Unit 6 Guardians of Tradition

Aj. Nachayadar Srithum 1006122 English 1 School of Liberal Arts Mae Fah Luang University

Unit 6 Guardians of Tradition

Guardian means someone who protects something.
Tradition means a belief, principle or way of acting which people in a particular society or group have continued to follow for a long time.

Unit 6 Guardians of Tradition

The phrase guardians of tradition is used to describe people who actively preserve the customs and traditions of a particular culture or group. These customs and traditions include a range of activities and items, from traditional music and dance to traditional ceremonies and festivals.

Unit 6 Guardians of Tradition

Exercise A (page 57) Look at the pictures of people dancing on different occasions.
What do you think each dance represent or symbolizes?

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1. Funeral dace, Mali (a country in West Africa): a rite passage used to escort the spirit of the dead person to join other dead members of the community.
2. May Pole dance, England: celebrates spring fertility, and rebirth, so clothing is the color of spring flowers.

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3. War dance, New Zealand: symbolizes the strength and manliness of the warriors and motivates them in preparation for battle.
4. Debutante ball, Austria: a formal ball (social event with dancing) in which young men and women are presented to society as a rite into entering young adulthood.

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Exercise A (page 58) Read and listen to the conversation.
What do Michael and Jason dislike about weddings?

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What do Michael and Jason dislike about weddings?
Michael doesnt like dancing and he hates to dress up. Jason dislikes buying expensive gifts.

GERUNDS
A GERUND is a verb in its "ing" form (the present participle); for example, raining, dancing, laughing, thinking, creating, running, and so on.
By definition, they are activities either physical or mental. These words function as NOUNS in a sentence:

GERUNDS
For example: The subject of the verb: Swimming is a lot of fun and good exercise. The object of the verb: I really like swimming. The object of a preposition: I am looking forward to swimming in the ocean.

GERUNDS
1.1 GERUNDS AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE Any activity that can be expressed with the "ing" form of a verb can be the subject of a sentence. All gerunds can be the subject of a sentence. Breathing is necessary. Driving a car requires good vision. Helping other people feels good.

GERUNDS
1.2 GERUNDS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION Prepositions (for, with, about, &) must be followed by an object. The object can be a noun or a gerund (a verb acting as a noun). I am tired of waking up too early. I look forward to meeting your friend. I am interested in learning baseball. She is responsible for implementing new policy.

GERUNDS
1.3 GERUNDS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB When it comes to gerunds as the object of a verb, not all verbs are equal. That is, some verbs can take a gerund as their objects, but other verbs cannot. (Some verbs can take infinitives as their objects. Some verbs never take an object at all.) These differences can only be learned, as individual vocabulary items.

GERUNDS
Here are some verbs that are followed by a gerund. (These verbs can be followed by any gerund.) I appreciate hearing a good joke. I avoid flying as much as I can. I deny saying that. I dislike eating alone. I enjoy talking with new people.

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Exercise B Look at the verbs in the table. Underline examples of the structures in the conversation.

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Exercise C Complete the sentences with appropriate verbs or phrases from the table. Use correct forms. There is more than one correct option for some answers.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. tired/ getting tired avoid were thinking/ thought/ were talking/ talked like/ enjoy; get used looking forward complaining like/ loves/ enjoys; stand finished

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Listening for main idea To understand the main idea in a focused conversation, such as interview, do the following things: 1. If you know what the topic is before listening, try to guess some of the things the people will talk about. 2. Listen for key words and phrases, such as words of attitude or adjectives. 3. Listen for signal words and phrases.

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Listening for main idea Words of attitude: love, hate, want, cant stand, dislike, etc. Positive adjectives: wonderful, fantastic, splendid, etc. Negative adjectives: horrible, disgusting, boring, etc. Signal words: such as, but, that said, and, also, because, etc.

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Exercise A Read the description in an online program guide. Answer the questions. 1. What specific traditions do you think people might mention? 2. What reasons might people give for maintaining traditions? 3. What reasons might they five fore not maintaining traditions?

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1. Common traditions such as weddings, funerals, and holidays. 2. They help maintaining family and community unity, make us feel secure, and are important for cultural identity. 3. Younger generations may not be interested in old traditions. Families tend to live in different places now.

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Exercise B Listen to the interview. For each interview, - Check the box if the person thinks traditions should be maintained. - Choose the sentence that best states the main idea of what they are saying.

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Exercise C Listen to the interview again. Try to remember the reasons the interviewees give fore their opinions.

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Interviewee 1: Young people are not interested in old traditions because they want to do things in new creative ways. Interviewee 2: Changes to traditional ceremonies are interesting, and the essence stays the same. Interviewee 3: Traditions give us a sense of history and continuity. Interviewee 4: Traditions give a society its identity, and connect one generation to another.

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Exercise A Look at the picture and discuss what institutional tradition you think it represents.

Check your ideas by reading the paragraph.

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What institutional tradition you think it represents. Though the picture looks like the institution is military, it is actually a university that has a military component. The university mascot is a dog. The picture was taken of several cadets with Reveille, the mascot, at a football game.

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Exercise B Read the excerpt What is unusual about this mascot?
The mascot, Reveille, attends classes and is the highest-ranking member of a military organization (the Corps of Cadets). Freshmen Corps member are not allowed to speak to or look directly at Reveille.

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Exercise C Match the words from the text with their definitions.

1. initiation
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ritual mascot freshman ranking/rank symbolic

Infinitive
Infinitive is the base form of a verb. An infinitive may exist with or without the word "to".
Infinitives with the word "to" can function as either the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a verb.

Infinitive
2.1 INFINITIVES AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE To read a good book is my favorite form of relaxation. To win means everything to him. To speak a foreign language well requires practice.

Infinitive
2.2 INFINITIVES AS THE OBJECT OF THE VERB Most people like to win. I don't want to go. We don't need to fight like this.

Infinitive
2.2.1 Verb + Infinitive
Here are some verbs that are followed by an infinitive. (These verbs can be followed by any infinitive.) It appears to be a mistake. I will arrange to talk with them as soon as possible. I asked to see the manager about it. I beg to differ with you, sir. Finally, I decided to do it myself. I demand to know who is responsible for this! He deserves to get a promotion.

Infinitive
2.2.2 Verb + Pronoun/Noun (object) + Infinitive
Here are some verbs plus an indirect object followed by an infinitive. (These verbs can be followed by any infinitive.) I would advise you to say nothing about this. She asked me to help her with her car. He begged me to let him come along. We must convince them to investigate the situation. I encouraged her to continue with the task. He expects you to finish on time.

Gerund or Infinitive?
Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive.
Sometimes, there is no difference in meaning. Sometimes there is.

Gerund or Infinitive?
3.1 VERB + INFINITIVE = VERB + GERUND These verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, with NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING.

Gerund or Infinitive?
Infinitive
He began to shout. He started to shout. He continued to shout. I like to read. I love to read. I prefer to read. I hate to wait. I can't stand to wait. I can't bear to wait.

Gerund

= He began shouting. = He started shouting. = = = = = = = He continued shouting. I like reading. I love reading. I prefer reading. I hate waiting. I can't stand waiting. I can't bear waiting.

Gerund or Infinitive?
3.2 VERB + INFINITIVE VERB + GERUND Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but THEIR MEANINGS ARE NOT THE SAME:

Gerund or Infinitive?
Infinitive = Gerund

I will remember to call her. (I will be sure to call her in the future.) I will not forget to meet him. (I will be sure to meet him in the future.) I regret to say he is not here. (I am sorry I must tell you he is not here.) I will try to ring the bell. (I will see if it is possible to ring the bell.) I stopped to smoke at ten o clock. (I interrupted an activity and had a cigarette.)

I remember calling her. (I have the memory of calling her in the past.) I will never forget meeting them. (I will not lose the memory of meeting them.) I regret saying it. (I am sorry I said it.) I will try ringing the bell. (I will ring the bell to see if it will help the situation.) I stopped smoking a year ago. (I ended my cigarette habit.)

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Exercise A Listen to the conversation Was the womans previous job was more or less traditional than her new job?

Answer: Her previous job was more traditional.

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Exercise B Look at the information in the table. Then choose the correct option for each statement.

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Exercise C Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in parentheses.

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1. The military forces people to respect rank. 2. Many colleges encourage freshmen to join an organization. 3. Doctors warn people not to look at the computer screen for too many hours. 4. I need someone to help me with this project. 5. Some colleges dont allow freshmen to live off campus. 6. Our boss advises us not to eat lunch at our desk.

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Exercise B Phrasal verbs for personal rituals
1. Put off = to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date 2. Clean out = to take everything out of a room, car, container, etc. and clean the inside of it. 3. Write down = to write something on a piece of paper so that you do not forget it

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4. Cross something off = to remove someone or
something, such as a name, from a list by drawing a line through it. 5. Go over = to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way 6. Go through = to examine something which contains a collection of things carefully in order to organize them or find something

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7. Plan out = to think about and decide what you are
going to do or how you are going to do something. 8. Put on clothes = wearing clothes

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Exercise A Read the explanation. Then write C (correct) or RO (run-on) next to the sentence.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C RO RO C RO C

References
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES. Retrieved on 20 November 2012 from http://www.sonnerct.com/english_rules/LR1 0_Gerunds_Infinitives.htm