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1-Introduction Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system.

Due to the long lead time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions, such as over excitation protection and temperaturebased protection may aid this goal by identifying operating conditions that may cause transformer failure. The comprehensive transformer protection provided by multiple function protective relays is appropriate for critical transformers of all applications.

Transformer Protection by: Claudio Vunda

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2-Transformer Protection Overview The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the application and the importance of the transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against faults and overloads. The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify eventual repair. Any extended operation of the transformer under abnormal condition such as faults or overloads compromises the life of the transformer, which means adequate protection should be provided for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions.

3-Transformer Failures The types of faults that the transformers are subjected to are classified as: winding failures due to short circuits (turn-turn faults, phase-phase faults, phase-ground, open winding) Core faults (core insulation failure, shorted laminations) Terminal failures (open leads, loose connections, short circuits) On-load tap changer failures (mechanical, electrical, short circuit, overheating) Abnormal operating conditions (over fluxing, overloading, overvoltage) External faults

Application of Protective Scheme Type of Faults Internal Winding Phase-Phase, Phase-Ground Faults Winding inter-turn faults Core insulation failure, shorted laminations Tank faults Over fluxing External Overloads Overvoltage Over fluxing External System short Circuits Protection scheme Used

Differential, Overcurrent Restricted ground fault Protection Differential, Buchholz Relay Differential, Buchholz Relay, Sudden pressure Relay Differential, Buchholz relay and Tankground protection Volts/Hz

Thermal Overvoltage Volts/Hz Time overcurrent, Instantaneous Overcurrent

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4-Differential Protection Relays A Differential relay compares the currents on both sides of the transformer. As long as there is no fault within the protected equipment (Transformer), the current circulates between the two CTs and no current flows through the differential element. But for internal faults the sum of the CTs secondary currents will flow through the differential relay making it to operate. Two basic requirements that the differential relay connections are to be satisfied are: a) It must not operate for load or external faults. b) It must operate for internal faults.

Percentage Differential Relay in a Two Terminal Circuit


I1 I2

132/33KV 100MVA

I1

ic

I2

As on-load tap change facilities are invariably provided in the grid transformers, any departure from the nominal tap position will result in spill currents in the relay circuits. Further, the CTs are often of different types and have dissimilar magnetization characteristics, again resulting in spill current during heavy through fault conditions. To avoid unwanted relays operation under the above two conditions a "Percentage Bias" differential relays is used. The current flowing through the operating coil of the relay should be nearly zero during normal operating conditions and when external short circuit occurs. While setting the differential relay on a transformer, the (mismatch) current through differential element at normal tap and positive and negative extreme taps are to be computed. Differential element pickup setting and/or bias settings is adopted based on maximum percentage mismatch adding some safety margin. Differential Current = | I1-I2 | Bias Setting = |I1-I2 | / (I1+I2)/2

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C.T Ratios and connections for differential relay 1. A simple rule of thumb is that the CTs on any Wye (Star) winding of a Power transformer should be connected in delta and the CTs on any delta winding should be connected in Wye (Star). 2. a) if the CTs are to be connected in Star, the C.T Ratio will be In/1A Where In is transformer full load current. b) If the CTs are to be connected in Delta, the C.T Ratio will be In/0.5775 A.

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5-Restricted Earth Fault Protection (REF) Differential and overcurrent protection do not provide adequate protection for wyeconnected windings with grounded neutrals. Faults close to the neutral produce lesser fault current as shown by the current distribution curve. The restricted ground fault function can be used to provide differential protection for such ground faults, down to faults at 5% of the transformer winding. Restricted ground fault protection can be a low impedance differential function or a high impedance differential function. The low impedance function has the advantage to being able to precisely set the sensitivity to meet the application requirement. This sensitive protection limits the damage to the transformer to allow quicker repair. The restricted ground fault element uses adaptive restraint based on symmetrical components to provide security during external phase faults with significant CT error. This permits the function to maximize sensitivity without any time delay.

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6-Buchholz Relays Whenever a fault in transformer develops slowly, heat is produced locally, which begins to decompose solid of liquid insulated materials and thus to produce inflammable gas and oil flow. This phenomenon has been used in the gas protection relay or popularly known as Bucholz relay. This relay is applicable only to the socalled conservator type transformer in which the transformer tank is completely filled with oil, and a pipe connects the transformer tank to an auxiliary tank or Conservator" which acts as an expansion chamber.

The Bucholz relays connected into the pipe leading to the conservator tank and arrange to detect gas produced in the transformer tank. As the gas accumulates for a minor fault the oil level falls and, with it a float 'F' which operates mercury switches sounding an alarm. When a more serious fault occurs within the transformer during which intense heating takes place, an intense liberation of gases results. These gases rush towards the conservator and create a rise in pressure in the transformer tank due to which the oil is forced through the connecting pipe to the conservator. The oil flow develops a force on the lower float and over trips it causing it contacts to complete the trip circuit of the transformer breaker. Operation of the upper float indicates an incipient fault and that of the lower float a serious fault.

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Bucholz relay Operation: Certain Precautions: The Bucholz relay may become operative not only during faults within the transformer. For instance, when oil is added to a transformer, air may get in together with oil, accumulate under the relay cover and thus cause a false operation of the gas relay. For this reason when the 'Gas' alarm signal is energized the operators must take a sample of the gas from the relay, for which purpose a special clock is provided. Gases due to faults always have colour and an odour and are inflammable. The lower float may also falsely operate if the oil velocity in the connection pipe through not due to internal faults, is sufficient to trip over the float. This can occur in the event of an external short circuit when over currents flowing through the windings over-heat the copper and the oil and cause the oil to expand. If mal-operation of Bucholz relay due to overloads or external short circuits is experienced it may be necessary that the lower float is adjusted for operation for still higher velocities. In installing these relays the following requirements should be fulfilled. a) The conductor connection the contacts to the terminals on the cover must have paper insulation, as rubber insulation may be damaged by the oil. b) The floats must be tested for air tightness by for example, submerging them in hot oil to create a surplus pressure in them. c) The relay cover and the connection pipe should have a slope of 1.5 to 3 percent and not have any protruding surface to ensure unrestricted passage of the gases into the conservator.

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7-Over fluxing Protection Transformer over fluxing can be a result of: Overvoltage Low system frequency A transformer is designed to operate at or below a maximum magnetic flux density in the transformer core. Above this design limit the eddy currents in the core and nearby conductive components cause overheating which within a very short time may cause severe damage. The magnetic flux in the core is proportional to the voltage applied to the winding divided by the impedance of the winding. The flux in the core increases with either increasing voltage or decreasing frequency. During start-up or shutdown of generator-connected transformers, or following a load rejection, the transformer may experience an excessive ratio of volts to hertz, that is, become overexcited. When a transformer core is overexcited, the core is operating in a non-linear magnetic region, and creates harmonic components in the exciting current. A significant amount of current at the 5th harmonic is characteristic of over excitation.

T60- Transformer Protection Relay (with over fluxing protection)

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8-Winding hot-spot temperature protection The transformer winding hot-spot temperature is another quantity that should be used for protection of transformers. Protection based on winding hot-spot temperature can potentially prevent short circuits and catastrophic transformer failure, as excessive winding hot-spot temperatures cause degradation and eventual failure of the winding insulation. The ambient temperature, transformer loading, and transformer design determine the winding temperature. Temperature based protection functions alarm or trip when certain temperature conditions are met. GE Multilin relays use IEEE C57.91 compliant thermal models to calculate the winding hot-spot temperature and the loss of life of the winding insulation. The top-oil temperature may be directly measured or calculated from the ambient temperature, load current, and transformer characteristics. In addition, the calculations may use a monthly model of ambient temperature, eliminating the need for external connections to the transformer and relay. This winding hot-spot temperature and transformer loss of life information is used in thermal overload protection to provide alarming or tripping when unacceptable degradation of the transformer winding insulation is occurring.

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9- Circuit Breaker In order to open or close the high voltage and Low voltage side of our transformer the circuit breaker selected is SF6 circuit breaker which has the following features: Description Nominal system voltage (KV) rms Rated CB Voltage(KV) rms Full Load Current (A) Current Rating (A) 2000 Rated making Current ( KA) 2.5IFL Rated short time current (sec) 4.374 3 630 1.1 3 Low Voltage side CB 33 72.5 1749.55 High Voltage side CB 132 245 437.387

10- Surge Arrestors (Metal Oxide surge arrestors) In order to protect our transformer from over voltage (surges) two Metal oxide surge arrestors were provided. One at High voltage side of the transformer and another at the Low voltage side. We selected the Zinc Oxide Pexlim R-Y, see appendix-a

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11- Earth Switch

Earth Switch is used to discharge the voltage on the circuit to the earth for safety. One Earth Switch is located at the high voltage side and another at the low voltage side of the transformer.

12- Isolators or Disconnecting Switches: Isolators are provided for isolation from live parts for the purpose of maintenance. Isolators are located at either side of the circuit breaker. Isolators are operated under no load. Isolator does not have any rating for current breaking or current making. Isolators are interlocked with circuit breakers.

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13-Transformer Calculations Given: S=100MVA, VH=132KV, VL=33KV 13.1 - Selection and specification of the Current transformers: High Voltage side IFL= CT ratio: 450A/1A, class 10P10 and 20VA burden (according to IEEE C57.13) Low Voltage side IFL= CT ratio: 2000A/1A, class 10P10 and 20VA burden (according to IEEE C57.13)

13.2 - Transformer Impedance Calculations High Voltage side: ZHV= Low Voltage side: ZLV= = 174.24 = 10.89

ZTx= 2xZHV = 2x174.48=348.48 (Assuming negligible resistance) Percentage Impedance (Z %) Z%= = = 32%

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13.3 - Differential Protection Relay High Voltage side: CT ration: I1= x = = 0.972A

Low Voltage side: CT ration: I2= x = = 0.875A

Therefore the current flowing through the relay operating coil will be: IC=| |=|
| | | |

| = 0.097 =
| | | |

Bias Setting =

= 0.105

13.4 - Phase fault calculations Assuming that the fault occurring on low voltage side MVA Fault = = = 312.5MVA

Fault Current on Low Voltage side IFault = = = 5.4673KA

Fault Current on High Voltage side IFault = = = 1.3668KA

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13.5 - Over Current Relay Setting Low voltage side relay setting (Assuming TMS= 0.1) CT ratio: Current Setting= x 100% = = 87.5%

Therefore the current setting selecting=100% Ipu= Ict (rated secondary) x Current Setting Ipu=1 x 100% = 1A If (relay) = PMS= = = = 2.7335A = 2.7335

Time (from curve) =0.41(See Appendix-a) The relay operating time = TMS x Time curve = 0.1 x 0.41=0.041sec= 41ms

High voltage side relay setting (Assuming TMS= 0.1) CT ratio: Current Setting= x 100% = = 97.2%

Therefore the current setting selecting=100% Ipu= Ict (rated secondary) x Current Setting Ipu=1 x 100% = 1A If (relay) = PMS= = = = 3.0377A = 3.0377

Time (from curve) =0.38(See Appendix-a) The relay operating time = TMS x Time curve = 0.1 x 0.38=0.038sec= 38ms

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13.6 - Earth Fault Relay Setting Assuming a single phase (Ia) to earth fault, and the generator unloaded and solidly ground. Also assuming Z0=Z1=Z2=32% Low voltage side Relay setting Ia = = = -j3.125 pu

Ifault = IFL x Ia= 1749.55 x (-j3.125) = 5.467KA CT ratio: Current Setting= x 100% = = 87.5%

The current setting selecting=70% (Due to Earth Fault) Ipu= Ict (rated secondary) x Current Setting Ipu=1 x 70% = 0.7A If (relay) = PMS= = = = 3.905 = 2.7335A

Time (from curve) =0.31(See Appendix-a) The relay operating time = TMS x Time curve = 0.1 x 0.31=0.031sec= 31ms High voltage side Relay setting Ia = = = -j3.125 pu

Ifault = IFL x Ia= 437.387 x (-j3.125) = 1.36683KA CT ratio: Current Setting= x 100% = = 97.2%

The current setting selecting=70% (Due to Earth Fault) Ipu= Ict (rated secondary) x Current Setting Ipu=1 x 70% = 0.7A If (relay) = PMS = = = = 4.339 = 3.037A

Time (from curve) =0.3(See Appendix-a) The relay operating time = TMS x Time curve = 0.1 x 0.3=0.03sec= 30ms
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14- Conclusions As far as transformer protection is concerned, it is of the utmost importance in understanding the other devices application. Application of Current transformer (CT). The current transformer has to be well selected, so that the protective relay will function properly in the event of a fault occurring. It is also of the utmost importance to size the circuit breaker properly. Last but not least the protective relays, a proper setting have to be done accordingly to ensure that the relay will work according to the time set.

15- Bibliography Fundamental of Power system Protection, by Y.G. Paithankar, S.R. Bhide Principle of Power System, by V.K. Mehta Rohit Mehta Handbook for Protection Engineers, by C.Venkates H. Warlu Network Protection and Automation Guide Web Links: http://www.geindustrial.com/pm/journals/Transformer_Protection.pdf www.GEDigitalEnergy.com

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16- Appendix-a

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