MIMO schemes in 3GPP-LTE

(Dec. 2007)

Jacob Scheim, Ph.D.

MIMO schemes in 3GPP-LTE

Downlink
Background Infrastructure for MIMO over LTE SU-MIMO MU-MIMO Transmit diversity

Uplink

(C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

Background

Max. code words - 2 Max. Tx. Antennas 4

Potentially up to four layers

Pre-coding
16 elements, unitary, for SU-MIMO

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Pilot patterns for spatial multiplexing

R0 R0

One antenna port

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

l =0

l= 6

l =0

l =6

00 00 00 00
Two antenna ports
R0

R0

00 00 00 00
R0

R0

R1

00 00 00 00 00
R1

R1

00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00
R0

00 00 00 00
R0

00 00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00 00
R1

Not used for transmission on this antenna port

00 00 00 00
R0

00 00 00 00
R0

00 00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00
R1

Reference symbols on this antenna port

00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00

Four antenna ports

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000 0000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
R0 R0

R0

0000 0000
R0

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000 0000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
R0 R0

R0

0000 0000
R0

00 00 00 00 00 000000000 000000000 00 00 00 00 00
R1 R1

00 00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00 00 000000000 000000000 00 00 00 00 00
R1 R1

00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00
R1

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000 0000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
R2

00 00 00 00 0000 0000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00000000 00000000 00 00 00 00
R2 R2

00 00 00 00 0000 0000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00 000000000 000000000 00 00 00 00 00
R3 R3

00 00 00 00 00 00000 00000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00000 00000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
R3

00 00 00 00 0000 0000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00

R2

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00 00 00 00 00

R3

e ve n-nu mbere d slot s

od d-nu mbere d sl ot s

eve n-numbered s lots

o dd-n umb ered slot s

e ven-numbe re d sl ot s

odd-numbe red sl ots

eve n-numbered s lots

o dd-n umb ere d slot s

Antenna port 0

Antenna port 1

Antenna port 2

Ant enna port 3

(C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

Pilot patterns for spatial multiplexing

180 [KHz] 0.5 [msec]

Antenna port #0 Antenna port #1 Antenna port #2

Antenna port #3 (C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

Comments on reference signal

Is not affected by applying pre-coding Is not affected by applying transmit diversity Reference signals density reduces with number of antennas:
Higher layer MIMO for lower mobility

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Multi layer data transmission (SU-MIMO)

Rank 2 MIMO Space

Rank 4 MIMO

(C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

Data/Control partitioning
1 msec

Increased diversity region => <=

Increased rate region

(C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

Peak rates for LTE-MIMO

Back of the envelope calculations:
11x12 generic tile size (assuming max. control symbols) Peak rate:
64 QAM Code rate BW - 20 MHz - 6 bits/symbols - 1 (no FEC) - 110 RBs

Sub-frames per second Peak rates calculation:

- 1000
=87 Mbps >150 Mbps >300 Mbps antenna)

SISO: 11*12*6*110*1000 MIMO (2x2, 4x2) doubles the rate MIMO (4x4) quadruples the rare= High class UEs category 5 (with 4 Rx may exceed 300 Mbps

(C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

Infrastructure
Pre-coding for what:
Increasing SNR (Beam-forming) Decreasing intra-cell interference Decreasing inter-cell interference

Code book design

Unitary matrices (Householder based) 16 matrices for 4x(1:4) scheme Feedback:
Wideband Narrowband

Channel quality indication

Per layer Feedback
Wideband Narrowband

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Comments on MU-MIMO
Requires standard adaptation for SDMA:
Optimizing the pre-coding codebook Changing the CQI feedback structure

(SDMA)

User A

User C

User B

User D

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DL transmit diversity modes

Transmit diversity 1 stream to 2 antennae port - Alamouti scheme 1 stream to 4 antennae port Alamouti alike scheme
Two parallel Alamouti schemes

Cyclic delay diversity (CDD) Zero/small delay diversity Large delay diversity

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Transmit diversity
Two transmit antennas
Basic assumptions:
Two transmit chains Channel doesnt change along the retransmission

Origin*: Antenna

LTE: Antenna

Time

x0 x
* 1

x1 x
* 0

Freq.

x0 x1

x x

* 1 * 0

Rate 1 code Diversity order = 2

S.M. Alamouti "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications," IEEE JSAC vol. 16 (8), pp. 14511458
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*

Transmit diversity
Four transmit antennas
LTE: Antenna

cont

Alternative*: Antenna

x0
Freq.

0 0 x2 x3

* x1 * x0 0

0 0 * x3
* x2

x0
Time
* x1 * x2

x1
* x0 * x3

x2
* x3 * x0

x3
* x2 * x1

x1 0 0

x3

x2

x1

x0

Rate 1 code Diversity order = 2

(spatial)

Rate 1 code Diversity order < 4 Biased scheme (Ch. Est.)

Unbiased scheme (Ch. Est.)

*

Hamid Jafarkhani "A quasi-orthogonal spacetime block code," IEEE Trans. Comm. Vol. 49 (1): pp. 14
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Transmit diversity
Summary:
STBC => SFBC For 4 transmit antennas
Diversity order equals 2 Unbiased channel estimates

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Cyclic delay diversity

x0 xd x1 Xd+1 x2

xN-2 xN-1

FFT FFT

x0 x1 x2

Modulator Modulator

1st Tx. antenna 2nd Tx. antenna

xN-2 Xd-2 xN-1 Xd-1

(C) 2007 Comsys communication and Signal Processing Ltd. All rights reserved

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Cyclic delay diversity

Problem
The pilots are processed also

Solution
Project the processing backwards prior the FFT
CDD requires extra processing for channel estimation Pilots remain orthogonal

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Uplink
Requirements
Open loop Tx diversity: SxBC, CDD 2x2 MU-MIMO
Virtual MIMO

2x2 SU-MIMO

Standard
Preliminary stages The TS 36.211 doesnt reflect currently any decision taken

Technically
The same as DL Reference signals are orthogonal by time division
Between antennas orthogonal sequences may be used

Two transmit antennas

A single RF chain?
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