H ow to wr te a research manuscript:

ps to boost your sc :ent:f c career

Supplementary Mate '

ial s

e:::I:
by:CAC1

;e:
:

ditage.
""

kr


'tage
Tab ' e of Conte' ts

Ed

tage Workshop Supple entary Mate r als

'NTRODUCT'ON-----

-------------------- ------ ---- ----------- ---- ------- ----------------------------1

CONSEQUENCES-------------- -----------------

------ -----------------------------

---------------------3

GET NG

STARTED-------------- ----------------------------- -----------------

------------------

-------4

M ' SCONDUCT
D'J
ES

,APER

ORGAN IZA ON

USEFUL STARTERS GENERAL LANGUAGE SHI FT FOR ACADEMI C WRI NG

23

25

COMPUTER USE IN WR' NG

I '

3 1

COMMON 'SSt ES 'N STYLE, FORMAT T'

NG,

AND GRAM AR
ED' NG SAMPLES: BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER
/,

42

edltage
CCTUS

Ed

tage Workshop Supple lentar

Mater :al

'NTRODUC

ON

eve fron this session? What are 5 th ngs you hope to ach

Wr t ng is something that you do for other people and the final quality

depends on the perception of your writing by other people

The final quality of any paper depends primar y on the quality of the original BEFoRE that text has been edited

 e=
by CACTU S

EditaRe orkshop Supplementa''y Material s

Trends::i

'

:rq

a:r:ch vvriti::

:g::::::::::::::::: :

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

40re n10ney nore peop'e GIoba1 spending on resea''ch and developrnent (R&D), totaling US$1.1 triHion in 2007, double the arliount in 1996 Betwee' 2000 and 201 0, the number of science and engineering graduate students rose 30 % , and the nury) be'" of postdocs increased 45 %

24,000+

pee '" reviewed journals, 2000+ publishers, 1.5 nIi

ion+ papers

published per year) 3 miI Iion+ papers submitted per year: increased 44% since 2001
Increased competition with ''ise of China, Korea, and other nations Increased put
ic inte' est

in science

Big Science In 1911, Rutherf s have a nudeus a d discovered that atO through discove ' y
b' eak

The experi nent was completed by Rutherford, 1 post doc, and 1

underg raduate In 201 2, evidence was found to prove the existence of the Higgs boson
The experiment was completed by 2500+ physicists around the world

'ncreased co aborations

jou

' nals

prefer Ia''ge, international research projects

y co authored

Inte ''nationa

pape ''s have mo '"e visib ity and get more

ple

. citations
CoI Iaborative work is rnore likely to have Iarge'" scope and mult
pe '"spective s

The average nurnber of co authoI s/paper in science and engineering is 5 So' e regions Iike EU encou ' age coI Iabo''ation through funding schernes Example: in japan' grant applications in English and with inte''national
coI Iaborato'"s are rnore Iikely to be funded

PhD student would typica y

co author a pape'

with l supervisor, no
/

PhD students can have multiple supervisors

tage

Editage Workshop Supple lentary Material s

CONSEQUENCES
n 201 About 30 retract ons in 2000 to over 400 retract ons 1

Scientific fraud: 67% of 2000 retractions in Pubmed were due to rnisconduct

43% due to fraud 14% due to duplication publ cation
10O/

due to plagiarism

Possible reasons
'ncreased competition for funds Grants beco ling a nn etric for research assess lent

Strong

publication record = Iarge Publioation reco rd

ournal e phasis on novel and exc ting results Inadequate checks

, '::'''

ed'tage,
by CAC US

EditaRe 'Norkshop Supplementary Material s

GET

NG STARTED

H H
=

(http://owI.english. purdue.edu/owl/resource/690/01 /) J
r n n(eyn ker HOCs Focus (thesis staternent)

PIan: [ntro to HOCs and LOCs H

Audience and purl ose 'rga'

ization

Deve loprnent LOCs Sentence structure Punctuation Word choice Spel ling
//

{
:::::::#::!:::::::
:::::::::::::::::

::: :::

::::W
:::
::

::::::::::Y:: ::'-:::::::'

:::!::

P' rpose

::

jiH::

;Y[l :

: ::

her papers

m
nif

Find and foI Iow the author guidelines fo'" the journal or conference = =

Requirements fo'" Manuscripts E

icmje.org/urm

http://www:

main. html E

)'jE n Preparing a manuscriptI ' ' . ""I Originality "'

' Resea''ch should be relevant i Ind ],
II' ','

E
E

/'

Tochnical Quality Research

question should be clearly communicatedE St dy design should be technical ly soundJ

ed'tage
by CACTUS

= =

SupplerT)entary Materials EditaRe /orkshop

Results should be verifiable and condusive Relevant lite'"ature should be appropriate l y: Drawbacks, disadvantages or discussed or listed
Iimitat

i!ed,,;:

ons of the study should be

Z , e 7
Submission process

(s)

"

Most

journals fo I I ow a 4-step ' ecorn ' endation process:

Accept without any '"evisio'

Accept with revision (s)

Reject, but recommend sub' ission to another journal, with or

without revision(s)
Reject outright (' rlanuscript

"

is deemed unfit for publication)

'

I "# I"'e

An

editor or refe'"ees wiI I reject a manuscript if it 'raises any of the fol lowing

concerns (in order of importance):

Research questions Iack novelty and/or research is of insufficient international importance or inte rest.

Research is redundant
Research methodology/study design is biased or flawed. Suspected cate submission, plagia'"ism, or fab' ication of data misconduct: dupl Data is incomplete, inadequate, or incorrect Study objective is not wel l addressed or the conclusion is irnproper Authorship co '
flict

Research topic does not align with the journal's mission statement or objective
Co 1peting ' anuscript on a sirn ar topic Poor Ianguage or presentation of results
I)

ed'tage
by CACTUS

Ed

taRe Workshop Supplenlentary Material s

M ISCONDUCT
Research misconduct
Fab
'"icatio '

Fals fication ' nethical research

reporting !
Authorship abuse Redundant publication Reviewer misc duct Abuse of position

h
"

e r , , "b

How common

s misconduct

Systematic review (screened 3207 papers) Meta a' alysis (18 studies)

Survey

2% admitted misconduct themselves 14% aware of misco' duct by others

= =

lDU

= = = = =

'

ES
g) -ww.

(EIsevier: h

-::::

P !'es:: !
:

:::

:P:uti-

f::Reviewer:- : ::

=!-

-!-:
::
::::::::::::::::::: ::::::: :::::::

f:::

:r

Publication decis on

Cont''ibut on to editoria|

Reporting standards
Data access and retention
Originality and plag arisrn

decision
Fair play

Promptness
Confidentiality

=
= =

Confidentiality

DiscIosure and conflicts of Standards of objectivity

i nte rest

Multipl e, redundant, or concurrent publications

1 nvo lvement and Acknowledgrnent of source

cooperation in investigations
cts of Disclosure and confl
i nterest

Acknowledgnnent of sources
Authorship of the paper Hazards and hunlan or
anirnal subjects
cts of Disclosure and confl

=
=

i nterest'

n Fundan ental e''rors publ shed works

:::::: ::::::::::::::

:::: :::::::::-:::::: ::::::

::I--::: :: :::::::

::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::::"::
::

Centu '"y Dictionary and Cyclopedia The purloining or w'"ongfu l app'

op' iation

of another's ideas, writings,

artistic designs, etc., and giving these forth as one's own sl ecifica y the offense of taking passages from another's co'' '' positions, and publishing ther1, either w d for wo'rd or in substance, as one's own Iite ra' y theft.

A passage or thought thus stolen.

. "

.--'',-- -,' '.-.'- --- -

----

-----'

---, -, - --'

Viktionary The act of plagiarizing: the col)ying of another person's ideas, text, o 'r creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especia y without othe '
pe '':m 'SS 'On.

edltage
by CACTtJ S

EditaRe Workshop Supplen entary Mater

als

. .

Toxt or other work resulting from this act. WordNet 3.0 the act of plagiarizing taking so neonet, words or ideas as if they were

your own
a piece of writing that has been copied frorn someone else and is pre

sented as being your own work

PIagia'"ism takes many for'ms, fro' 'passing off' anothe'''s pape'" as the author's paraphras ng substantial parts of anothe'r's paper own paper) to copying
(without att'"ibution), to clai ' ing results from resea''ch conducted by othe '
s.

. .

PIagiarism in aH its forms constitutes unethical publ shing behavior and is unac ceptable.

Diffe '"ences between quoting' paraphrasing' and summarizing

Quotations must be identical to the or ginal, using a narrow segment of

the source. They rnust ['1r- atch th

must be attributed to the orig

n8

(q

:=

Paraphrased rnaterial is usuaHy shorter than the original passage, taking =

:I:

:iso be
:

'iginal so ce. ed e

. .

induding only the nlain point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Sumrnaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source
m aterial.
"

::

;
j:

jf

F: :; ;

:ly

'b

. . . .

by CA TUS

pplementa

ry Material s

Pa'r phr sing

'

con f :::::

:
:

Excerpted from: P:p: Pa raphrasing

WY .:q !

Original Text

dents at Colur

bi

orsity
i

in the early 191 0s, and after so' e

ups and downs i

st tus

is stiI I going strong aln ost a century

later. (from Kohle: R.E. 1994. The Lo rds of the FIy. The LJniversity

of Chicago Pr ss, 321 pages.)

Unacceptabl e
paraph ''asing:

# i:

dents, Drosophila: Col)y phrases genetics research continues its ' ':

''j

nacceptabl e ng: paraph ' as

hom Hunt Morgan and his Colu ' bia University pup s.
Desl)ite fluctuations in status, fly research is stiI I central to the p ''ogress of genetics (Koh! er) 1994).
I

Thor as Hunt Mo''gan a

University we''e amonglhe

d coI Ieagues at Colurnbia ' y I first to use the fruit

':

Acceptabl e

round experimental system

D''osophila as a modeIIorganism, adopting it as an I

paraphrasing
(

ohler/ 1994).:.
:
I

1910. Since then, the::

detecting misconduct TOols f

pl agia ' isrn softwa ' e Anti (eTBLAS-'; C ''ossCheck, Turnitih)

:I::)
':

/1': -- I

I t::' '

Sc''eening i rnages (PhotoShop)

I/,

Chernical

st '

uctu re checks
t p '"efe '

,'I: !,'jI

Data

' eview

(dig

ence)

r,i -',

. : :

':

' I

"

I :

-I

I r

edtage
by CACTU S

Editage Workshop Supplen entary aterials

'nconsistent

te

IIing I , '"minology t

ing
'r

Rer etitiveness or excessive detail Lack of cohesion between sentences or palagraphs

'0

itage
PAPER ORGAN 'ZA ON
Eng'
ish is 'top

Ed itage Workshop Supp'e entary Mate rials

oadod'

re stated: ey points early in paragraph

"

ear y sentence
then expl ined fu rther

DMake the outline

'dentif the research proble' 'de' tify the main categories Create the fi rst category Create subcategories '
(http:III

;#
.

"

bguides. sc.

ed u/ ritingguide)

There is no rule dictating which outline apProach is best Both topic an se' tence oUtline:s A[though the format of an outline is rigid, it sh ouldn't rnake you inflexible r'te your paper tho to abo 'f app'opr ate, org nize tho main pointS of your oUtline ih chronOlogic:aI

order :
bre

standard resear h papor of 15-20 pag s' your outline should be: n
s i than: four pa

Iength::

s best No rule fori hich outline: aPproach t shouldn't make yo f n utline is rigid, AlthoUgh the format

inflex

ble

;:opri
'Z'

about hiow to w'"ite y ur paper

!

: org

ni e

tho main points of youroutli o in chronological

ed'tage
by CACTU S

Editage 'Norkshop Supplernentary Material s

= E
-
-

For a standard research paper of 15-20 pages' your outline should be no rnore than four pages in length.

i l :ph Establish an area to research by:

=
:i:::

Highlighting the importance of the topic, and/or Making gene '"al statements about the topic, and/o'

Presenting

an ove rview on cu ''rent research on the subject, and/or

Defining key terms.

Identify

a ' esearch '

iche by:

Opposing an existing assurn ption' 'nd/o'" Revealing a gap in existing research,,and/or Formulating a research question or prpblem, and/o r Continuing a disciplinary tradition.

.
:

Stating the intent of your study

Outlining the key cha''acteristics/differences of your study and/o r 1ntroducing basic methodology used, and/or
Desc' ibing inlportant results, a' d/or
Giving a brief ovIyiew of the structure of the pape '".

::::::::::

::

::: ::!

:'::::::::

Your introduction should dearly identify the subject area of interest Establish context by pI oviding a brief and balanced review of the pertinent
published lite rature

CIearly state the hypothesis that you investigated

' Ihy did you choose this kind of research study or design?

. . E .

. . .
'2

e I
by CACTU S

Editage Workshop Supplernentary Material s

T p

=
=

Argumentat ve Review
This f 'm examines Iite ''ature selectively in order to support or refute an osophical problem aI '"eady argument, deeply imbedded assumption, o' ph
':::!:':!

::::

::f-!:

-
re:::::

:':ew

::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

established in the Iiterature.

Integrative Review
Conside' ed a f 'n1 of research that ' eviews, c''itiques, and synthesizes representative lite rature on a topic in an integrated way such that new

franl eworks and perspectives on the topic are generated

Methodological Review
ng at different 1evels and helps P''ovides a framework of unde '"stand highlight rnany ethical issues which we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study

Historical Review
Histor caI

reviews are focused on examining research throughout a period

of time.

Systematic Review Consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated

''esearch question to identify and critical ly appraise relevant research, and to col lect, ''eport, and analyze data frorI) the studies that a'"e induded in the
rev' ew:

heo '"etical Review The purpose of this fo'"m is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in ' egard to an issue, concept, theory/ phenomena. The theoretical Iite '"ature review help establish what theories al ' eady exist, the relationships between then , to what degI ee the existing theories have been i nvestigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is reveal that cu ' rent used to help establish a Iack of app '"opriate theories o' theo ''ies are inadequate f ' explaining ne'I'/ or ernerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretica1 conce1 t or a whole theo'"y or franl ework.

1 3


by CACTUS

EditaRe Vorkshop Supplernentary Material s

' orgahized G etting

(http :// v'N . scotland.

gov. u k/Publ ications/2004/08/1 9843/4201 2)

In your i ' troduction, discuss the big picture, g'"ouping a'"tides into one m1 o''tant in con rnon. citation when they have somethi ' g

Study : : Focu:S

gY & Inte rvention Resu!ts M ethodo

Conclusion
/

M ethods
Boreham
et al

i '

itati:ons

(2000)
* c1

Docto r p rescribing Basic

training fo r

Quantitative

Analys s of erro rs
year st'

16 non optiI aI dose

Findings support
the integration of

Random

fied sample of 32 students given a

st rat

recommendations made by 16 final n a w'ere made (50% of dents

students). 10

theory and practice

c l assroom
se. exe rc

and suggest

med caI
students in pharnnaco therapeu
t

p rescribing exe rcise

students mad e

problem based
Iearn ng

to adjust doses of n sodiu n. phenyto The answ'e rs we re

recommendat ons
causing adve rse drug
effects, cl assed as

Lim tatior) s: Sn l,

single centre stud'y

E E

cs.

reco rded and

transcribed.

m ajor
erl'o rs. 6

recommended a
sub optimal

dose not

classed as n ajor.

Britten et
al (2003)
* B3

Doctor
ng Appropri
p rescr
b

Qualitat ve a'

dNone

Befo ''e the

Measuring
appropriateness of
p rescriptions vas feasible and offe red

quantitative 24
p ractices and
1 86 patients.

consultation 42%
pat

ents wanted

ateness of
G P

or expected a
re to

Questior

na

p rescription.

valuable
ghts to ng and pat ent behaviour.
ins
p 1'escr b

p rescribing patients and GPs and deve l bef'e and after the

65% resulted in a
prescr ption. Of 92

opment of
a measu ''e.

consultatioi . Data
fro ' pat ent I'ecol'd s

ndependent
assessn ents of

Limitations: Smal l

and
inte rv

these prescriptions,

study when
investigat ng rare

ews. Outcome

4% were judged
inappropriate and
in 19 cases assessors
we re '

unnec essary and ca l ly pharmaco log nappropriate ons. p ''escript B rooks

et a1 (200l a) * c1

n'easures unwa1)ted,

events. GPs not

necessaril y

ncertain.

representat ve.

N u rse
p ''escrib

tat veNone Qual

n total. 50 patient

ng

Prescr bing H 's

49 pos ve abol t
t

sers v ewed nurse p rescribing

positi'ely and felt it

Patients'

(n=1 7), DNs (n 9) and p ractice nurses (n =1),

exper' ence of nurse

p rescr
b

nu rse p ''escribing. Benefits

rnet their needs in

ng

foI' whom they had

p rescribed. Face to

''ecruited patients

expressed most
were time1 ness and

terms of process/

outcome.
L

in one

response to needs.
NuI'ses'

ngl itations: S

prImary

face or telephone
patient inte rviews.
atic Content the

care NHS
trust in

competence seen as
'ital 26% high1 ghted train ng

centl'e. Nu rse recru ited 'en ience con

England.

analysis.

sample.

needs. Time saving to GP also

identified.

1 4

ed'tage
by CACTUS

Ed

taRe Workshop Supplen entary ^ aterials

et a'prescribing
(2001 b) Patients

Broo ks NUrse

al itat Q

veNone
nurses (n=1),

Prescribing HVs
(n=1 7), DNs (n=9) and
pract ce

*c1

50 patients took part. D sadvantages iden tified were the

Educat on was i
portant to n aintai n

mited formulary
and no repeat pre scr ptions: Nurses
'

safety and compe tence of

prescr
be rs. Fo r

::::

es

ted patients recru

f r

and disad

hom they had

lu 'ary could be

vantages of
nurse pre

pre cribed. Patient

terv

nT

not seen
n tiat ng treatment but as in

expanded and roles

renegpt ated to neet patient needs.
ngle Lim tations: S centre. Nurse re

ows face to face

cribi g

or telephone. Content
thematic analysis.

supplementary pre
scr it.

ng bing, continu Tra ning

cruited sample.

mportant for nurses

to extend ro'e fu r

. . .

ther.

' se Evidence
A I iterature review

n this

sense is just like any other acadornic research

paper.
Be Selective

Select only the most imp'tant points in each source to highlight in the
review:

' se Quotes Sparingly

Do not use extensive quotes as a substitute your own su 'mmary and

interpretation of the Iiterature.

Su

'

marize and Synthes ze

Re'lember

to summarize and synthesize your sources within each

paragraph as weI I as throughout the review:

The writer's voice should remain

'-"',-"

. . .

Use Caution When Paraphrasing

'''

Be sure to represent the author's infor' ation or opinions accurately and

in your own words.

1 5


by CACTUS
:::

Editar

e Workshop Supplernentary Material s

-:t- '

F' studies involving hurnans: (Annals of Internal Medicine http://ww Participant selection How participants were recruited Study procedu ''es 'Jse figures

edti
:

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

v:annals.o '"g/)

E E

Number of patients at each stage of recruit' ent and fol low up

Indude ' ethods used for statistical analysis 'ho
ar p' oved

the study

Indude staternent of the funding source for the study For basic science: (CeI I: http://wIA/ tcei1.com/ ) Focus on the ''eade '"'s ability to unde'"stand expe '"imenta1 procedures Corn rnon procedu ' es should be n entioned b' iefly with a citation Experinlental p''ocedures section needs to indude enough detail so

readers can understand experiments we' e done

Should also indude a desc' iption of statistical ' ethods en ployed in

the study
Provide a detailed ve rsion of p'"ocedures Supple' ental Data :A;od:; : i: i ed: ethod
ethod s
Co tdo ed

:
::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: ::
::

:c

::d

Ex'e "ded
Tends to descrlbe new or unLlsuai n 'elhods
Pro des bockgrotll ld n'orn ation

Tends to desc be fam iar, andard methods Assu les backg ound knowledge

No named subsect shorthand

Several nan led subsections

Use:s abbre atlons and citat ons as

Run' ng series of verbs (e g .
sta ned,

Uses onger descr ptions

sual'y one fi'
'

coIIec ed,

ite (n

and stored ) + ve

'ain) verb per c'ause

'how

Few by
)

ng

staten

Ients

exp:a njng

Seve ai

how)

statenlents {see

'anner above)

Few de nit ons and examples

Few just['cations (expla why n=ng )
':'o

e de n tions and examp'es Severa jusU'cat'ons {oRen

n o de

to . )

{see Purpose above)

Few i lnk

g phrases

'Nide range of

nk ng phrases

1 6

age

taRe Workshop Supple lentar Materials d

Structure of the Results Section (Annals of 'nternal Medicine http: wwanna! s.org/)

Pro ide a brief synopsis of key findings

Discuss :po ible exp'anations f r the findings '" Con :pare study results with relevant publ shed findings ' se tables and f gu res when possible Discuss the l litations of the presont study Menti futUre research directions Condude with dinical impl ns of the w:ork cat

"

> Location statement Highlighting staternent

'nterpretatio
' /lmplicatior)

p%

icati9e (paSsive and ctive)

s F re
This
nfo
/'

tho conflict resolution of the previoUs sorvice based on the prol osed cohfli t i anagement rneth d.
o er I
I de

cay can be fu ther

eco np sed

i' to .

s shown ,

in Fig. 2.

irnlat ve ( oti e)

o This effect i

(using '( )')

most dear

I nf ive HaU

ied :ih a vacuu oven at 80 for 24 h,

re obta nod.

compI ote CNT sheets

gure 1)

" " " '

;''' ':,'!:::

'

'4 'I f

1 7

edltage
by CCTU

Editar

e Workshop Supple lentary Materials

sho
P:f

r:

:i:do:: ::: : :: :
:

::

,:;

G::ive: ::: : : :: :::

::,

:P:fe :o:nt

:::: : :: :::

: : : : :: :: :: : :: :
:s::u:

:a:rize
:
t'=to:::: :::::::::::: :::::::

:: :: y

:: :: ::: : ::::: : : : ::::: ::: ::

':I': :

:

,:,::::::

a l: : :: :: :::: :: : :::: :::: :::::

:::::::::::: :: ::::::: :: :::: :: ::: : : : ::

i
':::

:'

!::::!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

'''::,''" :

:ji: : :i

*
'nd cative:

aI

I except for suggest

'nformative:

N for provide' give (depending on sentence), present, surnmarize, display

Y for others

Note th "indicative

verbs cannot be combined with "that'

1 8

 e
by CACTt
S

Edita'

e Workshop

Supple entary Material s

'
P:re :

:':t:io

::

:::

:::::::::::: :: ::: : ::: : ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: :::::::: : ::

:::::::

: : :: : : : ::

Cornpl ete the sentences using: in/from/on/by/w th/of

As revealed traditio ' aI metaIs.

gure :,:, the lightweight nn aterials outperformed

= = = =

As

describedl

of abstracts.

on types n the previous page, there are two co

As stated -- - Appendix B, 'per' in percent or kilometers pe'

hou '" is a Latin preposition that origina y pneant th ''ough or by

As described

-- the p' evious unit, passive are common in p '"ocess descriptions.

co rnpar' son of the two tables, household or than level of educatior
''
.

As can be seen income is a n10re reliable

'

As is o en e

R
:

srnaI I c'

erials m acks pose a serious p' oblem.

case -

t s type,

:j:j

;'H
( '

exp'ime ,

many sim

:::::::

: :!:

':

=
:
:::::::: :

:-

!:::

I nterpret the i ')ortant results

(lf approp'"iate) point out any problems with the data Perforn tests necessary to determine validity of '"esults Indude refeI'ences that compare findings with previous pape''s
-
',.,'''-

es on the top and Tables have :m- I

-- '-
'

.-

-- -

-----

----

---

'- ' .'-

fI

: ents about nly whole field

#:; :

results of general staten

:

!:::* : ssi

!
:
:: :I::!:

-'
:::: : :: ::::::: i:::::-:::

:::

Explanation of ''esults

Comm:

I E
]i1

1g

1 9

Compare your results with the findings fro to support a clain1.

other stud es, or use the studies

y

Deduction:
A daim for how the results can be applied ''Ir- ore genera y

Hypothesis
A more gene' al dai' or possible condusion arising from the results disproved in subsequent research] [which nlay be proved
:

H';:
:
:

:::!:h::-::::

:nc!: :-!:-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::

:: n.

= =

Indicate opportunities for future ' esea'rch, if not al ready stated in the discussion section.

The condusion aIso provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate your research problern, given tl
with al l the i '

fo'rrnation about the topi

E E E

!:
::: :i

:*

h::: :: ::cti ::n:::ch-

t:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::-:::::::::::::::--:::::

Discuss only most significant findings Note any problen s with methods or data compa'"e research Include refe' ences to support o' Explain why '"esults diffe'" f'"orli previous ''esearch (if applicable) Identify and explain importance of findings

I ontion possible areas for fu rthe '' research, importance of the findings, r irnplications and applications (as needed)

2 0

by CACTU S

Critical Abstract

'
f:

upplementa g

ry Material s

"

:::::::::: :::::::::::::tli

A critical abstract p'"ovides, in addition

information, a judgment or comment about the study's validity/ reliab ity or co' pleteness. The '"esearcher evaluates the paper and often co npa'"es it with

:
:::
[

:"ni:
i;;::::

Cfi:

Desc '" iptive Abstract

fc

'

'

A descriptive abstract indicates the type of infor'

ation found in the work. It makes no judgments about the "/ork, nor does it provide results or condusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text
Essentia y the descriptive abstract only describes the work being abst''acted.

and may indude the purpose, methods, and scope of the research.
Some '"esearchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a su Desc'"iptive abstracts are usuaI Iy very sh 't, 100 words or less.

ary

I nfornl ative Abstract

tS a ' Iatiy . While they s 1l do not cr ique or h I evaluate a "/ork, they do more than describe it. A good inforrnative abstract presents and acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the researche'
n

explains a the main a' gurnents and the important results and e 'idence in

= = =

the paper. An informative abstract indudes the infornlation that can be found in a desc' iptive abstract [purpose, rnethods, scope] it but also indudes the results and cor dus or s of the ' esearch ar d the recor1 merldations of the author. The length va' ies acco rding to discipline, but an informative abstract ds in length. is ''arely mo''e than 300 w Highlight AI)st''act
/ritten to attract the reader's attention to A highlight abstract is specifica y complete the study. No pretense is r ade of there being either a balanced o' pictu re of the pape'" and, in fact, incomplete and Ieading '"emarks may be used to spark the ''eader's inte' est. In that a highlight abstract cannot stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, '"arely used in acadern

c writing

2 1

edJtage
by CCTU

Ed itage Workshop Supp'en entary Mater als

Id k significant points or inforrnation

of bala'

ced cove rage

'nclude references such as ( im et al., 2000) or [1] or l in the abstract

1
'

line of the abstract and the first Iine

Basic tips for writing titles:

Drop artide (a/an/the) if it is the first word of the title

void exp'"essions such as "an investigation of OR "resealch on

. .

Basic rules for formatting a title:

Capitalize aI I words (as needed)

(US National Lib'"ary of Medicine http://www. nl rn. n

h.gov/lesh/authors. html)

Choosing eyword s Choose only relevant words from title Obey the wo'"d Ii ' Do not con
b

it:

Js:ua y betwee' 3 and 10 wo'"ds

ne terms
o' your f

Use Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) or keyword list f'

.

eld

eywords can be the name of a procedure used

;#

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 2

e I a
by CACT IJ S

Editage Workshop Supplen

E

entary MateriaI s

L STARTERS USEF
I

Exp''essions 'f

: ::

io:

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

::::::::::::::::::-::::

for a journal article:s fi rst sentence

Recently there has been a growing interest in . The possibility of . . has generated wide interest in . The development of . . has Ied to the hope that . Knou/ledge of . . has a great importance for The study of . . has becorne an important aspect of . A cerltral ssue " The
. .
.

. 's .

has been extensively studied in recent yea'"s.

ecently tu '"ned to .

Many investigato'"s have '

The relationship between . . and . has been investigated by many researchers.

Many recent studies have focused on . Expressions that make a generalization about the cur' or practice

ent state of knowledge

There is now rnuch evidence to support the hypothesis that . The

. properties of .
. a' e stiI I not completely understood.

A standard procedure for assessing has been . . . are often criticized for . Expressions that make a generalization about phenornena, focusing on equency or co rnpl exity
f'

. . is

a con n on

finding in regions with

found i '
.

An elaborate system of . . is

There are ' any situations where . . .:

is a rich sou''ce of .

2 3

 dJtage
by CACTt
S

Ed itage Workshop Supplenlentary Materials

Expressions for limitations of the study: It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with .
This analysis has concentrated on .

The findings of this study are restricted to. The Iimitations of this study ale dear . Expressions for stating condusions that should NOT be drawn: However) the findings do not rnply The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence for . ' nfortunately we are unable to doterrnine from this data . The Iack of . . means that we cannot be ce'"tain .
Expressions fo '" ve ry limited studies:

. . . . . . . . . . = . . . .

Notwithstanding its Iimitations, this study does suggest . Despite ts m nary charactor) the research reported here would seern to indicate .
prel

. . = . .

However exploratory this study may offer some insight into .

. . .

. . . .

24

ed'tage
by C CT
S

Editage /orkshop Supplen'entary Materials

'NRI
:

GENERAL LANGUAGE SH ' FT FOR ACADEMI C NG

: Use good grammar.
PIain English Concise s 1tences Eve ryday wo 'rds

i::;::

::::::: ::::-:::: :::::::-:::::::::

::

i:
=

:::::::.-: ::::::-:::::::::

-:::--:: ::-:':::

:::::i

now what = you want to say

clear. Be concise.

Effective commuIlication requires

( i

becO;ming more standard =

writ ng commonly

a h Bs being inc' easingly common, language is ! I

Academic

o rds uses ff':;

---

Need to avoid using extra (large) words and jargon

eep text as simple as possible

A- : #"riti4 Vorb choice: fewer words

. '''-'/

:-::

Contractions: don't use don't!

''-'-''"-

Compounding: compounds tend to become solid, and ternpora''y compounds tend to be ted to avoid ambiguity

Anlerican
MS o rd
(

vs. British English: depends on jou ' naI, can change options in

i;+ i d i
And
But
S o

I ' .

"I'

I, / L

: :J :::

(In addition,/AIso,) =

(Howeve
)

'::

(For that reason,)

(In fact,)

Actua y
Afte '
al l *

(In condusion,)
(Lastl) /Final l)

At Last*
Besides, *

/] n conclusion,)

(In addition,) ,
(In particular,)

EspeciaHy

'co'"(

t'

atI!,

'n ,
I,j

2 5

edtage
by CACTUS

Editage Workshop Supplementary MateriaI s

First of a

Flr

N owad ays,

(First,)

9C

d ata

plural in research writ ng

r k

equip' ent
'"esea '"ch

non cou nt

staff
facu l ty

group of people*

also adj.

group of people*
non count singular
al s;

vocabulary

adj.

amorphous
asce rta' n

shapeless

determine
stop/pa 'Jse
c l otting/thickeni ' g

= .

cessat' on

coagulation
nlin scul e

tiny
syste ry or

nomehcl ature
orientate

of names

ent

terminate

end

. .
du '"ing ca n

during the course of

e ib ts

the ability

= =

has proved itself to be

inasrrluch as

has proved, is
s

nce

in the event that

i'

i f

the rnajority of i nstances

usuaI Iy generaI Iy

on a daily basis until such tirne as

y da
until

. . .
0

6 2

a
by CAC US

fY l g uPPl

' RedU dah::

:: : ::::: : :

absolutely essential

essentia | expe ''' ence

actua1 experience
co 1bine into one

combine
eters cubic
' , - -''---" '

cubic mete' s in volume cu rrent status

diffe rent varieties
f

status

varieties

naI outcome

outcome
hist y triangula''

past history

triangular in shape
I

"-
:
:
:

= =

: power to do so' ething Ab ty capacity

Misus
:: i:

/'z,

:::

:::rd:::s a d::::: : :::ra

-'-'

- -

accept except advise inform

affe ct
e ffe ct

receive wiI Iingly

'

to exclude offer counsel

m ' nicate information co

(v) to change or influence

(n) result or outcorne

because of
due to
d ata

by reason of
attributable to
with facts (plu ''al)

/
II

inf "rn ation (singular)

datum
e g

singular for' (ra'"ely seen)

for exampl e that is/in other words

[.e.

Equiprnent
i rrega '"d less

should never be plura1

use 'regard less'

that

used with a restrictive clause (required for sentence)

"'H' /
I
,,I '

/,
/'

I ''

,t"/

'

L.,

'

'

'

,
2 7

e.
j
:

Editage Vorkshop Supplernentary Material s

!'

I

'
! :::-:

:
entiof a countable noun

A/An:
First

^" r { h
e

'-r

(I; ):
if

!:
'

:!:,:

No artide (

'

!! ! The
f In Pt! P / Before a superlative or ordinal nurnber
:

= E
h f

f' j ,'

The f

rst studies were conducted .

Beford pecifier

E
ch previously done in this area .

'The o' 1ykno resea' Shared edge or unique ''efe'"ence

o:
:

2 8

The stars a' e fueled by fusion ' eactio' s.

: i

es with pluraIs

Some of the subjects had adverse reactions.

Names of the
'
r'

ffe s d v' ce:Lsca -

''

;Coulomb:s Iaw
cle is used
-' '-' ',' .
-' -

the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

#ein :

'"

::::

ncountable
'JsuaI Iy l

Narnes for 1anguages: Chinese, K "ean, French, Arabic Nary es for areas of study: physics, biology econornics Narnes for solids: coal, steel, mal'ble Narnes for 1iquids: water) nit'"ic acid, oil Nan es for gases: oxygen, hyd rogen, nlethane Narnes fo'" po /ders: salt, sugar/ sand

= =
0

it

))

Supplementary Materials orkshop

Acro ny1s and abbreviations Follow same rules as regular nouns

:-!
::: :
::::

::':^

:-:::

cad:

:'

:g::::::::::::

:::w:':'!i

::::
:

,;;::::::':::

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

As -- '"le - United States has increased, so too - avelage popu atjon ,'j

has

number of

hearir
AIl

Approximately

s number is exped

20 miI Iion hear

advances in hea'ring aid technology they stiI I have - number of draw backs, one of - most notable ones being problems in dealing with

important environmental sounds. FoI example, X people who are

rmine

eaf in both ears are unabl( hearing aid. This Iimitation

wearer cannot determine + direction ' of

warning sound. Another problem concerns

':

( C
s

ventional other

u lt in

accident or injury if the

siren or
s

people suffering fro m ;:;

:i::::;;;:;::;:A

:eq

: :
:;::

:
::

ringing of - =L= telephone.

%
i

'! 1

2 9

 a e
by CACTtJ S

Editage Vorkshop Supp1 mentary Material s

' Suggested solution

As th ave' age population of the ' nited States has increased, so too the number of hea' ing impaired individuals. Approxirnately 20 ' iI Iion hearing aids

are now in use, and this number is expected to rise. AIthough there have been considerable advances in hea'"ing aid technology they sti have a nurnber of d '"awbacks, one of most notable ones being problems in dealing with impo'"tant envi ' onmental sounds. For example' people who are deaf in both ears are unable to determine the direction of a sound with a conventional
hearing aid. This 1irnitation could '"esult in an accident or injury if the wea'"e'' cannot deter ine the di ''ection of a siren o'" other warning sound. Anothe'" p' oblern conce' ns people suffering from highfrequency hearing Ioss. This
type of hea'"ing Ioss ' e 1oves

E E

many consonants and other usefu l environmental

noises, such as the ringing of a telephone.

c:

::*
:

:':i:-

:::

Renal blood ow was d m ed when the ao'"ta was mm

:'

'

I '-,I
, "'( < ,":

E = E

4h A i +i ,
' / - '

within 2 h.
considerably

1--'Iy' :
,
''

"

Oxygen uptake in response to d'"ugs

=/:: t
''

The response was blocked by phentolamine but was not ( , effected) by proponal.

The
I

digoxin

entra on, content, 'e e') was increased f' ount, co

n

on

Preganglionic stimulation (enhances, irf

from terminal ithin

;;

s) norepinephrine release

the supe ' ior cervical ganglion.

3 0

= = = g

edltage
by CACTU S

Ed

tage Workshop Supplen

e' tary

I4ater als

COMPUTER USE 'N 'NRI NG

Computer use
'n
MS off ce
:
n(e

wr t ng

Track changes :
Records aI I changes
ed tor

-=-=
M
n

e ie.,f : V w

Addln

"

nIh

"

'ob

1::
)

I:

"

T T

==
* p( =r

rnakes to f

Ie

NN B, espeeti . Imme nte 8 er = c"nI leting thesis Iiemtiom N =

p" ks w e
,

, and

gamered o=l shing ce ed a ezed,er. rinally

1jl:I

Leaves author in control of final document

No need to re type
f

: cenui
into a

f'I-

N -B, respective MIediately completing the syh is Te on. t NZVI p les e t red by
=tion yer.a Final , a freeze eI washing t'ice with e amo1, and &yed i ied NZVI partides we e go'md t e
an

o'vd r d state and stored

mae obic hab

nal changes

od:A o

Co1puter use n wr t ng
MS off ce
:

R:ght cl ck funct ons :

AIIows ou to search for synon ms, etc. d rectly

from your docurnent

Ful l thesaurus
io e ors ba ed o t fs pLo . IPI, Gor og zI to g g s =e us dedsio es a ts om Ger Il ocal da -d :ve' me ods we d ed rl= i. *1 ]. . A s
,I
d ' , p

iUe

im"ar'tie

nto

nyn']

i::.

'

' '

:
3 1

ed'tage
by CACTU S

Editage Worksho1) - Supplerlientary Materials

www. ed tage.

co. kr/res (

mate. htm urces/publication

E E

Y ate' *
Edit

1g

(= "ew too' for autho':=; :n dy"a m d Ie

'

/ DIsCOV
o

R publ shed p p rs that ar r clos 'y r ated t voul rgse h top

evant I' IDEN FY

.that h

po ent journals fo y ur p per: journals ve pu shed rele a t resgarh o d b good targ ts for our p p S W
''.

Re d about Puf.
T v us fe d:ba k, drop us a lin

at nsightsoeditage. on

Insert kev words or Abstract

PIo

ge enter keywo ds ndI r abstr

Va tions of m' ing st te and herni o stitue1 ts of [he dust

ranspo path vays w e investigated by y of s ze g IeLed (1 me gu ng {g and ) '!ol dust p des, nd th ir morph ogy ' and em nt on lpositiom. si :n n ount dust p arlt des we e ound to be aged b
parLirl s ha ng diffor nt
t

journal selection

nternally m ing with h grosco and vd t s ies

i di r nt

='

: : :: ::

a
:

:: : : :

B0% E

busU erlved UltF des Tr oft e P

1f te nl Te tD et
ell s

:Env r n:m e ta'

al
!tf)

i :S
"

:: :: : : : : : : : :
he =nt n h E stern Med'te'r n

Pa de
Fncan

Size DIstributlon of IU borne

fl

p ersp e vgs

Dust E,ent n
::i::i'!::!!:

:h

Cardl : :
= AIr : ne
Fj dl . 2lf

;l':::::::l!'

r n ntal f ,

Environln ntal he 'th

p e

rbldl,: A ADo k tjon o Ehemk H ss lvUtal Sourt B i n d F io An

th

sp

'ves

E .

E E

3 4

'
= = = F

by CACTUS
.

= 0

fY uPPI

'
n Co1puter use wr t ng

MS off ce

Spe' 'IGrammar

Check
t Readab
'

; =

stat

cs st

n Co1puter use
'

wr t ng
Can use to see how words are
used in sentences, in additi
to checking spel lin , etc.
I
h
'

Goog'e Scholar:
soa and ' me Scholar A des and patents
C
Ie schdar
J

Corpus I Language use

anyt

indude c"a ons

C at

Rest lts 1 .

o o'

about I

( .'4

e d'strlbutions and s e esolved h qroscoo oi 'nteoratlon of s lOn l

i
.

measured du nq the Houston

f: ;' :
::;a:
'::.

g ooptc gm
1

s 'a e'y

'

::

::he meast

Dependence CC
( 1.1

acI vj of less
h

J : :
'ata
Y

Qndp H Mo

olat e pa c'es on the amount of coatino l,bserved da JouFr, of 2007 oF;n' I'b hokudai a jp
e

Tokvo

pDF fro 0k da c i

as g 1 . . on e

t-

= E i- , - -1f
:i !

: per hou' to meagure 'ho nu'nbe' dist bution of g(RH

'

he humid

ed 9 .

y measuremen of photo hem ca v and nebu ze qenerated orqanic aeroso: oa V R mi JDurrol of a osd 2go5 . Bse e' far einga"n D Pad 'a ' . E i ' 1+ e ' I I i# :

les.

acli at on .

i '

. Avolo*"i fDMA ttf

IiIMA

system was built 'o measure the non . '

:'
:

B 3

ed'tage
by CACTU S

Ed tage

Workshop

Supplenlentary Materials

www. editage. co. kr/resqu rces/publ

cat on

- rn ate. html

; ;

:1

*r:::; :;Y ate'

Ed age dy omk

[ autho b omed "ew t

DISCOVER pubiighEd pap rs that are rele nt .that o dos y rdat d to you' rese h top :Read bout u

/ ID

N FY'

potenti

have published

' journals paper: journa's s r h ould b good vantfor ryour s we targets for your pape
.

k, drop us a I ne at insights To give us feedb dltage.corn

Insert kev words or Abstract

ease e te

Varlatli :,ns of m:

wordg bstr ct: ndIor h i cr)nstituents the d:u :it ng state and parL dEs hav ng d ent transpo pathways w re investlgated b nd olati' of s ze s Ie ed '1 m asu ng hx g
k

and oment composlt o . A e w re found to b aged by =nt omount of dust ,a nd aU'e spe ies in di erent interna y mixlng wlth hyg oscopi
nd their rr1orph og dus pa des,
s g:nl

'ournal selection
-- R
: :: : :: :: ::: :::::::: :: ::::: ::::: ::::::::::: ::--'

:::: : : :::: :::::::: :::: :::: : ::::: :::: :: :::::

g%

ft rl:

t i

:::!llI:'%: :: : ::::

30'

iz rt, rne
th ntens nt In th St

Env ron: e t l p ers:p e ves

ith

30% :

:::::::::

F:1T
Environrn mtal health:
p ersp e tlv s

or g t r= bur d C e P de heml o idltv An o Uon o

=i Mass

al : A oo o e ethe d

3 4

 a
by CACTL
S

Editage orkshop Supplen entary Material s

' COMMON SSUES AND GRAMMAR

Ro:f fo::n

] N STYLE, FORMAT NG,

o::::ror

Author Date Berge et aI. (1 976), Theu and Chou (1 983), Ruud et a1. (1 990, 1993) examined stress corrosion c''acking and measured the residual stresses for the integr ty f S/G tubes. The use of a strong seed source is known to eff Nupnbe'' style [1] One of the most popular models used in inf "mation retrieval is the vector ' odel [1], [1 , [11]. Superscripted1 Nudeic acids provide a unique nlaterial for constructing molecular
d evices.1

ciently reduce the AOPF

to below an initial backg' ound level (Park et al., 2004).

1 hyphen (-)

-: :'

::::!yp: : :f

:
::i

:
=

:Iii:

P2X3 recept 's are a Iigand gated ion channel activated by using extraceI Iular ATP as an endogenous 1igand.

(PBS, pH 7.4, Sig'

AIdrich)
''': ''Ppyi

en dash (-)

+eI '

A488 n 1 Ar Ias

and a 5

30 nm band pass

ernission fi lte' we'"e

used.
em dash (-)
n
+ '

The AMCD and NAMCD algorithrns exhibit a forn1 of statistical sn100thing, by not '"eacting to changes that do not perrnanently affect the video shot a desirable behavior.

Abb:re:vi: ti::cl

::" :y

eq :
"

Do

not introduce abbreviations for words that

Do not introduce abbreviations in subheadings

>Do not introduce abbreviations

in keywo ''d s

P9'
:::::!':::)

'

'-''

'

B 5

ed'tage
by CACT S

= =

S Editage 'Norkshop

entary Material s

' pplen

A ' ethod for i ' )roving the pe ' formance of a non native automatic sl eech recogn tion (AS R) system. Research pertaining to nanoscale ze'"o valent iron (NZ ) is continua y
attractive.

:::co

:-==::=
'

::::::::

Rernember: D 't use d 't!

A colon (:) not a sernicolon ( ) introduces a sirn nd C. ' se a semi colon ( ) to help make complex Iists th J ontain commas in each
item clear (the semi colon becomes a :

There were four profess 's assigned to the task fo' ce: Peter jones,
:; : :: ;

a'). I
''-

;
f'

I: I

'"::i,
'

::::::::::::::

::::::::i:

i i :::::::::

Equatio' s foI Iow ' orn a1 sentence gra' ar. The equals sign = is a verb.

Sentences that end with an equation should have a period Iike any other ty1)e of sentence.
'n practice, the fractal di ' ension is calculated using recursive diffe ' ent box sizes, such that
(12)

=::::::::::::i:::::::::::::

The corresponding equations of

,Xj
""

; ( ':I motion can be expressed as foI Iow

j
,

X, p = sin( )
'

Y: =0

aI'y and

!!!

where ove r dots

'"'-''' .---'

' efer

to the diffe '"entiation with respect to tin e, arld

of the pri''Ir-

subscripts "a'' and "p'' ''epresent physical values aux iary masses, ''espec veI

3 6

I':'

EL

4E

EditageWorkshop SupplementaryMater

aIs

::

::::::ex:

:':::

-
:i :

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

prio'

i: deductive '"easoning' ' frorn causes to effects

g

ad hoc: based on regular p'"inciples (e cf : confer/ compare

, an ad hoc solution.)

e g (exempli gratia): free example for example et

a'

(et alii): and other authors

etc (et cetera) and others e. (id est): that is to say infra: see below N.B. (nota bene): take note op c sic: circa in
t

+
)

"

(opere citato): in the work cited

'"or is in the original quote

thus the e'

(c. 0r ca ): c. 500 A. D.)

about, approximately usua y used with dates

appointed place (e g , research conducted in situ)
g

(e g ,

situ: in its o''iginal

in a glass (e

in itro:

, experiments conducted in vitro)

n i o: in life, experiments conducted on l iving organisms

::

::::!' i::::::::::::::::::::-:

/ s/ /amerts/h h

, Over 400 reporting verbs have been identified across disciplines, the '

::
co'

': mon reporting verbs in biology epidemiology and nur ing indude the =;::
-

ost

: ::e:: :::

:-=

:::!--:::::::::

'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

::::

Present tense: A fact or a practice that is gene '"a y accepted in the field. Present perfect tense: (have + PP) Sun mary of generalization about ' esearch
in the field o'" general trends in society. No specific time o'' date. In citations r any studies are usuaI Iy surn rnarized.

B 7

 e
by CACT
S

Ed ta!:''e Wo''kshop Suppler entary Material s

Present continuous/pass e tense: An ongoing situation that is cur''ently deve loping. More ernphasis on the present time than p''esent pe' fect tense. (. . is being develor)ed etc.) Past tense: Results of individual experin ental papers. Finished events in the
past with a sr)ecific tirne.

'

:::

:i: :

-: : :

i:

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

/-

' Then/Next we combined the two mixtures. ': e then/next co' bined the two rnixtures.

AIso, blood dots were found in the Iegs. The blood dots were also found in the Iegs

I :;:
py'

':

uvate is oxidized in t o'u'karyoti rnore steps. The electron transport syr this p' ocess, the products of the biological o id tion reaction (C 2 and ) a''e the sa' le as those obtained by high ternperature bu ''ning, but "/ate' much of the ene''gy is t''apped in ATP bonds.
--:i

:il

;; :*

e glucose is ijlox ! , P'

:.

::; d:::: ii o i :' The forrn of the active and passive voice Active voice puts the person o' thing do ng the action in the subject position.
::
:::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

he nu'"se :administered the medicatio[ : T e pag ioe voice changes the w'ord order.

The object ('

ed cation)

,: :
;',
:f 'I'

becomes the subject.

, ' '' I:

The " ==

ation was administered by the nurse. I

,
'''

/,: ,' r':

' ,I:::, I.'':

Mentioning the actor (nurse) beco es optional.

:cho:o: o

'edication was administered. i

tho orre t:::fdrlrh:::::for
each senten!c

(('I'
':::

H

i

;,'
''

::::: b:e l::ow:

' i)1;'
(I

L '' '
'

Patients "'ere randomly assigned to receive eplerenone (25 mg per day) or

:er

/hich the dose of eplereno' e

''

increased in both g' oups frorn base |

rerl)ainder of the t'"iaI.

3 8

 E F

ed' age
by CACTU S P:

EditaRe 'Norkshop Supplen

entar ' MateriaI s

*
:::::

'

::(:wh:y'):::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

A purpose statement explains the goal of an action (A = action B = goal): [CIause A] to [verb B]. [Clause A] in order to [verb B]. [Clause A] so as to [verb B]. Example 1: The mixtu ' e is heated so as to separate the strands of DNA.

Example

2: In order to separate the st' ands of DN

Dthe mixture is heated.

[Clause A] for the purpose of [verb+ing B]. [CIause A] with the aim of [verb+ing B].

Example 3: The DNA./-

mixtu' e is heated wi

sep !

'a{

>he s"ands of

Another purpose expression connects two dauses.

[CIause A] so that [CIause B].

Example 4: The mixture is heated {P the strands of DN

:: ::: : :::: :::::

epal ate.

Mah: he: r::::

:::::

:-

:: :;=-::::':

::
:::::::::=

ething. ]t is A ' anner statement explains how to do so' ': ')::::::! purpose staterrlent

the ' eve

rse of a

use L

I separate the st'"ands of DNA.

) ser)arated by heating the rnixture.

sh

:'
:

-: -

: l 1)l -:

i:::

::*

an Basic c'ain : An inc' ease in srnoki ' g =:: health problerns.

an m health p ''oblems. ::

in

in

smo ng

Limited c'aim: We have reason to be11

n

te '

'rr

('[:;::l!

e increase in teen smoking

'I

3 9

edJtage
by CACTU S

Editage Workshop Supplernentary Materials

E'"ror 1
Using the past tense for in text reference to figures and tables

The baseline characteristics of a

-

subjects ', e surnmar

zed

n Tab e1.

-- - -- -- -- ---- - - - - - --- -- -- - - ----- --

Lre

) between age and the incidence of

X Error 2 Beginning a sen!ence with a nurneral

150

' m

thick ndium ti' oxido ([TO) was deposited as a transparent current

- - - - - - - - - - 4f- - ""- - - - - - I:= e- - - "

/

spreading Iaye r.

Jed their participation until the end of

tf-

::

A
I ,;, l/' '
i

- - - - - - -

= - - - - - -""

- - - T

rror

3
esl ond

]H
Not inserting a space between a numeral and its cor'

ng unit of mea:

i::I

::::

0M

: i';ii:

ii[:!]!

= =

0 0

edltage
by CACTU S

Ed itage Workshop Supplenlentary Material s

ED 'TING SAMPLES: BR' NGING 'T ALL TOGETHER

t is important to evaluate the pre treatment alveolar bone state of bidentoalveolar protrusion patients. Gene '"aI Iy bone thickness increases in rection from CEj to root apex. Posterior bone thickness is primar y greater d than anterior bone thickness. eatment alveola' bone state of palveola'

!ing

the pret'

p rotrusion patier1 in d rection fro CEj to thickness is typica y greate '"

,'II(::!!

Bone thickness g neralincreases sterior bone nt th ckness.

I1

E .

Bueno et aI. generated transgenic (TG) ice which ove rexpress constitutive ly
activated MEI 1 for act vation of ER 1 /2, and identified the increase of

phosphorylated ERK1 /2 and the hypertrophy rnarker proteins and skeletal a actin (Bueno et al. 2000).

BN b MHC,

::i:
a acti

and identified the inc' ease of ph

arke '' p ' oteins,

:# :::L ated ER hypertrophy of n MHC, and skeletal

;:

:1'

1 /2 and the

cludi '

'

n.

i f i
rnouse we re
"

r
tin

r e

oints, 1 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h K I and 8 6 mi roarray data #::

56 DEGs T

?:I;j
nl

i:;j :l om

GS each

)' AP activated

The results of vulnerabil ity assessment showed

# "
i '

/o '

n# hn or hn
i

' most vulnerable

fuzzy TOPSlS method.

, results of the vulnembility

ti;:

j(:;::1

nam do al"e the

assessment show that jeo anan do is the most vulnerable region. CeFeO3 reports show that it exhibits co nparable activity to Pt/AI2O3 for methanq' propane, and soot combustion [2].

42

ed'tage
by CAC U S

0
t t = = 1

Editar

entary e Workshop Supple

N4aterial s

High pressure RO requi'"esapressure between 5.6-10. a, and can be used for seawater desalination.

X Error 4

hemisvaI

="

Using the alphabet

The equation for

at

D'

st

ad

Most h ogeneous reg' orls are coded with the simplest a' d 1argest p rediction ' 1 odes (e g S Inter 1 6x1 6, or 1ntra 16x1 6).
1
' '

x e

, s

,h

3.

.5

tin

"

[a + b].

*.

I . '' '

l'- - - - - - - -

''f

X Error 5 Using the same

"''
'

or si '

ilar word/phrase in quick succession in two consecutive

in T ble 1. T t e 2 subjects.'',,'' '-'--,'-'-'
'

sentences
The baseline characteristics are show'
temperat'
re of aI I fe '

shows the body

ale

-.

- - -a - -----

- - NY<

Th;o centroid wavelength of the c plane LEDs and micro pyra' id LED ar :ction current ranging from l mA to 30 uld observe an optical Dolarization

7T
-

E --- -

4 1

p F
=

I1 ai:;;e

EditageWorkshop- upplementaryMaterials

o nnparable activity to Pt/AI203 for nn ethane' propane,

and soot

u stion [2].

Spearman rank correlation analy S and 1dicated that the rankings of TOPS 1 weighted sum method were ost si ost sim quite different from ranking but quite
--- of fuzzy TO PS IS. '-
--

though

n' J

''
-

=)

dicated that the

OPS' S and ' e ghted sum methods vvere i: ng y diffe' ent from the fuzzy TOPS [S rank ificaF
:

ls ' rnila

Ou '" data can en "ea through the the representative population in /e could avoid reca bias nationwide participants and the Iarge sample size. by participants because of using the existing database. The association
between seve ral va'"iables and the adhe '"ence we ' e statisticaI Iy significant

after adjustment.

ep e e IY
1wide sampling of
I

by using an existing q :7'th the analyses indicate an association betIA/een seve fal variablo ad l erence being statisticaI Iy significant after adjustrnent.
ecaI I bias by pa' ticipants
'

;=='

'n

contrast, Self propagating High

temperature Synthesis (SHS) has been

reported to be highly effective for the mass p ' oduction of CeFeO3 [3].

nco t(

-p'"o ag in

reported to be highly effective f(

:
'

:E
'n

1t is si ' ple process with several benefits for obtaining p''oduct with accurately control led composition, a' d minimizing or)erating time,

I & :;S
* : op rati
'al ti

:::

*
e

f)

":

43

ed'tage
by CACTUS

Ed

tage Workshop Supplernentary i 4aterials

. .

AIso, reaction rate is 20 times conventional rnethods. Several previous

papers are greatly contr buted to eluc date that the catalyt c activity of

CeFeO3 imq pved potassium ( ) substitution for La [3, 4].

conventior a1 methods.

on' p'"evious pape CeFeO3 improved potass urri

[n addT
[1

h at the catalyt c activity of

tution

f ' La [3, 4].

Even though several hypotheses to the trigge'

it mainl
)

:I1. due to the augmented IeveIs of the and' dihyd rotestoste rone (DHT) [2].
!!::! :: ':

fo'" BPH have been suggested, ogen or

Even though several hypothq suggested, its rnain cause or dihyd rotestoste rone (D

the trigger for BPH have been ugmented I evels of androgen

Chemical analysis for 10nitoring endocrine dis ' uptors in aqueous and biolog caI samples has been developed. Chemical analysis provides sens tiv ty and exact concentration of estrogens in samples. Howeve r chemical identification for a estrogen compounds is impo sible and chennica1 analysis alone can not provide the mixture of estrogen compounds such as synergist c and antiestrogenic effect. herefo re, bioassay should be integrated for monitoring estrogenicity A chernica1 analysis for ' onitoring endocrine disruptors in aqueous and biological samples was subsequently developed. The che' ical analysis provides sensitivity and monito rs the exact concentration of est'"ogen cornpounds in the san ples. However) it should be ' oted that the chemical identificatioh of al l estrogen compounds is irnpossible, and that for monitoring the synergistic and ant estrogenic effects, chemical analysis alone is insufficient for identifying the precise ' ixture of estrogen compounds. The' efore, bioassays should aIso be

I integrated in monit "ing the estrogenicity

. . .
.
44