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Population Economic Activity Physical Resources/ Transport Land Use and Physical Framework Income & Services
Vision
Income Services
Land Use
GOALS OBJECTIVES
STRATEGIES
Eliminate or avoid remove a risk trigger or deny a risk-creating activity Reduce or mitigate reduce frequency or the severity by changing physical characteristics or operations Share or transfer shift the risk-bearing responsibility to another party Accept or retain fund potential losses with own resources
1 Risk Elimination/Avoidance
Eliminate or remove a risk trigger or risk source Avoid risk or deny a risk-creating activity by
Reduce frequency or the severity by changing physical characteristics or operations of a system or element/s at risk
Risk or loss prevention instituting measures to reduce the frequency of occurrence of hazards adverse impact.
Risk or loss reduction by mitigation reducing the severity of hazard impact by improving the survivability of people, property and functions through actions completed prior to hazard impact.
Strategies and PPAs under this option include: instituting structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the negative effects of the hazard;
alleviating the socio-economic vulnerabilities or improving and enhancing coping mechanisms of communities at risk to disasters and other natural hazards that trigger them.
Risk or loss reduction by preparedness reducing the severity of hazard impact by improving capability to rescue, salvage, and recover through actions completed after hazard impact. Strategies & PPAs may include: the installation of early warning systems, awareness & IEC programs, evacuation plans & programs.
Risk Reduction/Mitigation Segregation of exposure by duplication or redundancy increasing system sustainability by providing back-up support for elements that may become nonfunctional after the hazard impact (concept of spare tire or stand-by generator)
Risk Reduction/Mitigation Segregation of exposure by separation increasing system capacity and robustness through geographic, physical and operational separation of facilities and functions (decentralizing services or functions)
3 Risk sharing or risk transfer shifting the risk-bearing responsibility to another party. Involves use of financial and economic measures particularly the use of the insurance system to cover and pay for future damages. In some literatures, the segregation of exposure by separation is considered as a risk spreading or risk transfer option.
fully accept the risks make arrangements to pay for financial losses related to the hazard impact fund potential losses with own resources
Infrastructure risks
Strengthen structures ability to resist hazard Change use or occupancy pattern of structure
Develop alternate locations for key functions Institute a geologic hazard abatement district for homeowners to share in future repair costs
Develop response plans and improve hazards Real estate warning systems disclosures Build redundant infrastructure systems Secure items from damage and loss
Note: Options may require the combination of several approaches/strategies; the better option/s determined via benefit-cost analysis (cost of option is less than averted losses when option is implemented).
Deny occupancy of hazardous buildings Protect cultural assets through zoning standards
Integrate sociocultural indicators into risk assessment Fund hospitals and social services mitigation Identify needs of vulnerable populations (e.g. elderly, handicapped, immigrants)
Promote incentives for homeowners, renters and businesses to purchase insurance Create mutual aid agreements
Economic Avoid or Risks eliminate capital stock risks by mandating smart growth or avoiding high risk areas
Provide incentives to mitigate or reduce risk Diversify income sources Attract wide range of business types Mitigate risks to key income generators (base industries, large employment sectors)
Develop business retention and job placement Incentives for smart programs growth
Launch clean-up Mandate use of efforts technologies Regulate use and (e.g. emissions storage of potential free vehicles) pollutants Enforce strict zoning Reduce densities in sensitive areas Habitat conservation plans
Develop transfer of development rights programs, or environmental land swaps Greater shared responsibilities of Indigenous Peoples in the management and protection of forests
DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard) DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) Control Works (Temporary) Restraint Works (Permanent) (Non-structural Measures) Preparedness & Prevention
- Cutting unstable soil & rock mass - Shaping of slope (stepping) - Vegetation - Drainage
- Cast-in-place concrete crib - Pre-cast block, ground anchor and gravity retaining wall - Concrete spraying works - Crib retaining wall - soil nailing
- Hazard resistant design of the slope & buildings - Construction of building at the toe of the slope - Risk transfer (Insurance, reinsurance, Cat bonds)*
DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard) Control Works (Temporary) DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) Restraint Works (Permanent) (Non-structural Measures) Preparedness & Prevention
Storm / Flood
- Mechanical land treatment of slope, such as terracing to reduce the runoff coefficient - Construction of dams/dykes - Construction of levees beside river - Construction of bridges - Other flood control structures i.e. spillways, concrete channels, drainage etc
- Hazard-resistant design and construction codes - Flood and storm forecasting - Flood evacuation training programs - Coastal zone management plan - Financial alternatives - Risk transfer (Insurance, re-insurance, Cat bonds)*
DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard)
Volcanic Eruption
- Construction of dykes
- Volcanic resistant design (i.e. roof slope - Evacuation planning - Public awareness & training program - Delineation of buffer zones - Risk transfer (Insurance, re-insurance, Cat bonds)*
DRR-related PPAs
Concern (Hazard) DRR related PPAs (Structural Measures ) Control Works (Temporary) Earthquake None Restraint Works (Permanent) (Non-structural Measures) Preparedness & Prevention
For concrete structural: - Reinforce building with steel moment frame - Increase lateral support by infilling opening - Protect wall by stiffening floor For wood and other building structures: - Follow the existing building code for retrofitting of the building under threat of the earthquake impact.
- Hazard-resistant design & construction codes - Early warning system and training - Earthquake evacuation planning and training programs - Earthquake macro and micro zoning - Monitoring and evaluation of old building for retrofitting buildings - Financial alternatives - Risk transfer (Insurance, re-insurance, Cat bonds)
Red zones building is strictly prohibited Blue zones building is possible but with restrictions, provided certain safety requirements are met. Buildings exposed to hazards have to be designed corresponding to the hazards possible impacts
To minimize fatalities, the establishment of warning systems and evacuation plans by the communities are required. Events involving large number of people have to be avoided as much as possible
Yellow zones building is possible without restriction`
* For areas prone to natural hazards (mass movements, flooding & snow avalanches)
Source: World Meteorolological Organization (2006)
Risk Management via Land Use Planning (The Case of National Land Use Plan of Lebanon)
In zones susceptible to flooding, the rules of land development must necessarily be restrictive: reduced construction rights, banning housing projects for the purpose of real estate development no installations intended for public use no obstruction of river watercourses prohibition of closed fencing & the obligation to reserve at least 80% of the land for use as gardens, lawns, orchards or vegetable gardens.
Lack of affordable housing Risk of fatality of residents in high risk area A is 1 to 10 persons per 1000 population per year
PROJECTS/ACTIVITIES
STRATEGIES
Provide access to safe new housing sites Prepare shelter plans for families that will be relocated from the high risk areas Improve sites/ services in yy areas Private sector-led development of affordable housing Provide livelihood opportunities
PROGRAMS
INVESTMENT PROGRAMMING & BUDGETING New housing road access program Livelihood Program Resettlement program
Access road construction project Skills development Microfinance Site acquisition and extension of utility lines
Derived from Mediumthe matrix on long term ascertaining Intersectoral the risk Responds to issues and a general concerns problem Broad statement
Goals
Mitigate indiscriminate land conversion; protect selected agricultural land
Objectives
Prevent unnecessary land conversion in yy areas
Strategies
Encourage urban expansion to environment-tally compatible areas Improve agri incomes to discourage conversion
Programs
Urban expansion road program Review and update land use plans and zoning Agricultural productivity program Watershed rehabilitation program
Projects
Access road constn project Updated land use plans and zoning for yy areas Agricultural productivity research project Tree planting project in yy areas Production forest project in yy areas
Flooding
Strategy 1 Strategy 1
Strategy 2
Strategy 1
Project 1
2007-2010
Strategy 1 Strategy 2