Neuroscience and Behavior

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 2 is concerned with the functions of the brain and its component neural systems, which provide the basis for all human behavior, Under the direchon of the brain, the nervous and endocrine systems coordi nate a variety of volunta rv and involuntary behaviors and serve as the bodys mechanisms for communica hon with the external environment. The brain consists of the brainstem, the thalamus, the cerebellum, the hmbic system, and the cerebral cortex. Knowledge of the workings of the brain has increased with advances in neuroscientific methods. Studies of split-brain patients have also ghen researchers a great deal of informahon about the specialized functions of the brains right and left hemispheres. Many students find the technical material in this chapter difficult to master. Not only are there many terms tor you to remember, but you must also know the organizahon and funchon of the various dhrisions of the nervous system. Learning this material will require a great deal of rehearsal. Working the chapter review several times, drawing and labeling brain dia grams, and mentally reciting, terms arc: all useful tech niques br rehearsing this type of ma teriai. NOTE: Answer guidelines for ad Chapter 2 ruestions nrce Rh

objective by answering the fill-in and essay-type questions that follow it. As you proceed, evaluate your performance by consulhng the answers begin ning on page 59. Do not contmue with the next sec tion until you understand each answer. If you need to, review or reread the section in the textbook before continuing.

Introduction (Pp. 5354)

David Myers at times uses idioms that are onfamiliar to some readers. If you do not know the meaning of any of the following words, phrases, or expressions hr the context in which they appear in the text, refer to page 68 for an explanation: to sheet a basketball; an if f:tated the ory; a wrong-headed theory.

Objective 1: Explain why psychologists are con cerned with human biology, and describe the ill-fated phrenology theory. 1. In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memo ry:, and behavior that an individual has. ever expe rienced is a phenomenon. 2. Th,e theory that hnkd our naental abilities to bumps on the s; kuh was 3. Researcher::; wbo study the links: between biology

bpcnn rn

CHAPTER REVIEW
First, s kim each section, noting lacadings and boldface items. After you ha,v:e read the section, review each

and behavior are called

43

hapks2 Neuroqdence and Behavior

Neural CommunicatIon

(pp.54 61)

1k ou do not kntnt the meaning of any of the o ow ng words, phrases, or expressions in the context in ishich the appear in the text. refer to pages for an explanation: happy i i r building- Hocks a slui h 2 miles ei i.uv to. . . a brwknetk 200 or more mtks .if 1w, !itc nanliok cocerc liip;niig open: bt-1es:
o
,,

6. Idet tify lit w grammed beloti: a

a i a I icc pusliin., 4 a ncurors atcekrator !zk pushing 11% brake: (ba 1o we .I4i iguish gc ilk touch, from a It hug; protoplaii;ic kiss runner s hit rhcy trigger unpleaca it fin

z .fte;effets Aqonists excite. It thU barrier

Antaviiists

s,hlit: onie LIwmzcaI can 4itlier through ff

a.

b. 7. Ihinet alnrp se r

c. d
ia

Objecthe 2: Explain hoii dewing each person as a b op chosocial system helps us understand human behaior and discuss why researchers study other miu is m e irch of clues to human neural processes. 1. We are each a poscdof larger en larger
-

bt

., :ctticl:

4 1 ar.s

aat tracli cwi

8. The fluid
interior or a

i.$Thg .wn
tj

a, fits

system, corn

thatarepartsof

, which are parts of an

.

t ) charged ions, whie the f Gd utside I .i a po%tL h agtivI thargdn.. It ft a t , a it

,

fit

cy

because the eli 9

Id

2. viess mg each person m this way allows psy chol oghts to stud) behavior and mental processes from multiple lei els, noting how
kn action PC tential cuir st r the axon opt is 1 ge es id

et

lit

and
-

systems

(positiseh negatneh tha:,xd .t,yI.. jirJ causmgtha part t i es t it

10. Durmgtter%tit pa potential, Cal-ed dv
-it Ia

-r.

is ork and interact Objtctive 3: Describe the parts of a neuron, and npiain how its impulses are generated. 3. ( ur od 4. T mural s stern is built from billiins of ntrivs.dils or
c

(.1

charged 11. Iiordtr

Enn%

c,ut-,tIt
r

tIit

.-..

ten1ons of a neuron that re en. e meages frem ether neurons are the
1 t.

tr

u
bi;n.

r inter sits cal cd thc

1ncreairga .tim1ktib.
t

x
t
.!

a je

1 .e txtension of a neuron that transmits information tc- other neurons is the

th

some of these extensions are insulated hi a 1atr of fatty cellc called the ,whid ntlin. peed thy neurons impui-4%

C)

neural impulses nterl%;tl 1 allcd ir

W%pufle

t Vitflfl

\eural Communication
influences mor

45

12. TIn stienath at a stimulus

ennt,

tc

thcsp

do areu I

emotion

learning, attention and witch be

i

mood. hunger, sleep, and mousal: i hel ) c 5 tvhi

Obiectn e 4. Desct he hen nor. a ceils 13. F
t communicate.

di
,

k nrC
-

ness and arousal,

,

mc

co oisiscclleda gap is called the the and ins

V(

an mlnhtton neuron ansmttter u hoe unuersup d rw iu ph is hnked to sewn es te a a hich A mt on ed in and mer tory. 17. A neurotransmtter that ontraction s
is

d scot en a a- ma e 14 Th -F tim ar,oss ,he gaps hetr ten naurois are called These chemicals untock tim cc eptor tes all nn g eDt trica Ely cha toe s Ito enter the chargto atoms t nt uror 15. \curotrannntters influence neurons either by their c readiness to fire, haness neurotransmitters are reabsc called Outln ti
neurat neuron

impt atam

ifl iii

uscle

n ii r ass an rs that ons c y inforrnm

18. \aturaih occurring opiatelike nourotransnitter 1 that arc r resent in th b am r i e Vt hen the brain is rlooded
witf drugs sueT as

ean it mar top p:odncing H t

neurotransmittt rs.

av

x s ndh g neuron in a process

Objective 6: Explain how drugs and other chenbcais affect nenrotransmi sic n, nd des nbc tF e c )ntr st ing effects of agc nists aad a taon ts 19. Drugs that produce their effects h, minbci-dng neurotransr itters e e tiled Drugs that block the efttcts of nerirotranmitters by ocup ing tf eir are called
hdeceriar u
-

sc u ice ot cacuor that ccur when a urpu;se is penerateo and transmitted from one
to another.

an

temporart high he mtnti ktng th tndotphin, pr du sFaral thepoison tr of the neurctrancmh sis hr blocking hhe actix 1
ter

,ia

\ I

20. the molecul tr shape of sn e drug mevenc

g through the pass n them from 1

hr h-J ho
o t u tv nted icr ea s

an i

Tices

Obcc
hehar

Ar, ad aH no the )rp ii ii he

,i

ir

itters affect

tO cm of metc ichnii no and

16. \na-,n,, the

an transntitters that researcheis

I

21. [ne tremor ot duett edeat il r r Ia rotransnutter this conditi u e i t be he ad t g over ther mase h takini,

d -c--e d Pooh-ic n
)h

ii

at ich

nd B havar

The Nervous System

I
tO 0

pp

I nO)
nc iv ins V stern

dn in tire
aft
that

e the
dix

autonenc

ot
ac 0 H

rnv

in aea ung if any of the

or expressions

d phrases,
h if
o icc

9. The
V nuts c us stetr pr

15100 or the a u too em

h V

r in the text, rcfer tan

I r

Oct

it

at c ot

if Mhiaa

I
IV
ii

0
I a aaes

it

i 1, di
C

Duct nbc and exdlan the seoeen lion that octit rn the hoUr a- ,P trc nted nd he nas s,

phx

cal

C.c

incrpi ml is cOn

cnan
(_

Object xc
1 a nn I, amn

ad lix cxxx Ous stc u s txx o rna jot xl r ti t pes t nc urons that cn tion thn ngh the sx stern.
tug

tU

Objective 9: (ci trast thc rip tts I t xxavs xc ith the n inpltxitx of n 1 ura xetx cdx
10. \utornatk repones
ti

tt

1 II 2

I a

bit

en

ns

ttx hodx torm

5tinrnh tailed t
x

,dln pathxx avs such as them

response and in the

ft Sininin

IRa h 1 mx n -hai ord trnpnse the x ytctn the hnk the bra rn and -pina i cord to the 1 S ho list it ctphr Oit mies, and glands form

nit inc

ed hr tf e
ref es.
ix

nt x ou
.

sy stern

Beginning cc ith the ctx iii t it trace the course U a spin I it f e m a lx hot burner on a stoc e.

ci son reflex

a, tis r.

ii dx t

motor axon are bundled into electri d

Vt-

P civ jerks his or her hand ama tron an unexpected

4, t u rr ;ti a U xg m the central ners 005 ten t. -i hed Im els in

or is. Iturtutons that rnere-, mmun,cation xx ithin the central r a in x led lix
r eat

os cx cteIr sen0 instructions to dx -t-,alx meansot

xi a r is

11, To pcrforrn corn lcx

a
gliup

ncu taiitd

the brain cluster into xcork

Objentvc I i

xl: 1 iexai
ti
ct

tee

x Ut
a t

n;bh thon of the ccii her I xi dx run ti ns.

pmmia0V00xsicin

The Endocrine System

lp

01-11

urti

the Rotetal

it ou xr tkn x a in n ny It t I xxx g irds ph st pi o in xc context hr xx hi ii the acorn iI the LxI, rtcr tc pagc 0 1 t at ex ana in kit:) I C ti i5 I 11 t c/a;eaa:f/::-ar:<:.a1tn: r,UIc. a

dx
it

ix

e ii

iii

u hr e rns s nest t t a It ot intert al otans are

Objective 10: Destrihu tht t ati t at It tic endocrine vtern and i V intera dx m cx tn the en system, 1, lht dx
tIte

t,t

Cr

Ca

rU

rl5

hr the

in

tt

if

a lied

The Brain

47

I hic s stem tr msmits information through cheni i xl n cisc ige s a lied (faster islower) a a iruch raw than the nerx oiLs system, and its effects last cr tme a shorter 0 (a lon tinie). I a r )mc it g ands rekast dngcr the and

Objective 11: l)cncrihe several techniques for study ing the brain. 1. Researchers sometimes studi brain function by or by selectively producir destroying h am cells. The oldest technique for studi
Lag

the brain mx olve

of patients with brain

injuries or disea5es. is a recording of the elec 2. the trical at thitx of the xx hole brain. 3. The technique depic ting the level of activity ot brain areas by measuring the brains consump tion of glucose is called the Briefly explain the purpose ot the PIE] scan.

3, I cmmt itli nt a] gland is thc uhich, under the control of ar id]acerti n a ea called the helps regulate and the release of hormones b other e xdocrine glands l\ rite a paragraph describing the teedhack system th t links th. ners ous md endocrine systems.

The Brain (pp 67 92)

If x ou do not knoix the meaning of any of the ing words, phrases or expressions in the a infect m xx h ch thex appear n thc text, refer to pages 7f0 72 for an exptanation: tee dee in oar wad act nzi oir(Orap/iors ciloe on 1/ic alessagos nid a, o dror a 1 (hr Izntln of bill ns of not e6ed to w 1 ran; the zgtt side of t Snxanatii;Ko; a aindo tate the anal d proude in h hi s a wf ff1fO1/if ;.ato it Otto; J hi- p. ,/tOY a
oflmi
.

4. \ techiuque that produces clearer images of the tields and radio waves is brain by
using magnetic

know ix

as

5. By taking pictures less than a second

apart,

the

detects blood rushnig to the part of the

cortex

thought to control the hodih activity being studied. Using this technique, researchers found

that atrmmtx increases mn the

when people expereimac cot (ha ting

Jfza t

fl-H

HL

i anon towo;

hr

t
;it;

i
:0, OOia 0;

n at

o rile

n4lxn c ileC ioettz6

epa; a
i

a;t;t ni.:i:,.;

to

hr in f ,a Ia tIn hiac of Ca had 0;a,:oto e,oek; fnntai Lho i apt arod id. pod a 0 I i Vi rut, p rkz a i id

Objective 12: Describe the components of the brainstem and summarize the functions of the hrahxstem,
thai mmus, ard cerebellum.

a
000
0)1 [0?? 0

11:0 Ii1Ot Ii,i,t,i-. 00 (1)! .iaOlfOt(

Cal)?

00

Li liii) that he hti lhrr nadarr

,.,

6. 1 he oldest and innermost region of the hrahm is

the

.1 ohm t

dtt,, 1.1,1-?-!
H

;inf

48

Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behavior

7. At the base of the brainstern, where the spinal cord enters the skull, lies the which controls and Just abor e this part i the which helps coordinate rno ements. 8. Nerves from each side of the brain cross over to conncLt n ith the bod opposite side in the 9. The contained inside the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling Electrically stimulating this area will produce an animal, Lesioning this area will cause an animal to lapse into a 10. At the top of the brainstem sits the ,which serves as the brains sensory switchboard, receiving information from all the senses except and routing it to the regions dealing with those sens es, These egg-shaped structures also receive replies from the higher regions. which they direct to the and the is

14. Aggression or fear will result from stimulation of

different regions of the

15. Amvgdala lesions, produced by

techniques, have been used to treat violent humans. This treatment is ontro ersial and
(widely/seldom) used toda

16. Below the thalamus is the

which regulates bodily maintenance behaviors such as and fhis area also regulates behavior by secreting that enable it to control the gland. Olds and Mimer discovered that this region also contains centers, which animals will work hard to hax e stimulated. 17. Some researchers believe that alcoholism, drug abuse, binge eating, and other disorders may stem from a genetic in the natural brain systems for pleasure and well-being.
Objective 14: Define cerebral coitex, and explain its importance to the human brain, 18. The most complex functions of human behavior

11. At the rear of the brainstem lies the

It influences one type of and memorx, hut its major function is coordination of \ olu ntarv m ovenren t and control. 12. The lower brain functions occur without effort, indicating that our brains proc css most information (iflidc. utide of our awareness. Objecthe 13: Describe the structures and functions of the limbic s stem, and explain how one of these -tructure. controls the pi tu ita rv gland. 13. l3etween the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres is the system, One Luniponent of this s\ stein that processes memory i the

are linked to the most developed part of the brain, the This thin layer of interconnected neural cells is the bodyc ultimate control and center.
Objective 15: Identify the four lobes of the erebral

cortex.
19. The non-neural cells that support, protect, and

nourish cortical neurons are called exidenee suggests that these cells may also play a role in and

The Brain
20. ( rm red

49

the cortexes flower mammals, the

rc rinkled) surface. I his it creases decreases) the

human cortex has a s rio ther tic)

e

the human cortex is of this lobe type. Such areas in the in and are mi olx ed in judging and plannhrg.
ot
-

some aspects of personality. In the

overall surface area of our brains.

21. 1 stt a. b.

e fou

c 1

thebrain
C.

lobe, these areas enable mathematical and spatial reasoning, and an area lobe enables ns to of the recognize faces, Objective 17: Describe the fix e brain areas that would be mi olred if you read this sentence aloud, 27. BraIn inluries may produce an impairment in lan Studies of guage use called people with such impairments hat e show n that is ins olved in producing speech is involved in understanding speech, and the is involved in recoding
printed words into auditors form.

d.

Objective 16: Summarize some of the findings on the functIons of the mutor cortex and the sensory cortex, and disc u s the imp rtan e of the association areas.
22. Electrical stun ulatmcn of one side ot the
LOl tex, an
rcgar attIc

arch-shaped the opposite

(smaller

hack

of

the
on

lobe, rib prod nec mci ement needed the

side of the buds [he more precise the control greater) amount of cortical space occupied. Research tindings from studies nt oh ing
in

28. Although the nrinds subsystems are localized in particular brain regions. the brain acts as a

hich

recorcfim1

electrodes are niplanted in this

Objective

area of

animals brains, raise hopes that people na one dabeable

18: Discuss the brains plashcitv following

whoae

injury or illness,

to control machinesdrecth with their

parietal I ihes lies t re

29, The quality of the brain that makes it possible for

undanraged brain areas to take over the funchons

23.

\t th

runt of tf

of damaged regions is knoxi n as This quality is especially

apparent in the brains of (young children/adolescents adults),

cortex, which, when stimu ated hcit a ser ation of 24. Ihe mare sensirn e a hods region, the greater the I
23. \ isoam

30. Although most severed neurons chdt t

iv II will not rege erite neu al tissue can in response to efamage. \exr
cS

t nnaf:un n reL en ed mu the

lobes Irs lobes. 26. [rca- a ti

hreas andm turn

idence seiggestN that adult mice and humans lean eann li generate new

brain cells in two older brain regions; research

alsc rer eak tire exitence of master cells in the des eloping fetal

ii, n don recDr e sensory r cc roserle tbut, rather inte r u atm 1 :ILerprcf in)rnaatun recei ed by other rate au c.

hr

brain that can der elop into any type ut brain cell.

-elui

ar Kim n as pp xi
i

50

Chapter 2 Neuroscience and

Behavior

Objective 19: Describe split-brain research, and cxplai r how it helps us understand the functions of and ight hemipheres. 31. Because damage to it will impair language and understanding, the hemi s rcie came to be knonn as the hemisphere 32, In treating several patients with severe epileps\ Cl iLd Bugen separated the twu Ieinispheres of the brain by cutting the When this structure is se r d the result is referred to as a
-

flashed ii the herr spire mm I ae and r ion a cut a I

36. Deal peoy

me

ii

dI

t a

m hr nia

hi
!itt

ed

tl

amahamc

us hr
maii i,

sphen to proic s sg i I org mi/at

37. In alt Objective 20 l)iscuss t a La I

iliof limp

m a

B Ba

cuiture ot the mmoma,

a-t or tmc iom in

33.

a split-brain patient, only the hemisphere will be ai are of an unseen object held in the left hand. In this aasc. the person would not be able to the object. When different mm ords are shown in the left and right visual feIds, it the patient fi\ates on a point on the cen t rr linc between the fields, the patient will be able to say only the word shown on the
in

populotio- i I gio handcd,( a (play do not plax h3,B,tss has roa handedness ha hi uOimuia B 0m aiiB ear
.

nearest

38. l\ idi age, the

pen eO Oc 1

I
)

cit a

dc
C a iC

contmomcrsi l C

p1

rat

(up)

younger age than then r a ldentifm scm c ii h a I more Iikelr to ham e m vne
lent 1 Cl.

I xplarn why a split-brain patient would be able to rcad aloud the word pencil flashed to his or her right visual field, but would be unable to identify a pencil 0 touch uing only the left hand,

PROGRESS TEST
34, X\ Hen the two mmdc of a split brain are at I t a hemisphere tries to
tmnanze mm

IlultipleUzozce Questions Circle yo m an m e cheJr tim m a t

your anmm

to F

em
,

p
.

at

doent understand, 4 he hemisphere often acts on p k t I his phenomenon demonstrates that mind an / Lan not control our behax ior.
it

hat

mmlrm ut
poe
ans s

em , ii,LTtO P a t r isnnomueataoti 1
e I

s ot

ii

J in 1 can ana Bra B

,n

ml,
ot e 5 trir uaau

35 1 sea rchc rs studying undii ided brains (ham e ham e not) found em i denia 01 hemispheric speciahzalion. which is also cd I or evanrple, pictures am cit gnizd more rapidlm uhen them arc

1. fire axon Ia em c I fat

irussi in,

rc
at

mu,,,i Pm

Ii s
i

II

It

tiSsUt,

a. the giia
b. the mmcm ,bath c atyl Ii

d, an end mphir

Progress Test 1

51 sic
inn

2. 1 Ieartaeat di,csiin a, and ntf er scit-ic gulating hndih finlctions are gos erned ha the:
a. a ( Iunt is nrs nus or c
in

stem.

8. Which is the correct scquen r in ie tr asia nf a simple reflex? aiuterneur in a. sensnre reur n

I,.

ncts ssstcm

c. a

mpa.aetic

ds nit n uf the au.nnnmic new

iii S

nenrnu h. interneurnn
neuron c. sensors neur a

rr ntot

,aecttnra on

sr l-nfl

nit \ tein. ci, s nat fle

sIc

irt rut

3. A -tronu timnias can iiictea-e the

a. raced a tl inipuise the ie iron fires, aoulsc th r air nfres i t e ins tier turn a fins e. i u nbc ra d. threshold that mu-t he reached hetnre the

neuron ci. intemeurnn tie rirnu

so asnrr

nec ron
a

neuron frer 4.
f h din a ittid ass a ni hc attribut he r am able to the tact that: a. under the intluer e 01 herr in the brain ceases xrdu twa endcrgf s. b. under the nf1uene nt hernn thc brarn ceases prnd uchon ot aH neu rntransiuitters 1 her in withdrawal the brains prnduw c d nm a rota a isn atters is greath r a of increased.

rs oe svl usua a 9. Damage tn lose the ahilita to conaprehond [aaguanr. a. the angular gs ms b. Brocas a ea c. Werr icke s area

d. frontal lobe association areas

10. Which nt If c fnllnas ing is typica I

tnntrt e I ha

the right hemisphere?

a. language

b. lea flied a niuntars muter ems c. arithmetic reasnnt g

ci. perceptual tasks ii. Dr. I-ternandez is studs ing neurntransnutttr ah

ci. herntn destrecs endnrph:u receptors in the hr in

5. The hratn research technique tnat invuh es mnnb

to ring rho brains u-cige of glucose

bb jar tn )tic

is

called tin

a. If T scat b. tAll-il.
6 ha
st

e. ci.

lfG. \lRl.

nnrmalitie- n dc pressr d iatic a: mnst likely describr he. self a. persnnahta psschningist. b. phrennlngist. c. psychoanalyst.
ci. biological psychologist. 12. Iho increasi g roar picx ts c

a. She

ulc

If c ax )fl jst a. drpnla wed, with mnsth negativeh chaiged inns nutsade and pnsith eta charged inns t side It (Si wAy charged 1 n t zed b. d iOJ c.uisdr and ;regath eli charged inns inside harged run 1 c;at el. it I lb I
ts a
a

mi nais eiaavor

accompanied ha a a): a. increase in the size of the hrainstem, b. deereae in the ratio or hrahi to hoda i5r giat. c. increase r the ze n thc ron al h a the nit tat nt assr ath ate d. mrrcase 13. \ ciuntaaa rnrr errents, art I pe ii red
uri us s. rA
-

i,

it

farfcd

tins

ar

Jo

a. stufathe Icuc snrssss

art. a st in

a. 7u..rwen ii dii in st
7, 1 iriuh tacit

,nsrh A n h charged tour ide I h A is

-

b. -atuati aera no -a stem e. parasamf athot c ne nu ass s ac ci. an mr

14. A neuron

ni unDo onti ti I center for can-ti i rhA re iatieu A nr:narih attributed st in re n 1 hr in. h am hit a tc a, a, , 1 d. cerehei!un. b. rot,t,r turoatioa

ta iH gent rate action potcatiab nnr often when it a. rear Am beD t s tI esfr d. b. mcci; es an eacitaturs input. c. ret cisc naore excitators than trAhiro t apu a a itt rc at ci sstnul d

CF

cc

it

rd 8th vior

IS.

ft h
o

h
lit

the
11

rmt sequence in the trausmssion rd

b. fher are more cicancut in women thor

iii

men.
c. Most compi tis s t cl rc (If One or tile other emiJN ore d. ilust c000pie\ aeti ities emerge gr fled dcliii x 0 I iti cii

a
c.

c
0
,tmt
-

id
.

aon

dde
lb I

ttl
ssttinrrs

Ii 1)111 siflcps ecU hodi s\napse dendrite a eH boHr V \ 10 m}fl ipse

h
tron 1 r e rote

a
5

produed hi

endocrint

19. Cortical areas that are 1101 Fi :nlarix unr ered n th seusoil motor, or iarguaee turet-em ale:
,

or nones
eti/imes a person has ongoing Mcst Ii e1 thc dam reticu tar tormaton.

t. a mitt rs,
h 10 11

d.

I i, a H L an u er
a.

injuri
,

a b. c. d. 20. In

called projcc on a c called association rta located mostly in the ar;etai iob iota ted mosth in tht tt mpur Ult be the brain lear
rig ecu ciraectton
-

i
in

en

nc

b
18.

thd nm o s,

C.

strengtben

certain

ccli murk

cerebellum,

groups called:
a. action potent al. b. uenral networks. d. dcndrite-.

1 h nkhq C I I tOhl: Based on research, which of to muon On seems true about the specialized
11 In I
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i

ri

1K

I r I Id hemispheres C incut i r men than in

i,[t 11

,It

\L,u H c at h stractrre ol tec unique u jIb its corrw rio 1 ritita 01 d scriprion
,,

Stoic

hi

Junctions or Descriptions

1. o potIaL,nu

4. t\H4[ 5 tern-Ha; ;rnat;on H 6 ha nu

a. amplified recording of bran n ax em b. ted nique that uses ra I ix e ad fields to image brain i,at it C. series as sensori snnchholru d. contains reward centers e. trssne destruction

Ii

8.
9

f. technique that uses

ache nat

in c;ue it

L(i1i calosuni

riO

thU 1

I
IL no

Ia
Ha

fields to mhow brain frintlirin g. helps coutrc l ai usal

Ii. H ksthc cerebra c i p i. influences rage and tear j. regulates hteatbng earl hr k. c iblc Co rdir t H

s
IC

beat

Progress Test 2

53

PROGRESS TEST 2
Progress Test 2 should be completed during a final chapter rev;ew Answer the following questions after von thoroughly understand the correct answers for the section reviews and Progress Test 1. Mu1tipie.Choce Questions 1. The visual cortex is located in the: e. frontal lobe, a. occipital lobe. d. parietal lobe. h. temporal lobe. 2. Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere? a. spahal reasoning b. word recognition c, the left side of the body d. perceptual skills 3. When Sandy scalded her toe in a tub of hot water, the pain message was carried to her spinal cord nervous system. by the c. parasympathetic a. somatic d. central b. sympathetic 4. Which of the following are/is governed by the simplest neural patinvaxs? a, emotions in physiological drives, such as hunger c. reflexe, d. movenrents, such as; walking 5. Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that ste feels little fatigue or dis comfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of: C. uopanune. a. ACh. d. norepinephrine. b. endorphins. 6. Parkinsons disease involves: a. the death of nerve cells that nroduce a- vital ne urotransinitter. in impaired function in the right hemisphere on iv. c. impaired funchon in the left hemisphere only. d. excess production of the neurotransmitters ciopamme and acetylcholine. 7. The technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer images of structures within the brain is called: c. a PET scan. a, the PEG. d. MRl, b. a lesion,

8. The mvelin s-heath that is on some neurons: a. increases the speed ot neural transmission. in slows neural transmission. c. regulates the release of neurotransmitters. d. does a. and c. 9. During an achon potential, the electrical state of the axon becomes: a. polarized, as positively charged ions are admitted. b. polarized, as negatively charg-ed ions are admitted. c. depolarized, as positively charged ions are admitted.
d. depolarized, as-;- negativeiv charged ions are

admitted.
10. The neurotransmtter acetvlcholine (ACh) is most

likely- to be found: a. at the junchon between sensory neurons and muscle fibers.
b. at the junction between motor neurons- and

muscle fibers, c. at junctions between interneurons.

d. in all of the above locations.

11. The gland that regulates body growth is the: c. hypothalamus. a. adrenal. d. pituitary. b. thyroid.
12. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are gland. are released by the that

a. b. c. d.

neurotransmitters; pituitary honnones; pituitary neurotransmitters; thyroid hormones; adrenal

13. jessica experienced difficulty keeping her balance after receiving a blow to- the back of her head. It i likely that she injured her: e. hypothalamus. a. medulla, d. cerebellum. b. thalanrus. 14. Moruzzi and Magoun caused a cat to lapse into a
coma by severing neural connections between the

cortex and tI-me: a. reticular formation. b. hypothalamus.

e.
d.

thalamus.
cerebellum.

54

Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behavior

15. Research has found that the amount of represen tation in the motor cortex reflects the: a. size of the body parts. b. degree of precise control required by each of the parts. c. sensitivity of the body region. d. area of the occipital lobe being stimulated by the environment. 16. The effect of a drug that is an agonist is to: a. cause the brain to stop producing certain neurotransmitters. b. mimic a particular neurotransmitter, c. block a particular neurotransmitter. d. disrupt a neurons all-or-none firing pattern. 17. The nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split-brain patients Form a structure called the: a. reticular formation. c. corpus callosum. b. association areas. d. parietal lobes. 18. Beginning at the front of the brain and moving toward the back of the head, then down the skull and back around to the front, which of the follow ing is the correct order of the cortical regions? a. occipital lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe; frontal lobe

b. temporal lobe; frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe c. frontal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe d. frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe; tem poral lobe
19. Following a nail gun wound to his head, Jack

became more uninhibited, irritable, dishonest, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his: a. parietal lobe. c. occipital lobe. b. temporal lobe, d. frontal lobe.

20. Three-year-old Marco suffered damage to the speech area of the brains left hemisphere when he fell from a swing. Research suggests that: a. he may never speak again. b. his motor abilities may improve so that he can easil use sign language. c. his right hemisphere may take over much of the language function, d. his earlier experience with speech may enable him to continue speaking.

Matching Items

Match each structure or term with its corresponding function or description.

Structures or Terms Functions or Descriptions

1. right hemisphere 2. brainstern 3. glial cells 4, aphasia 5. plasticity 6. Brocas area 7, Wernickes area 8. limbic system 9. association areas 10. left hemisphere 11, angular gyrus

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. k.

j.

controls speech production specializes in rationalizing reactions translates writing into speech specializes in spatial relations brain cells that provide nutrients and insulating mvelin language disorder oldest part of the brain regulates emotion the brains capacity for modification responsible for language corn prehension brain areas involved in higher mental functions

Psychology Applied

In the diagrams to the right, the numbers refer to brain locations that have been damaged. Match each location with its probable effect on behavior,
Location Beharioral Effect

1. 2.

3, 4,
6.

7,
8. 9.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

vision disorder insensitivity to touch motor paralysis hearing problem lack of coordination abnormal hunger split brain sleep/arousal disorder i. altered personality

PSYCHOLOGY APPUED
Answer these questions the day before an exam as a final check on xour understanding of the chapters terms and concepts. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. A biological psychologist would he more likely to ctudv: a. how you learn to express emotions. b. how to help people overcome emotional dis orders c. life-span changes in the expression of emo tion. d. the chemical changes that accompany emo tions. 2. The part of the human brain that is most like that of a fish is the: a. cortex, b. limbic system. C, brainstem, d. right hemisphere.

3. You are able to pull your hand quickly away from hot water before pain is felt because: a. movement of the hand is a reflex that involves intervention of the spinal cord only, b. movement of the hand does not require inter vention by the central nervous system, c. the brain reacts quickly to prevent severe injury, d. the autonomic division of the peripheral ner vous system intervenes to speed contraction of the muscles of the hand, 4. In order to pinpoint the location ot a tumor, a neurosurgeon electrically stimulated parts of the patients sensory cortex. if the patient was con 1 which of the follow scious during the procedure ing was probably experienced? a. hearing faint sounds b. seeing random visual patterns c. movement of the arms or legs d. a sense of having the skin touched

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58

Chapter 2 euroscience and Behavior

24. flU llflt. scrks 25. endocrine system 26. hormones 28 29. 30. 31. 32 33. 34.

27 aduialglards pitutangaid lesion electroencephalogram iFFGi P1.1 p&l c i emiss on t mow aply scan MRI n4reticr s nan e maiig) IMRJ (functional MRIi
branstem

35 36 37. 38. 39. 40.

medulla reticulart i iatioi thalanuis cerebellum limbic cystcsi amygdala

41. 42. 43. 44. 45 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53 54. 55. 56.

hypothalamus cerebral Corte\ glial cells fron lobcs parietal lobi. occipital tubes temporal lobe noto cortex stnsc n oitcx association area aphasia Broca s area WerWckes area plasticity corpus callosum split bra n

Cross-Check As) ov lamed in the Prolopue, reiieis up and overlear ung of material are imporlant to the learning process. Afteri OU ha. e written the definitions of theke. tcrnsir this chapter you should comrletc thc cross vord punle to encure that ,i ou can reverse the process. retogni.ze the term, gi4en the dcfi iibrn ACROSS 3 The division of thc nen ous si ttr tha o, castle CIa IlL. ial dtc bcdt sen.e receptors. nuflJe%. aid gland-,. 6 lot ted or tie-.idesor* br it bcsc tal I-ic itt res hic
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12. Gland, that produce the honnone% epinephrine id no cplnephtint

\nswers

59

14.

ca cd it t xc I rain tern, this :tructurt controls breathing and heartbeat. hc thin outer ckX eriug of the cerebral henrt )hc c 6. lunD tn bctxvec tht ixon tip of the sending new ron and th dendrite or cell bodx ot the recen ing
.

25, Lxtcr xi

ft

et

a tl t

nds rnpnlses to

other xerx ccci Is or to in Iscies or biands.

ANSWERS Chapter Review

Introduc icr 1. bin ugira
2. pincnoiocx

neuor,

1 ed twrding )f thc xi ax es of electrical 17. \ ctix itx ot the brain. 19. Destruction of tissue, 20. 1 x h ique that t sts inagne tic tields and radio i n dn c computer generated irnages of xx c hrotn ctructurcs 22. Located at the hack and base of the brain, these boa )nt i x the x isual cortex, which recen es
r fo natic r lrc rn the e es. t the limbic sx stern mx oh ed in regula The part t 23. thr enrotions of feat and rage. finn ot

3 ho gic

Neural Coinniunit ution I ha si tF wot l;

,

it x 5 tm,
qt

2. hit

gic

h c

3 ft nxs; sx stem so r I -r ultural

3. neurt ils

6.

at d b tn eon tht front il and occipital lobes, t u se obc a ontarn the sc nsorv cortex

4, dendritcs 5 axon un hr
6. a. b. c. d.

htatf

DOWN 1, I anbi system structure that regnlates hunger hirs and both emperature and contains the so calicd reward centers of the brarn. 2. 1 arge band of neural fibers that links the right
rd
t

dendrites

cell hoda
axon

rnvcl n Ixath

7. action potential, axon

lx mispheres

3.

4.

5. 8.

ochninue that rxeasures the lox cia of actix itu of ixirterent areas of the brain hx tracing their corn sumptiun or a radinactix o forni of glucose \c nral impulse gcnerated by the mon ement of ositn civ charged atoms in and out of channels in tire axons iuemhrane. \eurotransnnttc r that triggers muscle contrac ons brnxple, autornabi. inborn response to a ensorx

8. negatn ch postivcli: r tin pon that selechve lx pcrnac ale positix clx; depolarized 9. 10, refrniory per d; a isitx ft 11. cx tab rx inhibit rr, I resf ) d; xi ill not; all-ormu no
12 does not

tmu1us. 10. )ough rut shapcd neural stern that plays an r po tan role x thc regulation of cmotion and

c xi apt c 13. sir ps Sb errin 0-on 14 nenrotransmitters has 15, cx itng rI

i i

( ap)

Sr

(harles

akc

basic Dlix iniugicai dni es. 11. \auaai auarehke uouretransmitterc itnked to u ntr in Op asia he pc rig a ra cm ous sy stew that x 3, 0 tb tirrols bands and the muscles ot tntcinal

r.
I
.

cx ui at con nur ctnnsxs ix o xds that ac 1 ete hotmones us tug f gL s m, bloodstream. iah the 0- brain and pinal ord coliectix el are the r C rams st stcm.
.

2t. in in pant ient lar guage as a result of damage n anx of sot era] ortical areas. 4, br rum an than ortical neurons these cells nipr xc ft tii ci I .ehn. m r tr nsulahng and Jc raft
Cf

\ neural tnipnisc a gencrarcd hi cxc ita to; x cignaic minu inoib,rorr sc-nek oa,edru a certain thresh ft iy thc dend ites 0ft air I ol ct r ill ra smit to dx I Pc c rOn I ted in a au oi-nc tash;t do n the length ot the ftn. rca Los the end of n axon. hOe Or 5 s It i c orarsmit r a n c txc at left or gap ptic r a tht tot aset mc ar r ft between two neurons. \curot;ansnuer molecules bird to rcccpom tes or the 0- ndmite of ma irhboring a nhrbitomx c I tc r a nouror s n gcnerate its is nx o that tend nt urn or influentc own neural inputs.

16

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60

Chapter 2 Neuzuscience and Beha br

18. c 19.

ph

oroir

norpnine stes ntagonsts opates;

g sts u re

cc ptc r

3. P1-I scan B} depicting the brains consumption of radioactively labeled glucose. the P1 I scan allows researchers to
ste uhich brain areas are most active as a person per formN various tasks. This provides additional infor mation on the specialized functions of various
egions of

20. blood-brain bai ncr 21. ibrkire-on

Jlsj
-

dop,inhno; -dopa
em

c a

the brain.

I, r

xous sini

4. MRI

(magnetic resonance imaging)

2. con;ral, nerirhrai 3.nt,vts

5, functional MRI; anterior cingulate cortex; urges 6. brainstem

4. s
6. a 8.

at;

near r

7. medulla; breathing; heartbeat pons 8. brainstem 9 rcticular formation; arousal alert (awake); coma
10. thala m us; smell; medulla; cerebellum
11. cerebellum;
in

Otic

7. autmomft
si p

nipathehc
H mnr

nverha I learning; balance

9,

ho tic

12. conscious; outside 13. limbrc; hippoc ampus

14. ann gdala 15. psychosurgery; seldom
16. by pothalamus; hunger. thirst, body temperature

In v pit ti Ii i n f tIe autonomr nerrous svslo i ocow am orisc d in responsc to an emer gencr. Tho pin Diologicol changes that occur include
accelerated heartbeat, elevated blood sugar, dilation ot artedes Hit jig of digestion and increased per

to ct I the H ft hcn the emergency is O c ) a r ipa neti nc rx ous s stem produces ho on s to I ssical r a ions. 10. rofiexeD; srinal cord; knee-jerk; pain
,

spira o

(or sex); hormones; pituitary, reward 17. addichve; reward deficiency syndrome
18. cerebral cortex; information-processing
19. glial cells; learning; thinking

From scosori receptors in the skin the message trar els iii sonsor nourons to ar interncuron in the pin I c d, I m tu n ictixtes a motor neuron, Ibis r t u auso hc nusclos n the hand to contrc and tf porscr lorks his or her hand away

20. more wrinkled; increases

21. a. b.
c. d.

frontal lobe parietal lobe

fron to.e h,at,

11. mmnra riru,ori,s

occipital lobe temporal lobe 22. motor: frontal; greater; neural prosthetics; para lvzed: thoughts (or brains)

Ito I.
c

ii

due s

to; r ton

rnnncs sio to noiopinophrino

a longer

23. sensors; touch 24. sensorx cortex

25. occipital; temporal 26. association areas; tnree-tourths; frontal; parietal; temporal

2. ,c(rcai.

i;cc hunt
a

ot:a, ,os; grcv th P ii ra luc socr ti r it I es it cr to i ,n nd c t h c ,ar oleasc hornioi c that infltm COt C hh toa lb t itt pthaiamris rnonttors these H nenistri and th,ereh3 adjuts its e ha n- in inputs H .e ptwtart.

3,

vv;

aphasia; Bro as arca lVermcke s arca; angular rr s 28. unifrcd uhcic 29. plasticity; young children
30.
ii

97,

ill not; reorganize; can; stem

h 3
I,
a,
-,

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Ohse

2. ft

i-s

:cphhararri

Pitt

31. left; dominant (major) 32. corpus mHosum; split brain 33. right; namc; right l lo n ord tCii, a hen flashed to a split-brain pa tent ripht visual field would project only to the oppo-.ite, or left, hemisphere of the patients brain,

fl..,wel-s

61

Because the left hemisphere contains the language control center of the brain, the patient would he able to read the word aloud. 1 he left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain. Because the right hemisphere would not be ai are of the a ord. it would not he able to guide the left hand in identity ing a pencil by touch, 34. left; right; unconscious; can
35. have; lateraliiation; right; left

b. The production of neurotransmitter other than endorphins does not cease. c. \eurotransmitter production does not increase during vi ithdrawal, d. Heroin makes use of the same reLeptor sitC a.. endorphins. 5. a, is the ansuer. The P[ I scan mersu es gluc )sc consumption in different areas of thc hi am ft determine their levels of actix rt\ (p. COl b. [he IMRI wmpares \IRI scans taken less than a second apart to rev eal brain anatoni r d I n tion c. The EEC is a measure ci electrical activity m the brain, d. MRI uses magnetic tields and r id o vi ax cv to produce computer-generated images of soft tis sues of the body. 6. d. is the answer. (pp 99 96) 7. a. is the answer. (p. 2) b. Ihe reticular formation is linked to arousal, c. 11w brainstem gox ems the mechanism of basic survival heartbeat and breathing, for example-and has many other roles. d. 1 he cerebellum coordinates in oveni en t cc tpu t and balance, 8. c. is the ansu em. In a simple reflex, a sensory neu ron carries the message that a sensory receptor has been stimulated to an interneuron in the spinal cord. The interneuron responds b activat ing motor neurons that a ill enable the appropri ate response. (p. o3l 9. c. is the answer. Wernickes area is mi oh ed in comprehension, and people xx ith aphasa vi ho have damage to \ernickHs area are unable to understand what is said to them. (p. l) a. The angular gyrus translates printc d vi ord into speech sounds; damage vi culd result ii thc inability to read aloud. b. Broas area is invoked in the phv ic pro Ice tion of speech; damag vi ould xx vu i v ti e inabil ity to speak fluently d. The cortex.. asscsiation areas are in Hi ea m among other things, pro essing I rep ige damage to these areas wouldn I spc if a r I eel comprehension.
10. d. is the answer. (p.

36. lett 37. right; play; primate 38. decreases; left I eft-handers are more likely to har e e\perienced pre mature or stressful births. They also have more headaches and accidents, use more tobacco and alco hol, and suffer more immune system problems.

Progress Test i
?s4ultipleCho ice Questions
1. b. is the answer, (p. 59)

a. Glial cells support and nourish nerve cells, c. Acetvlcholine is a neurotransmitter that trig gers muscle contraction. d. Endorphins are opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. 2. b. is the answer. The autonomic neri ous system controls internal functioning, including heartbeat, digestion, and glandular activity. (p. 62) a. The functions mentioned are all automatic, not voluntary, so this answer cannot he correct. c This answer is incorrect because most organs are affected by both dii isions of the autonomic nervous system. d. The somatic neri ous system transmits sensory input to the central neri ous sstem and enables roluntar control of skeletal muscles 3. c. is the answer. Stimulus strength can affect unIv the number of times a neuron tires or the number of neurons that fire, (p. 56) a., b., & d. These anwer are incorrect because firing is an all-or-none response, so intensity remains the same regardless of stimulus strength. Nor can stimulus strength change the neuronal threshold or the rmpulse peed. 4. a. is the ann er. Endorphin.. are neurotransmit ters that function as natural painkillers lhen the hod has a cuppii of artificial painkillers suJi as heroin, endorphin production stops. (p. 93

a. In most persons, Ianguagc is prmarilv i left hemisphere function. b. Learned mci ements are unrelated to hr-mispheric specialization. v ft c. Arithmetic reasonuig is c r em 1 sphere function.

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64

hapter - Neurosdente

md Delia

or

Psychology Applied
%Iultiple-Choke Questions

1. d. is the ansis er. BiclogKal ps chologists studs the links huts cci biolog (chemical changts in is \. npk a .1 eh ikr (uroti. is n ii.. cxaraplt (p. 4, a., b. & c. perimental. clinical, and dt elop ci al psvcl )k gsts s 01. lii e mon cc ncc wd ith thc learnin& ot cmi. tional cxpres.lons, tht treatment of emotional di.orders. and li.te-.pan ha ies 1 (1 orc is respath eli 2. c. is the ais1t er. lhe hi a nstem is the oldest and 1 most primitive regior of the brain. It is found in cwcr se tebrat s sun s fish as ssell as r lu mans and other mammals. The structuies menhoned in the other choices are asscwiated with ages cf bra ie )lu)nbeyondthatseer inthc fish. (p. 7ffi 3. a is the answer. Since this reflex is an automatic rcsp nsc a d uwol s cnly tie spinal cord the hand is jerked assay before the brain has even received the information that causes the sensation (n pall. j) 6 b. The spinal cord, is hich organizes simple reflex e. ,uch a this one, is part of the central nervous system. c. The brain is not in. oh ed in directing cpinal refle.es. d. 11w auton jni mn ous system controls the glancb. and the muscles of the internal organs; it does not influence the skeletal muscles control 1 igt fai 4. d. i 5 the answer Stimulation of the serison cortex tlicit a ense of touch, as the eperiments of Icnfic ddcmcnst ted p 78 a.., b., & c. [leaning, seeing, or movement might be extctcd ii the temporal, occipital and motor
1..

7. a. st& ins er p. ) 56 b. Because sOC has reached her threshold, shc wili prohabh fire. c Inc tn tory pcricd is a resting period Because Jon has reccis ed a 1 arge number of na tatory messages she is ill not he at rest. d. c sIw: snota em 8. b. is the answer. Simple rcflees such as this one. ire gos erntd 1,) aui. ity in the autenomic ncr
.
)Lr

a. The occipital lobes process sensory message. trom the eyes; they p1a no role in the refleids c esponscdthc puilstohgit c. The lett temporal lobe specializes in processing language. d. 11w ci. el cl urn speciaLes n coordrnatl% mos ement.
9. b. is the answer (p. SB) a., c., & d. the ft hunisphere docs not spedalize in picture recognition. And blood clots can form anywhere in the brain. 10. a. is thi. answer. In fact. handedness is one of only a few traits that identical tis ins are not especialh likely to share. (pp. 89-90) Ii. a. is the answer. The right visual field projects directly to the verbal left hemisphere. (p. 85) b. & c Ihi left hand is controlled by the right hemisphere, which, in this situation, ss ould be unaware of the word since the picture ha been flashed o tie left hemisphere. 12. c. is the answer. (p. 70) d. Reproduction is only one of the basic curs is al functio is thc brain regulates 13. b. is the answer. (pp. 58. 74) a. By triggering release of dopamine such a drug would prot ably nhan Malcolm s cnjc s ment of the pkasures of jife. c. & d. 4Ch is the rcurotransmitter at synapses tne_ i t mc inrs,iJ r...sclc fiwrs 14. b. is the insier. The hippocanipus ot the iimtie.. s ttrn ins ol ed in prckessin ir emon. Thc i d a tic lr bi svsten nfue es and .nger. p 72. a. The brainstem tortrols vil functions such a eathin ai heartbeat it is ot diiectly ii volved in either emotion or memory. c. & d. These ansi. er. ae incorrect because the linibic system is a i oldcr brain structurt thar the orte. lt ins oh ement in emotions and memors F. therefore more bask than that ct the cortet.

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.

Answers

65

15 h a

is

tne answer ip. 4) he d I its time implies the theory had

n
ai i

as

1 later mscarth clearly showed it d

not, Aoi cover phrenology air accepted as an a t t F r o hrain organi ation bt nnns
eithts. 5 c Ph en nogx said nothin; about the similarities -amal rans. 5 a d him

16. a.

is

the ancner tp.

1 0 t

b t & d. Pc tyl n 1 it and ioparnine a c fast attimig neoretransrnitters released at sx napses. not P th hloodstn am 17. b. is ths arsner. Svnrpahhetis. arousal produces
sO

eral ettets including acm lera ted heartbeat I cc si e persphation ( 62) of the reticular formation increases ntinuiation a. c. Am onal of the parasvmpathetis. ncr x Ous x stem h a etfeets o posrte to those stated a s medication mx crc affecting hi arnr gdaia. die If d.
x air brothe nright experience emotions such as angs or tear at illogical times

al A as but would not necessarily accelerate heat meat or aslse cxci ssive perspiration.

18 d ms the answer. lhe thalamuc relay sensory

a

sages Irom th cx es. ears and tither receptor

the appropriate projection areas ot the cortex. Rca ring the thalamos, theoretically, could ho s ths etfe ts stated in this question. (p. 72) a., b., & c. ihese brain structures are not directh
h

he hr p0stressed stucent careii al o1te\ aetn ates 1 thalamus tngge A h e r Ic se ot hornon that in tu us n sin it s iotonom turn s h ate inn s P ners on sx steri and the encoei me svstenx. the r r tr s v nrtarx hodi \ intior .t, nd digeN 5 nearthe ii eaton lx respones so a hon. tim s ado a inc si sEn m contains p1 rnds that [yr is a r i h rgnlate h t s(rt the ton, ton at buds area ris, 6 A [ypothalamns h a p i s P mt a the student ptue.rx g.anu ii mild seeate a hon inone xx hicti in turn tagger the release of epinerh t e 1 nnones from I F rine, )r ni pt ii the adrena glands. these hornionas a ould help the r laP ng nutrients a studs t hi iv Eu flO a as d lea ands t r ens rgr tie ax aik his o mi stores the body ten late in eflu0 a ith stress, As paths tie dix isbn of e thist In in s a tern. d adr s tight-or-flight the antOnat1 nelud no in reased heart rate response Oct nO es mt and the uppression of hrcathing ar I F 05 dinestion. Atte the exant date has pacod. the stu do is b dx a di itt r p tt a ston its normal, the parar rnpathehe [ranh of the prostres- state autonommhc cx -ts ax s mr Id slot the todents heartbeat ould no 5 5 mas 1 r ec . ng 1 is aW arLd longer he suppressed. perhaps taomg rite student to ted hums[ r

i mx 5 r ed in main processes related t or perception.

sensation

Key Terms
fl riting Definit:ons 1. Biological psychology Is the studx of the links hetmmeen bislog amA behavior. p. 4 the his e building 2. ftc neuron s ox r cc 3 hlo k of the nerm mu sntemri si m e ti i Pat branch 3 lh dendri es mng cxtenson,s ttmat a ,,tmx e riessanes from other n rr sills md co d n t imp mdc tc mm ard the cell
,

1) a s ths ansxxer Hormones of the pituitary gland regulate hosix gron th. p. 66 b & d Bee ruse they are not endocrine glands, c halamos and medulla are not influenced hi ix rrrnone. c It e die na I glands produce hora ones that pria de encrgx dnrmg emergencies: thex are not inaPved in rcgnlatnxg hods grim th. b Ie r ex a 1 t t r or s ht n, me e roe 2 mummies tl e pretisioo with mm hieh \ aou parts of litcd nthctro ii i b r d tc
,

t(oi It e axon 4 1 5
t l l 1 t

a ox me i e

t,

nion

sends

oscoor

cx e snO Pes toiL-nm b t p ie tos r P tv ot oem. c i c. hi te np iral lobes a intain the prmniarx projet mc s t r hea ng ar d, in the left side, ire t 0 hcsi am ivsd in largoige me ain the prmmnarr prsiiee t d. The oai pital lohe-. con s f rmsr t i
.

gland ma 5. s oe hmat o 1 m F at spox d mis lmelpc id sr-. segncna5 neural Oil. 1w ip 6 t m action p Re mrial a a 0 mm I ir pr a ger crated rn-m cnn-nit ut p. ;ihm slm eharped atom in mbraue p i tl ia aid n
si
-

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s

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ruse tc stress N 0 gutated hr the nor n A th si teotlee ii apprs ides the

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66

(Ii, Or

run scier cc ai d Bchas or

8.

s ma an tt ju ict n betncen the axon tip ci ihc- sending neui on and the dendrite or cell body tc rr en ng ne rr. I ne tiny gap at tnis junc on sc Ic tIc sv a t c gap or daft. (p. 371
ci I
itt it

21

I he sympathetic nervous system is the division

of the a ntonomic nervous system that arouses tIme body, mobilizing its enangv in stressful situations. (p. 62)

9. \eurotransmitters ace chenncal that are re

ps inn so
neuron. (r

ronif lcurzl

22 Ihe parasympathetic nervous system is the divi

lrorn nearer H 10.

61

\cuty lcFoiine ACh) is a ncurotiansniitter that c m jes e ni a d me not ard also riggers Hil ucic on traction, ip 5)

sic n of the autonomic neri ous system that calms the bodi, consers big its energi. ip. iCl

I ido p ins
r utter

opiatehke neurotrans asked to pam rontroi and to pleasure. (p.

i natur

23, A reflex is a simple automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus; it is go\ erned hr a s cry simple neural parh.s ai tu3;
. .

ii

c.

Loiotf

Uti5 1?

pa n.

24, Neural networks are i ntc non nec ted neu i al cells, the specific connections of which are strength ened as learning occurs. (p. 64)
25. Ihe endocrine system, the hods s slower cimenmical communication system, consists of

12. lhc nenous system if the speedt. electrochemi cal cii on cation susteri conftsting of all thc nervc ceils in tne peripneral and ctintral nun on cr,rurrn (p. 611 13. 1 hc central rervous system (CNS) consists of the brait and spinal ord; it is located at the can tar, or I ite nal ut ot hc f ody. (n 61) 14, The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the sen sort md motor neurons that connect the c i t i err ous si stem to the bc an s sense recep tors, muscles, and glands; it is at the pcrip/icnit of the boor reiath to the hrahm and spinal cord. (p (1)
15. Nenes are bundles of neural axons, whiclm are
5,

glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream. (p. uS) 26, Hormones are chemical messengers mostly those manufactured hi the endocrine glands, that are
produced iii one tissue and circulate through the

27.

28,

rt f str n

AS that c mnntct the central nervous

itIm nmu-cics, glands, and sense organs.

29

10. 9

16. Sensory ncuro s cart information from thc sen* receptors to tIre central nervous system for fruc ss a 6 IA Interneurons are the neurons of the rentral ncr S Otis svstcn ttia* (IiPK the senany and motor neii is H ie a n ann f sc sot nputs and n1;tr ollipu:. 7, Cd I is a tcrniac a 11 n to. a tiot .01 i in: :catrat H to a -J-s cod 6 a,ds, (p. 62; 1
-

30.

bloodstream to their target tissues, on which they have specific effects. (p. 65) The adrenal glands produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that prepare the body to deal with emergencies cur stress. (p. 66) The pituitary gland, under the inflnence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands; sonmetinmes called the master gland. (p. 66) A lesion is destruction of tissue; studying the consequences of lesions in different regions of the brain both surgic ally produced in animals and naturally occurringhelps researclmers to deter nmine the normal functions of these regions. (p. 68) An electroencephalogram (EEC) is aim amplified recording of the wax es ot electrical actix its of the brain. I ncephnlo conies fronm a (irE ek word mean
ing related to the hrahm p. 6t;

Vot

r n

it

31

1 mc PET (positron emission tomography) scan

nmeasures the lex cl of actis its of difteront areas

ti sx tern

iris sy ten 15 h dii ,oi of tin pat ipflciu tiers uus -istem that ei1,Oies m oluntary c nix tcel tl nus Its al5c) mhed tlmc t 6 r s ole P is a m. tp. 621

ix

ct the brain hs tracing hcir consunmption of a ad oactixc torm if glucose the hr i m s fuel. p 32, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses nmag nthc fields and radio waxes to produce computer-generated ilnagcis that show brain structures more clearly (p. 71)
33. In a fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imag ing), \lRi scans taken lcss than a second apart are

20. fin autonomic nerrous system is time division of

o i mc cr ms s stcm tha controls tie dod- ard the ntu-c!e of internal orpans and t rc u m Cs ntcrna tot tic tar i; i ie uiatcs ft 00 is cna x alp
t

c rp ted tu

cil blc in hi

a d ticrtfore

unarm amatomnx and fonction.

p. 001

Ansers

67

34. The brainstem, the oldest and innermost region

46. 1 ocated at the back and base of the brain the

of the brain, is an extension of the spinal cord and is the central core of the brain; its structures direct automatic survi\ al functions. (p. 71) 35. Located in the brainstem, the medulla controls breathing and heartbeat, (p. 71) 36. Also part ot the brainstem, the reticular forma tion is a nen e network that plays an important role in controlling arousal, (p. 71 37. Located atop the bramstem, the thalamus routcs incoming messages to the appropriate cortical centers and transmits replies to the medulla and cerebellum. (p. 72) 38. 1 he cerebellum processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance. (p. 72) 39. A doughnutshaped neural system, the limbic system is associated a ith emotions such as fear and aggression and basic physiological drives, (p. 72) Memori, aid: Its name comes from the Latin word Iinthin, meaning border; the limbic system is at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. 40. The amygdala is part of the limbic system and influences the emotions of fear and aggression. (p.72) 41. Also part of the limbic system. the hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, bodl temperature, and sex; helps go em the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; and contains the socalled reward centers of the brain. (p. 73) 42. f he cerebral cortex is a thin intricate coi ering of interconnected neural cells atop the cerebral hemispheres. The seat of information processing, the corte\ is responsible for those complex tune tions that make us distinctively human, p. 74) Mcniorit iiid: Cortci in Latin means hark, As bark cm er a tree, the cerebral cortex is the hark of the biain. 43. More numerous than cortical neurons, the glial cells ot tin brain guide neural connections, prm vide nutrients and insulating mvelin, and help remo e excess ions and neui otransmitters. (p. 73; 44. Located at the front ot the brain, just behind the forehead, the frontal lobes are in olved in speak ing and muscle morements and in making plans and judgments. (p. 76 45. Situated between the frontal and occipital lobes. the parietal lobes contain the sensory cortex. (p. 76)

occipital lobes contain thc x isual cortex r Inch recei\ e information from the eves, w. 7fn 47. Located on the sides of the bra i, the t mporal lobes contain the auditory areas. which mceis e information from the ears. (p. Th) \hmerii ,iid: The temporal lobes are located near the 1 epics. 48. Located at the hack ot the frontal lobe the motor cortex controls roluntarv morcmcnt y 7
49. The sensory cortex is located at the Pont ot the

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

parietal lobes, just behind the motoi u rh x. It a isters and processes beds touch and nt\ mcnt sensations. (p. 8) 1 ocated throughout the cortex, association areas of the brain are irn oh ed in higher mcntal func tions, such a learning, remembering, and abstract thinking (p 79) Aicmorii aid: Among their other fumtions, associa tion areas of the cortex are in oh cai in ntegrat ing. or aseciatiiig, intormation from difterent areas of the brain Aphasia is an impairment of language as a result of damage to anr of sexeial cortical arms in ud ing Brocas area and IVernickes area. p Brocas area, located in the left trontal loin s involved in controlling the motor ability to m duce speech. (p. 81) Wernickes area, located in the left temporal lobe. is irnoh ed in language comprchcnsion and e\pression. (p. 81) Plasticity is the brain s capacits f it modification, as evidenced by brain reorganii.ition tolicm tug damage (especially in children). p 82

55. The corpus callosum is the large hand of neural

fibers that links the right and Icft rcbi I hwn spheres. Without this hand Oi fleix e NOCIs. tflC two ho mispheres c mid not inter t 56. Split brain is a condition in hJ rh en e rections hctrwen the t s ccrri a I in esult hi l he: rd er (the orpus aiiosum are ing in : split brain p 84)
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Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behaxior

dv it \\hen the patelia tendon ot a bent knee is stnick toe u h sic leg retlexivelv straightens out (tIre kiter-lark tspottsei. [Iris automatic reaction is a func tion eta si pe pmal reflex pathuav s( it does not require mediation hr the brain itt Iaia/tss tint [h\ ci todvcia Id it Tkt cd Being human takes a Jot o nero, Ma ers is usmg ho n r tc n ake a po nt here, Ihc exprcsson it takes a lot of ners e means to he s err bras e or couragecus (another expression it takes a lot of guts, mean. the same fbi g! Thus, ishen Mxers states that being human takes a lot of ner\ e, the lit eral n cann g in this contcxt s that hun ans are made up of mans nrans nerr es the humor is dens ed rum the double meaning) fk ek: \eurons cluster into minor gO)iiJu called neural 0 orks. Myers pohrts out that the brain works much like a compoter makmng mans simuha neous computations. this is accomplished b neural 4 01 ks which are c ustets of interconnected neu netv rons to rA onips). Neurons work with nearhs neurons or nuch thc same reason people live in clt1es it is easier tor brief, quick interactions, The Endocrine System Page 65: [he endocrine system and ncrs ous system I are thereforc kindred svstenrs, these two systems are s err cinular and has e a close relationship (Idndrrd 5JL/5tCOt ), I hc h )rmones of the endocrine ss stem are chemically equivalent to neurotransmitters, hut operate at a much slower speed. Messages n the ners ous system rum e very rapidh (then zip along as fast as nrail conspared to endocrine system messages s hich nmos c relatis eh slou l (then trudge along like regular or snail mail). Po[e 67: Conduchng ano eoordmatmg this uhole elotto itedr,d ercitestra is that tnae,tr is e call the bra s \I e s 5 c nipan g U tuncho ung of the neurutranismttters and hormones to a large group of misieman (hero ii a I sin) h se more merits an] actions arc doected h to,e conduchr or itastor te v m hr Hamn
,

nest 11110 ii1 organ is Im on grr bed ait,I ;nappot I a to w ganm Oifteil at ;rt1imrJ oIrto1a[1I1N. A cartograpirer is sonreone who pre pares o nmakes maps. Ms cr5 is suggesting that the brain (rite kimacm a :t;tJois I iiiast aina:it, a1gat I is gohrg to he graph ally depk ted (a mped) by a new s ouncrer group of oemocientists (a ness generation
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ot neural eat togr.ipIeis)

Page 8: X\ e can -110am the nressages of indis idual ire urons and am es,t,r i a t ta bane of hilhons of neurons. T\ ith (odan s tecimomogical tools it is posh ble to unohtrusis eli view tin on (-ii00J at] l single nenr e cells (i euroos) as well as cos ertls listen to (oicatmrtl1) an) ihe back-and-forth communication (mkatt r) of millions and muilhomrs of cells, Page oS.., the right side of the body is malted to the brains left side and m Ic a, c m I his nreans tlrat the tuuctrons of one srde of the hods are controlled by (malted to) the opposite side of the brain lire night side of the hods is rontrolled by the left hemisphere. and tire converse, or opposite, is also true bier ocr a): the left side of the body is controlled by the brains right heirsisphere.

Modern technological means of r iewhrg the brain fae a aiitdamas iota tbt ttabti, such as the PET scan, NIRI, and fMRl provide us rsith a greater than nor mal (Saparrnaelka) ability to look inside the cortex without destroying tissue. (heft : Superman is a comic-book TV and morie character with x-ray vision which allows irim to see through solid mat ter.)
Page 6: Such -iapsbats of tire brains changing aetimr ride new ursights into how the brain diaid x tts labor, Nrc MITT technique allows pictures (s,asbats)
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6 Navr ac iaw ode tin hr t gire us a , 0 Sapernranbtke ahilirn to see inside the living hrain,

to he taken of different brain areas at work (the hr mn dt idi its JaI shile a person is carry mog out s arieu- mental tak-, Itts ultra os ttt.7 olaf Itt t tarn [It. hrtn jars ,hr, (0 the braiasteni moor icr es fr in h 1 eft s de I the beds connect to thc right side of tire brain a is] tirose from tlre right conrect t) tt c left sdc of ft brain I his strange trarerse of ners c from one ide to the other or-- bbig is hich accus in the poirs, is tine er the mans nrars els or astonishing findings (srmrp ins) about the brain.
Par 1
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lire B am ikr ok as b at a.mr beads What this means is hat u ubjee is s foe that the essence of your being, your nund, resides in your brain, which is i msdc o r head I he brai m in our head allou s us to uI ctiou pss hologmea!lv as u eh 0 s phs sicalls [In dad ,S It 0 tc b d 0
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Think of the thalaruus as heiag to ensorn input what I emit 1tnttd s 1 5 E; r,tbm-. London 0 rcis ertlc t ir gur tc pit 1tH

I ocus on \ ocahu Ian and Language

71

coantrx lust 35 Chicago is the huh or relay center for ir ines flyina to ditfercnt parts of the United ma a State. \h ers usc this as an analogy for the thaim
mm, xx Hch recen es mesagec from sensori neurons

lagm ....r:nmctmp;iap tOm ills that nausic lox ers 30 sd axe p a c lUte ii p tc nxnsic gemxer enjoy ates a ,sccral a p lea mmat Ic cnsatmc ns (s,i e-tnmg!nmg
litre/sI xvhktx aepear Ic ins mdx e the sanxe reward

thenr n or relays them to higher brain a I c area ot alNo reccn es some ot the higher brain s poses and directn them to the medu]ia and the 3 ie t un) the /ceif,;ttc!hraecd limbic system ThC r ix thc shape ot a ring (dongt n it s/i hod) c and has three components: the hippocampus, xx hich \ ed ;n forming (/01/amy dana?) new memories t N lix o t e ar iygdaia, xx hic h mtluences aggression and tear and the hypothalamus, which regulates hunger, thirst hodx temperature, and sexrmalitv.
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Pace hr. In a sense, axe /c ixax c cam /;; hi, /ack of inr to xc iS al ortea tor i nmd II r etc cc xc occipital lobed .xhmch proc c cses a sual mnformnation and is located at th.e rear m f th hran, So, ut a xxax ith th c e but also t ast d re seci ip inyoh es spe xal ,zed am c a at th.e hack at the brain. xhol a nost xxide a m i/mi 10 pcian spread i areas association the Ilesearclx mta coat v ma i;acm, specific have xnt d thc at of thc 1 r in sb nx I funet on hut rather arc in olx ed n mans ditferent
Itgc

P d 3: In a fexx cases mx oh ing patients xx ho suk lured brain abnormalities, it [pcuc/masurycnij tj of i though sometimes with devastat ing dde effectn on the patients everxdaa function ma, J\yt I: xargom a refers to destruction (tesioning) ot brah tissue to achieve some psychological h alt change in a patient, smh as making a a iolent patient carn nd relaxed (mx dot dig fits at iage). Because there xx e als other sex crc changes (side fferts), this dr istic procedure is alnxost nex er used todax. : thcv m ide I na\nificc nt mistake Olds / and ixliiner accidentamh discovered (stmmomt/ed mijumm) a biain area that prox ides a pleasrirahie reward and c a a nt m to find other similar areas n hich they caied p/ca:iia toolers, Myers calls thU a splendid an J aectacutar c rror ua magnificent ,mzistmke When strmutatc these areas by pressing ra s a e a tot d a bar w lever tdai I thea seem to prefer this to any 1 and will continue at a vera rapid rate oti er th it I I a I 3 t U until thea are too tncd to go on (until do a 3, op Oer: c i;art:a1m. opened human skull, exposing thc Oh a an xx ould sec a e ink ci organ, shaped seIne r cc u mit Ttxc huma a 0 it K m Or n )ln xl a ml 11 urfac e, anc thc h ia a a cdt atm ii to ma dma mcied into In a halves or hewn c j t ki a a alobeot tfeedhcpa box m in the add of a xc a argc :1 cm citm mat, 1 hr
e

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72

(ha ter

Nairoscience and Behavior

not he able to detw t anything onusnal if on were hat Thg a casual conversation with a split-brain
pattcn

ld 83: \\ hen the iwo minds are at odds the loft 1 iet cp r dots ;, a stics to a ;uh _oadioiw :t does not nnderctand. In split-brain patients, r :ntormation or commands are detit ered o t t ho tort hi h does not tare Ian then the left hemisphere. w hich can talk, tot Id not be an are of wh rt w is requested. So if the ateit a rc tt tic c rmand to do something io.g. hr alL or Janj, the left hemisphere it ii go thrt ugh hi kinds ci c ntc rtions t a I U yinnastics) to c can sc re r lausihie stori that accounts for the response it rahonahzt s and constrncts theories to c &ncurbehivi r).

Page 88: 1 rom simply looking at the two henu spheres, ii hich anjknr alike to the arkcd Ct/C, ii ho would suppose that they contribute so uniquely to I the hanna;n a 1 the nhale? Myers points out that research is ith split-brain people and normal people shows that we have unified brains with ditteront parts that have specialized functions. Thus, if xo observe the two hemispheres w ithont optical aids (ezt i tie naiad cut) thor mar seem to ho the same (aennrr alike); hower or, their differential functioning combinos to produce an integrated unit (the harmonu of the a heLl, Page 89 sont/qaates Loft-handed pooplo, espe cially those involved in sports such as boxing or baseball, are called sonthpaas. Stanlor Coren found that the percentage of loft-handors (seuthpares) in the population declines with ago. Ihis finding is still somewhat mysterious. Page Cl; Yet what is unknown still d earft what is 7 known, This moans that all that has been discovered so far is very, very small (dararjSd) compared to what vet remains to he discovered.

Ikir 53. X\ hen u their worst, they distort a pntccI lap 3rd ntr a ran ltick-5hapcd st Some poop are cit wamed others right-brained. A ;nyt: is a snaLk tooci, a piece of thinh rolled bread dongh sha d 1 k a i open knot, k unique and unusual set of fiodhigs t,nLehshared) gets trans fonned throuch the prmess of oversimplification id dis, r an at s inothing totally different sirapn [r em traight] stand. Thus, pubtic myths, sud as arc C kttiinjna,l ethers iv d 7 eloi nd get more ittention than gJ the scientitic tats.
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