Church and State Art. II, sec. 6 Art. III, sec. 5 Art. IX, C, 2(5) Art. VI, sec. 5(2) Aglipay v. Ruiz 64 Phil 201 Garces v. Estenzo 104 SCRA 510 6. State Immunity from Suit i. Basis

Republic v. Villasor 54 SCRA 83 ii. Foreign Government & Foreign Corporations and their Operations

U.S.A. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487 M.H. Wylie v. Rarang, 209 SCRA 357 Minucher v. CA G.R. No. 142396 Feb 11, 2003 iii. Suits to Enforce Statutory Obligations

Animos v. Phil. Veterans Affairs, 174 SCRA 214 iv. EXCEPTIONS 1. EXPRESS CONSENT Act 3083; CA No. 327 as amended by P.D. No. 1445 PNR v. I.A.C., 217 SCRA 401 2. ENGAGING IN PROPRIETORY FUNCTIONS National Irrigation Adm. v. I.A.C., 214 SCRA 35 3. GOVERNMENT LOANS AND CONTRACTS Traders Royal Bank v. I.A.C., 192 SCRA 305 7. State Liability For Torts Yulo v. Civil Service Commission, 219 SCRA 470 C. Policies 1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear free Philippines Art. II, secs. 7-8 Art. XVIII, secs. 4 and 25 6

Lim v. Exec. Sec. G.R. No. 151445 April 11, 2002 2. A just and dynamic social order Preamble Art. II, sec. 9 a. The promotion of social justice Art. II, sec. 10 Art. XIII, secs. 1-2 Art. VII, sec. 13, par. 2 Calalang v. Williams 70 Phil 726 (1940) b. Respect for human dignity and human rights Art. II, sec. 11 Art. XIII, secs. 17-19 Art. XVI, sec 5 (2) Simon v. CHR G.R. No. 100150 Jan 5, 1994 c. Fundamental equality of women and men Art. II, sec. 14 Art. XIII, sec. 14 PASEI v. Drilon 163 SCRA 386 d. Promotion of health& ecology Art. II, secs. 15-16 Art. XIII, secs. 11-13 e. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture and sports (ESTACS) Art. II, sec. 17 Art. XIV, sec. 2& 5 f. Urban land reform and housing Art. XIII, secs. 9-10 g. Reform in agriculture and other natural resources Art. II, sec. 21 Art. XIII, secs. 4-8 h. Protection of labor Art. II, sec. 18 7

Art. XIII, sec. 3 The right of government workers to form unions Art. III, sec. 8 Art. IX, B, sec. 2(5) SSS Employ. Assn. v. CA 175 SCRA 686 (1989) i. Independent peoples organization Art. II, sec.23 Art. XIII, secs. 15-16 3. The family as a Basic Autonomous SOCIAL Institution Art. II, sec. 12 Art. XV, (The Family) Art. II, sec. 13 Civil Code, Art. 52 (Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social institution) 4. A self-reliant and independent ECONOMIC order Art. II, sec. 19 Id., sec. 20 Art. XII, sec. 6 (National Economy and Patrimony) Tanada v. Angara 272 SCRA 18 5. Communication and information in nation-building Art. II, sec. 24 Art. XVI, secs. 10-11 Art. XVIII, sec. 23 6. Autonomy of local governments Art. II, sec. 25 Art. X, (local Governments) 7. Recognition of the rights of indigenous cultural communities Art. II, sec. 22 Art. VI, sec. 5(2) Art. XII, sec. 5 Art. XIII, sec. 6 Art. XIV, sec. 17 Art. XVI, sec. 12 8. Equal Access of Opportunities for Public Service

Art. II, sec. 26 Pamatong v. Comelec G.R. No. 161872 April 13, 2004 9. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Art. II, sec. 27 Art. XI, secs. 4, 5-15 Art. II, sec. 28 Art. XI, sec. 17 Art. VII, sec. 12 Art. VII, sec. 20 Art. XII, sec. 21 Art. XII, sec. 2, par. 5 Art. VI, secs. 12 and 20 Art. IX, D, sec. 4 Art. III, sec. 7 Legaspi v. Civil Service Commission 150 SCRA 530 PART VII. DISTRIBUTION AND SEPARATION OF POWERS A. PURPOSE & PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS B. INTERDEPENDENCE, BLENDING OF POWERS and CHECKS AND BALANCES Kilosbayan Inc. v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 Demetria v. Alba 148 SCRA 208 (1987) Mantruste System v. CA 179 SCRA 136 (1989) C. JUSTICIABLE AND POLITICAL QUESTIONS Arnault v. Balagtas 97 Phil 358 (1955) Alejandrino V. Quezon 46 Phil. 83 Article VIII, section 1 Article VII, section 18 PART VIII. THE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT A. Congress 1. Composition, Qualifications and Term of Office a. Senate Art. VI, secs. 2-4 b. House of Representatives Art. VI, secs. 5-8 R.A. No. 7941 The Party-List System Act 9

Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v. Comelec G.R. Nos. 179271 & 179295 April 21, 2009 & August 7, 2009 SJS v. Dangerous Drugs Board Nov 3, 2008 G.R. No. 157870 2. Election a. Regular Election Art. VI, sec. 8 b. Special election Art. VI, sec. 9 R.A. No. 6645 3. Organization and sessions a. Election of Officers Art. VI, sec. 16(1) Santiago v. Guingona G.R. 134577 November 18, 1998 b. Quorum Id., sec 16(2) Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949) c. Rules of proceedings Id., sec. 16(3) Id., sec. 21 Pacete v. Secretary of the Commission on Appointments, 40 SCRA 58, (1971) Arroyo v. De Venecia G.R. No. 127255 August 14, 1997 d. Discipline of members Id., sec. 16(3) Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 1 (1947) Osmea v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960) Santiago v. Sandiganbayan G.R. 126055 April 19, 2001 De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan G.R. No. 130240 February 5, 2002 e. Journal and Record Art. VI, sec 16(4) (1) The Enrolled Bill Theory

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Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963) (2) Probative value of the Journal United States v. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916) (3) Matters to be entered in the Journal (a) Yeas and nays on the third and final reading of a bill (Art. VI, sec. 26(2) (b) Veto message of the President (Art. VI, sec 27(1) (c) Yeas and nays on the repassing of a bill vetoed by the President (Art. VI, sec 27(1) (d) Yeas and nays on any question at the request of 1/5 of members present (Art. VI, sec 16(4) (4) Journal Entry Rule v. Enrolled Bill Theory Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974) Morales v. Subido 27 SCRA 131 (1969) (5) Congressional record Art. VI, sec 16(4), par. 2 f. Sessions (1) Regular sessions Art. VI, sec. 15 Id., sec. 16(5) (2) Special sessions Id., sec. 15 Art. VII, secs. 10-11 Art. VII, sec. 18, par. 3 4. Salaries, privileges and Disqualifications a. Salaries Art. VI, sec. 10 Art. XVIII, sec. 17 PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966) Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974) 11

b. Freedom from arrest Art. VI, sec. 11 Rev. Penal Code, art. 145 People v. Jalosjos G.R. No. 132875 February 3, 2000 Trillanes IV v. Judge Pimentel G.R. No. 179817 June 27, 2008

c. Speech and Debate Clause Art. VI, sec. 11 Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 (1966) Osmena v. Pendatun 109 Phil 863 Antero Pobre v. Senator M. Santiago AC No. 7399 August 25, 2009 d. Disqualification (1) Incompatible and Forbidden offices Id., sec. 13 Adaza v. Pacana, Jr. 135 SCRA 431 (1985) Liban et.al v. Gordon, et.al GR No. 175352 July 15, 2009 (2) Other prohibitions Art. VI, sec. 14 Puyat v. de Guzman 113 SCRA 31 (1982) e. Duty to disclose Art. XI, sec. 17 Art. VI, sec. 12 Id., sec. 20 5. Electoral Tribunals Id., secs. 17 and 19 Taada v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 (1957) Bondoc v. Pineda 201 SCRA 792 Pimentel v. HRET 393 SCRA 227 6. Commission on Appointments Id., secs. 18-19 Cunanan v. Tan 5 SCRA 1 (1962) Daza v. Singson 180 SCRA 496 (1989) Guingona v. Gonzales 214 SCRA 789 (1992) 7. Powers of Congress a. General plenary powers

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Art. VI, sec. 1 b. Limitations on the legislative power (1) Substantive limitations (a) Express substantive limitations Art. III, (Bill of Rights) Art. VI, secs. 25 and 28 Art. XIV, sec. 4(3) Art. VI, sec. 29 Id., sec. 30 Id., sec. 31 (b) Implied substantive limitations Prohibition against delegation of legislative powers Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws Exceptions to Nondelegation Doctrine Delegation to the President Art. VI, sec. 23(2) and Sec. 28(2) Delegation to the people Art. VII, sec. 32 Abakada v. Purisima G.R. No. 166715 Aug 14, 2008 (2) Procedural limitations Art. VI, sec. 27 c. Question hour Art. VI, sec. 22 d. Legislative investigation Art. VI, sec. 21 Arnault v. Nazareno. 87 Phil. 29 (1950) Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955) Sabio v. Gordon et.al. G.R. No. 174340, G.R. No. 174318 G.R. No. 174340. Oct 17, 2006 Senate v. Executive Secretary Ermita G.R. No. 169777 April 20, 2007 Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee 203 SCRA 767 Standard Charter Bank v. Senate Committee on Banks G.R. No. 167173 December 27, 2007 Neri v. Senate Committees G.R. No. 180843 Mar 25, 2008 13

e. Act as board of canvassers for Presidential & VP elections Art. VII, sec. 4, par. 4 Pimentel v. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass G.R. No. 163783 June 22, 2004 f. Call special election for President and Vice President Art. VII, sec. 4 g. Legislative VETO or approval of extension of suspension of privilege of habeas corpus or declaration of martial law Art. VII, sec. 18 h. Approval of Presidential Amnesties Art. VII, sec. 19 i. To confirm certain appointments Art. VII, sec. 9 Id., sec. 16 j. Concur in Treaties Art. VII, sec. 21 k. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers Art. VI, sec. 23 l. Be judge of the Presidents physical fitness Art. VII, sec 11, par. 4 m. Power of impeachment (1) Who are subject to impeachment Art. XI, sec. 2 (2) Grounds for impeachment Art. XI, sec. 2 (3) Procedure for impeachment Id., sec 3(1)-(6) Ernesto Francisco et.al v. House of Rep. G.R. No. 160261 Nov 10, 2003 14

Merceditas Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, et.al. G.R. No. 193459 Feb 15, 2011 (4) Consequence of impeachment Id., sec. 3(7) n. Power with regard to utilization of natural resources Art. XII, sec. 2 o. Amendment of the Constitution Art. XVII, secs. 1-3 1. Amendment v. Revision 2. Proposal a. By Congress b. By Constitutional Convention Gonzales v. Comelec 21 SCRA 774 c. By the people thru initiative (See RA 6735 August 4, 1989) Santiago v. Comelec G.R. No. 127325 Mar 19, 1997 336 SCRA 848 Lambino et.al. v. COMELEC G.R. No. 174153. October 25, 2006 3. Submission Tolentino v. Comelec 41 SCRA 702 4. Ratification Art. XVII, sec 4 (1) & (2) 2. Legislative process a. Requirements as to bills (1) As to titles of bills Art. VI, sec. 26(1) Which should control the title or the text of a statute? Cruz v. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983) Tobias v. Abalos 239 SCRA 106 (1994) (2) Requirements as to certain laws (a) Appropriation laws Art. VII, sec. 22 15

Art. VI, secs. 24-25 Demetria v. Alba, G. R. No. L-45129, March 6, 1987 Guingona v. Carague 196 SCRA 221 (1991) Philconsa v. Enriquez G.R. No. 113105 Aug 19, 1994 Id., sec. 29 (b) Tax laws Art. VI, sec. 28 Art. XIV, sec 4(3) Lung Center v. QC G.R. No. 144104 June 29, 2004 b. Procedure for the passage of bills Art. VI, sec. 26(2) Id., sec. 27 Bengzon v. Drilon 208 SCRA 133 (1992) Gonzales v. Macaraig G.R. No. 87636 November 19, 1990 Do we have pocket veto in the Philippines? What is a pocket veto? Compare art. I, sec. 7 of U.S. Const.; If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return in which case it shall not be law. c. Legislative veto Miller v. Mardo, 2 SCRA 898 (1961) Abakada v. Purisima supra d. Effectivity of laws Civil Code, art. 2 Taada v. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985) Same, resolution of motion for reconsideration, G.R. No. 63915, Dec. 29, 1986 Executive Order No. 200, June 18, 1987 B. Executive Department 1. The President a. Qualifications, election, term and oath Art. VII, secs. 2, 4 and 5

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b. Privilege and salary Art. VII, sec. 6 c. Prohibitions Art. VII, sec. 13 Compare prohibitions against other officials Art. VI, sec. 13 Art. IX, A, sec. 2 Art. IX, B, sec. 7 Exceptions to rule prohibiting executive officials from holding another office: a. Vice President as member of the cabinet (Art. VII, sec. 3, par. 2) b. Secretary of Justice as member of Judicial and Bar Council (Art. VIII, sec. 8(1) Cruz v. COA G.R. No. 138489 Nov. 29, 2001 d. Succession (1) In case of vacancy at the beginning of term Art. VII, sec. 7 Id., sec. 10 (2) In case of vacancy during term Art. VII, sec. 8 Id., sec. 10 Estrada v. Arroyo G.R. No. 146738 March 2, 2001 (3) In case of temporary disability Art. VII, secs. 11 12 e. Removal Art. XI, secs. 2 3 f. Powers and Functions of the President (1) Executive Power Art. VII, secs. 1 and 17 NEA v. CA G.R. No. 143481 February 15, 2002 DENR v. DENR Region XII Employees G.R. No. 149724 August 19, 2003 Marcos v. Manglapus 177 SCRA 668 (1989) Phillips Seafood Corp. vs. BOI Feb 4, 2009 GR No. 175787 17

(2) Control of Executive Departments Art. VII, sec. 17 MEWAP v. Romulo G.R. No. 160093 July 31, 2007 Mondano v. Silvosa 97 Phil 143 (1955) (3) General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions Art. X, sec. 4 Id., sec. 16 Pimentel v. Aguirre G.R. No. 132988 July 19, 2000 (4) Power of appointment With consent of Commission on Appointments Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. 79974, Dec. 17, 1987 Concepcion-Bautista v. Salonga 172 SCRA 160 (1989) Soriano v. Lista G.R. No. 153881 March 24, 2003 (a) Heads of departments Art. VII, sec. 16 (b) Ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls Art. VII, sec. 16 (c) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel and naval captain Art. VII, sec. 16 (d) Chairman and members of Constitutional Commissions Art. IX, B, Sec. 1(2) Id., C, sec 1(2) Id., D, sec 1(2) (e) Members of the Judicial and Bar Council Art. VIII, sec. 8(2) Upon recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council (a) Members of the Supreme Court and all other lower courts Art. VIII, sec. 9 (b) Tanodbayan and Deputies Art. XI, sec. 9 Appointments solely by the President (a) Those whose appointments are not otherwise by law (b) Those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint 18

Limitations on appointing power of the President Art. VII, secs. 13 and 15 Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331 (1964) Quimsing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446 (1964) In Re: Mateo Valenzuela A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC Nov 9, 1998 Castro v. JBC & Pres. Arroyo G.R. No. 191002 & G.R. No. 191032 April 20, 2010 & March 2010 Interim or recess appointments Art. VI, sec. 19 Art. VII, sec 16, par. 2 Limitation on appointing power of Acting President Art. VII, secs. 14 16 (5) Executive clemencies Art. VII, sec. 19 Art. IX, C, sec. 5 (a) Pardon distinguished from probation People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56 (1937) (b) Pardon distinguished from parole Tesoro v. Director of Prisons, 68 Phil. 154 (1939) (c) Pardon distinguished from amnesty People v. Casido G.R. N o. 116512 March 7, 1997 (d) Effect of pardon People v. Nacional G.R. No. 111294 Sept 7, 1995 Garcia v. Chairman, COA G.R. No. 75025 Sept 14, 1993 Llamas v. Orbos 202 SCRA 844 (6) Powers of Commander-in-Chief Art. VII, sec. 18 Art. III, sec. 13 Art. VIII, sec. 1, par. 2 IBP v. Zamora G.R. No. 141284 August 15, 2000 Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary GR No. 159085 Feb 3, 2004 421 SCRA 656 Randolph S. David vs. PGMA GR No. 171390 May 3, 2006 Philip Sigrid Fortun and Albert Lee Angeles vs. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo GR No. 190293 March 20, 2012 19

(7) Emergency Powers Art. VI, sec 23(2) Rodriguez v. Gella, 92 Phil. 603 (1953) (8) Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans Art. VII, sec. 20 Art. XII, sec. 21 Rep. Act No. 4860 (9) Power over foreign affairs Isabelita Vinuya et.al. v. Executive Secretary et.al. GR No. 162230 April 28, 2010 (a) Treaty making Art. VII, sec. 21 Treaty distinguished from executive agreements Comm. of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading 3 SCRA 351 (1961) (b) Deportation of undesirable aliens Go Tek v. Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (10) Power over legislation (a) Address Congress Art. VII, sec. 23 (b) Preparation and submission of the budget Id., sec. 22 (c) Veto power Art. VII, sec. 27 (d) Emergency power Art. VI, sec. 23(2) (e) Fixing of tariff rates Art. VI, sec. 28(2) (11) Immunity from suit Beltran v. Macasiar G.R. No. 82585 Nov 14, 1998 Gloria v. CA G.R. No. 119903 Aug 15, 2000 Estrada v. Desierto G.R. No. 146710-15 March 2, 2001 [12] Executive Privilege Romulo Neri v. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations et al. G.R. No. 180643 March 25, 2008&September 4, 2008 Senate v. Ermita G.R. No. 169777 April 20, 2006 20

2. Vice President a. Qualifications, election, term and oath Art. VII, sec. 3 Id., sec. 4 Id., sec. 5 b. Privilege and salary Art. VII, sec. 6 c. Prohibitions Art. VII, sec. 13 Id., sec. 3, par. 2 d. Succession Art. VII, sec. 9 e. Removal Art. XI, secs. 2 3 C. The Judicial Department 1. The Supreme Court a. Composition Art. VIII, sec. 4 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948) b. Appointment and qualifications Art. VIII, sec. 7(1) Id., sec. 8(5) Id., sec. 9 SB ng Taguig v. J. Estrella, A.M. No. 01-1608-RTJ January 16, 2001 Castro v. JBC & Pres. Arroyo G.R. No. 191002 & G.R. No. 191032 April 20, 2010 & March 2010 c. Salary Art. VIII, sec. 10 Art. XVIII, sec. 17 Perfecto v. Meer, 85 Phil. 522 (1950) Endencia v. David, 93 Phil. 696 (1953) Compare 1973 Const., art. XV, sec. 6 Not exempt from income tax Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 21

G.R. No. 78780, July 23, 1987 d. Tenure Art. VIII, sec. 11 Id., sec. 1 Id., sec. 2, par. 2 De la Llana v. Alba 122 SCRA 291 (1983) e. Removal Art. XI, sec. 2 Art. VIII, sec. 11 f. Jurisdiction Art. VIII, sec. 11 Id., sec. 2, par. 1 Id., sec. 5 Art. VI, sec. 30 Art. VII, sec. 18 People v. Ramos, 88 SCRA 486 (1979) Tirol v. CA G.R. No. 133954 Aug 3, 2000 g. Judicial Power/Judicial Review Art. VIII, sec 1, par. 2 Miranda v. Aguirre G.R. No. 133064 Sept 16, 1999 Salonga v. Pano 134 SCRA 438 Requisites of Judicial Review Article VIII, Section 5(2) 1. Actual Case or Controversy Montesclaros v. Comelec, G.R. No. 152295. July 9, 2002 PACU v. Secretary of Education 91 Phil. 806 2. Proper Party Agan v. PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001, May 5, 2003 CHR Employees Assoc. v. CHR, G.R. 155336, Nov. 25, 2004 3. Earliest Opportunity Umali v. Guingona, 305 SCRA 533 (1999) 4. Necessity of Deciding Constitutional Questions Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895. June 15, 2004 h. Act as a Presidential Electoral Tribunal Art. VII, sec. 4, par. 4 Lopez v. Roxas, 17 SCRA 756 (1966)

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Makalintal v. PET GR No. 191618 Nov 23, 2010 i. Administrative powers (1) Supervision of lower courts Art. VIII, sec. 6 Caoibes v. Ombudsman G.R. No. 132177 July 17, 2001 In re Demetria A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA March 27, 2001 (2) Discipline of judges Art. VIII, sec. 11 (3) Appointment of officials and employees of entire judiciary Art. VIII, sec. 5(6) [4] Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest Art. VIII, sec. 5(3) [5] Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice Art. VIII, sec. 5 (4) People v. Gutierrez 39 SCRA 173 [6] promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection of constitutional rights A.M. No. 07-9-12 SC Rule on Writ of Amparo A.M. No. 08-1-16 SC Rule on Writ of Habeas Data A.M. No. 09-6-8 SC Rule of Procedure on Environmental Cases (Writ of Kalikasan)

Tapuz v. del Rosario G.R. No. 182484 Jan 17, 2008 [7] Admission to the Practice of Law Zaldivar v. Gonzales 166 SCRA 316 (1988) Aguirre v. Rana Bar Matter No. 1036 June 10, 2003 In re: Cunanan 94 Phil. 534 (1954) [8] Integration of the Bar In re: IBP Elections Bar Matter No. 491 (October 6, 1989)

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[9] Promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice and procedure j. No nonjudicial work for judges Art. VIII, sec. 12 Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans. Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1932) Garcia v. Macaraig, 39 SCRA 106 (1971) k. Report on the judiciary Art. VIII, sec. 16 l. Manner of sitting and votes required Art. VIII, sec. 4 Rule 56, sec. 7 Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 125, sec. 3 Rules of Court Cruz v. DENR G.R. No. 135385 December 6, 2000 m. Requirements as to decisions Art. VIII, secs. 13-14 Valladolid v. Inciong, 121 SCRA 205 (1983) Mendoza v. CFI, 51 SCRA 369 (1973) Bacolod Murcia Milling Co. v. Henares, 107 Phil. 560 (1960) n. Periods for deciding cases Art. VIII, sec. 15 Art. VII, sec. 19, par. 3 Art. XVIII, secs. 12-14 o. Judicial privilege Resolution dated February 14, 2012In Re: Production of Court Records and Documents and the Attendance of Court officials and employees as witnesses under the subpoenas of February 10, 2012 and the various letters for theImpeachment Prosecution Panel dated January 19 and 25, 2012. http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2012/february2012/notice.pdf 2. Lower Courts a. Qualifications Art. VIII, sec. 7(1) (2) Id., sec. 8(5) Id., sec. 9 24

b. Salary Art. VIII, sec. 10 c. Tenure Art. VIII, sec. 11 Id., sec. 1 Id., sec. 2, par. 2 De La Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 (1982) d. Removal Art. VIII, sec. 11 e. Jurisdiction Art. VIII, sec. 1 Ynot v. IAC, G.R. No. 74457, March 20, 1987 f. Requirements as to preparations of decisions Art. VIII, sec. 14 g. Period for deciding Art. VIII, sec. 15 Art. XVIII, secs. 12-14 3. The Judicial and Bar Council Art. VIII, sec. 8 4. Automatic release of appropriation for the judiciary Art. VIII, sec. 3 D. The Constitutional Commissions 1. Civil Service Commissions a. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners Art. IX, B, sec. 1(1) Art. VII, sec. 13, par. 2 b. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners Art. IX, B, sec. 1(2) c. Appointment of personnel of CSC

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Art. IX, A, sec. 4 d. Salary Art. IX, A, sec. 3 Art. XVIII, sec. 17 e. Disqualifications Art. IX, A, sec. 2 f. Impeachment Art. XI, sec. 2 g. Functions of the CSC Art. IX, B, sec. 3 Art. IX, A, sec. 7 Id., sec. 8 h. Scope of the civil service - Art. IX-B sec 2 (1) Camporedondo v. NLRC G.R. No 129049 Aug 6, 1999 National Service Corporation v. NLRC 168 SCRA 122 (1988) Leyson v. Ombudsman G.R. No. 134990 April 27, 2000 i. Terms and conditions of employment in the civil service (1) Oath of allegiance to the Constitution Art. IX, B, sec. 4 Art. XI, sec. 18 (2) Merit system CSC v. Salas G.R. No. 123708 June 19, 1997 PAGCOR v. Rilloraza G.R. No. 141141 June 25, 2001 Corpus v. Cuarderno 15 SCRA 591 (a) Appointment of lameducks Art. IX, B, sec. 6 (b) Appointment or designation of elective and appointive officials Art. IX, B, sec. 7 Art. VII, sec. 13 Art, VI, sec. 13 (3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation

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Art. IX, B, sec. 5 Id., sec. 8 Santos v. Court of Appeals G.R. NO. 139792 Nov 22, 2000 CB Empl. Assn. v. BSP G.R. No. 148208 Dec 15, 2004 (4) Ban on partisan political activities Art. IX, B, sec. 2(4) Compare Art. XVI, sec. 5(3) (with respect to members of AFP) Trinidad v. Valle 105 SCRA 606 (1981) Vistan v. Nicolas 201 SCRA 524 (5) Removal or suspension only for cause Art. IX, B, sec 2(3) Ingles v. Mutuc, 26 SCRA 171 (1968) Cristobal v. Melchor, 78 SCRA 175 (1977) Miranda v. Carreon G.R. NO. 143540 April 11, 2003 (6) Summary removal Acolola v. Tantuico, 85 SCRA 789 (1978) (7) Right of self-organization Art. III, sec. 8 Art. IX, B, sec. 2(5) j. Review of decisions of the CSC Art. IX, A, sec. 7 k. Fiscal independence Art. IX, A, sec. 5 2. Commission on Elections a. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners Art. IX, C, sec. 1(1) Art. VII, sec. 13, par. 2 b. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners Art. IX, C, sec. 1(2) c. Appointment of personnel

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Art. IX, A, sec. 4 d. Salary Art. IX, A, sec. 3 Art. XVIII, sec. 17 e. Disqualifications Art. IX, A, sec. 2 f. Impeachment Art. XI, sec. 2 g. Powers and functions of the COMELEC Art. IX, C, sec. 2 (1) Enforce election laws Art. IX, C, sec. 2(1) Id., sec. 10 Sandoval v. COMELEC G.R. No. 133842 Jan 26, 2000 Brillantes v. Comelec G.R. No. 163193 June 15, 2004 R.A. No. 9189 (2003) The Overseas Absentee Voting Act (2) Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote Art. IX, C, sec. 2(3) (3) Petition for inclusion or exclusion of voters Art. IX, C, sec. 2(6) (4) Prosecute election law violators Art. IX, C, sec. 2(6) EO 134, sec. 11, Feb. 27, 1987 De Jesus v. People, 120 SCRA 760 (1983) Baytan v. Comelec G.R. No. 153945 Feb 4, 2003 (5) Recommend pardon, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators Art. IX, C, sec. 5

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(6) Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal Art. IX, C, sec. 2(4) Id., sec. 2(8) (7) REGISTRATION of political parties, organizations and coalitions and ACCREDITATION of citizens arms Art. IX, C, sec. 2(5) Registration under the party-list system Art. IX, C, sec. 6 Id., sec. 7 Id., sec. 8 Art. VI, sec. 5(2) Art. XVIII, sec. 7 (8) Regulation of public utilities and media of information Art. IX, C, sec. 4 Id., sec. 9 UNIDO v. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17 (1981) (9) Decide election contests and cases Art. IX, C, sec. 2(2) Id., sec. 3 Javier v. COMELEC, 144 SCRA 194 (1986) h. Rule-making Art. IX, A, sec. 6 i. Other functions Art. IX, A, sec. 8 j. Act as National Board of Canvassers for Senators EO 144, sec. 1, March 2, 1987 k. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions Art. IX, A, sec. 7 l. Fiscal Autonomy Art. IX, A, sec. 5

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3. Commission on Audit a. Composition and qualifications Art. IX, D, sec. 1(1) Art. VII, sec. 13, par. 2 b. Appointment and term of Commissioners Art. IX, D, sec. 1(2) c. Appointment of COA personnel Art. IX, A, sec. 4 d. Salary Art. IX, A, sec. 3 Art. XVIII, sec. 17 e. Disqualifications Art. IX, A, sec. 2 f. Impeachment Art. XI, sec. 2 g. Powers and functions Art. IX, D, sec. 2 Id., sec. 3 Art. VI, sec. 20 DBP v. COA G.R. No. 88435 January 16, 2002 h. Rulemaking Art. IX, A, sec. 6 i. Other functions Art. IX, A, sec. 8 j. Review of decisions of the COA Art. IX, A, sec. 7 k. Fiscal autonomy Art. IX, A, sec. 5 E. Sandiganbayan 30

Art. XI, sec. 4 PD 1606, Dec. 10, 1979 RA No. 8249 F. Office of the Ombudsman See also PD 1630, July 18, 1979 Republic Act No. 6770 Nov 17, 1989 1. Composition Art. XI, sec. 5 2. Qualifications Art. XI, sec. 8 3. Appointment and term Art. XI, secs. 9 and 11 4. Rank and salary Art. XI, sec. 10 5. Disqualifications Art. XI, sec. 8 Art. IX, A, sec. 2 6. Jurisdiction Art. XI, sec. 12 PCGG v. Desierto G.R. No. 140232 Jan 19, 2001 People v. Velez G.R. No. 138093 Feb 10, 2003 7. Powers and functions Art. XI, sec. 13 8. Fiscal autonomy Art. XI, sec. 14 9. Appointment of personnel Art. XI, sec. 6 G. Office of the Special Prosecutor Art. XI, sec. 7 H. Central Monetary Authority 31

1. Composition and qualifications Art. XII, sec. 20 2. Functions Art. XII, secs. 20-21 I. Economic and Planning Agency Art. XII, secs. 9-10 J. National Commissions 1. Commission on Human Rights a. Composition and qualifications Art. XIII, sec. 17 b. Powers and functions Art. XIII, secs. 18-19 c. Fiscal autonomy Art. XIII, sec. 17(4) 2. National Language Commission Art. XIV, sec. 9 3. National Police Commission Art. XVI, sec. 6 Canonizado v. Aguirre G.R. No. 133132 January 25, 2000 4. Commission on Indigenous Cultural Communities Art. XVI sec 12

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