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HYDRAULICS- II

CHAPTER- FOUR
4 .0. LAMLNAR & TURBULENT FLOW
4.1. Introduction
Fluid flow may be either viscous (laminar or streamline) or turbulent, the
type of flow depending on the value of Reynolds number (Re=

VL
]
Laminar flow: is defined as flow in which the fluid moves in layers, or laminas, one
layer gliding smoothly over an adjacent layer with only a molecular interchange of
momentum. Instability & disturbances of flow is controlled by viscous shear forces that
resist relative motion of adjacent fluid layers.
Turbulent flow- has very erratic motion of fluid particles, with a violent transverse
interchange of momentum & it had completely disrupted the orderly movement of
laminar flow.
Starting with turbulent flow in the glass tube, Reynolds found that it always become
laminar when the velocity is reduced to make Re less than 2000. This is the Reynolds
Lower critical numbers for pipe flow & is practical importance. With usual piping
installation, the flow will change from laminar to turbulent in the range of Re from 2000
to 4000.
In the laminar flow the losses are directly proportional to the average velocity, while in
turbulent flow the losses are proportional to the velocity to a power varying from 1.7 to
2.0.
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 1 -
HYDRAULICS- II
4.1. Analysis of Laminar flow through pipes & porous media.
I. Laminar flow
The Laminar flow occurs at low velocity, so that the viscous forces predominate over the
inertial forces. The viscosity of fluid induces relative motion with in the fluids as the fluid
layers slide over one another, which in turn gives rise to shear stresses.
The magnitude of shear stress varies from point to pint maximum at the boundary &
gradually decreasing with increase in distance from the boundary.
The shear stress so produced result in developing a resistance to flow. In order to
overcome the shear resistance to flow the pressure drops from section to section in the
direction of flow so that a pressure gradient exists.
a) LAMNAR FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES
For steady flow b/n parallel inclined plates; the bottom plate fixed, the upper plate has a
constant velocity U.
Fig.1
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 2 -
HYDRAULICS- II
Analyzing the flow by taking a thin lamina of unit width as a free body, the equation of
motion yields:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ) 4 (
2
1
2
1
& 0
, ,
& 0 , &
) 3 (
2
1
2
int . ..
: . .
) 2 ( ) ( .
) / (
) 1 ( .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
: 1 . . sin
0 sin . . . . . .
2
1 2
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
2
+
+


+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

,
_


+ + +

,
_

+ +
,
_

+
Y ay h p
d
d
a
UY
V
a h p
dl
d
a
U
C C
then plate upper at U V O y at
plate bottom at v O y at take C C eualuate To
C Y
C
h p
dl
d
V
C Y C h p
d
d y
v
again egrating and C h p
d
d
y
dy
du
Y t r w g Integratin
h p
d
d
dy
u d
dy
du
dy
d
dy
d
only of n fu a is h p c b h P
d
d
h p
y of n fu a only is V because
dy
d
y
h P
y
y element of volume the by n eq the dividing and
h
uisng
y Y
y
Y
P
Y P Y P

Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 3 -


HYDRAULICS- II
For both plates fixed U=0 and the velocity distribution is parabolic with maximum
velocity at the mid plane.
V
max
= U =
) (
8
2
h p
dl
d a

- ---------------------------------------------------4 (a)
The discharge of the laminar flow per unit width of the plate can be obtained by
integrating eqn. (4) w. r. t. y, Yielding:

( ) ) 6 (
12 2
,
) 5 ( ) (
12
1
2
2
3
+
+

a h p
dl
d d u
a
q
v velocity Averagy
a h p
dl
d ua
vdy q
a
o

For the both plate stationary, U= 0, then


( ) ( )
( ) ) 6 (
12
1
) ( 4
2
1
3
2
a a h p
dl
d
q
b Y aY h p
dl
d
v
+

The mean velocity of flow:


( )
) (
) ( 4
12
1
2
stationary plates both for
c a h p
dl
d
a
q
V +

From eqn. 4 (a)& (4 c),


V
=
2/3 V
max
---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 4 (d)
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 4 -
HYDRAULICS- II
Shear stress Distribution
It is given by:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 7 ( 2
2
1
2
1
2
+
1
]
1

+
y a h p
d
d
a
U
y ay h p
d
d
a
UY
dy
d
dy
du

Point of Maximum velocity


Derive V in terms of y
( ) ( )
( )
) 8 (
1
2
0 2
2
1

+

,
_


+
h p
d
d
a
U
a
Y
Y a h p
d
d
a
U
dy
dv

Head loss (Energy losses):


From the equation (6)
( )
2
6 12
a
U V U
h p
d
d

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ) 9 ( ) ( 2
6
2
6
6 12
2
2
1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2
1

+

moving plate upper for U V
a
L p
h
U V L
a
h h p p
dl
a
U V
h p d
lf
x
x

Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 5 -


HYDRAULICS- II
h
lf
=
) 9 (
12
2
a
a
L V p


(For both plate stationary)
(b)-Laminar Flow in circular pipe
(Hagen poiseuile law)
Fig.2
For steady, fully developed laminar flow there are normal forces (pressure forces) acting
on the left & right ends of the control volume, and that there are tangential forces (shear
forces) on the inner & outer cylindrical surfaces.
It the pressure at the centre of the annular control volume is p, then the force on the left
end is:
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 6 -
HYDRAULICS- II

,
_

,
_

,
_

ii
rdr
dx
x
p
p
is end ritht the on force The
i dr r
dx
x
p
p
2
2
) ( 2
2
If the shear stress at the crater of the annular control volume is

then the shear force


on the inner cylindrical surfaces is:

The shear force on the outer cylindrical surface is:
( ) iv dx
dr
r
dr
dr
d

,
_

+ +
2
2
2
(

The summation of the x- components of forces acting on the control volume must be
zero. Thus:
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 7 -
) (
2
2
2
. iii dx
dr
r
dr
dr
d

,
_


,
_

HYDRAULICS- II
) ( 0 2 . 2 . 2
0 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
v dx dr r
dr
d
dx dr dx dr
x
p
dx
dr
r
dr
dr
d
dx
dr
r
dr
dr
d
rdr
dx
x
p
p rdr
dx
x
p
p
+ +


,
_

+
,
_

+ +

,
_


,
_


,
_

+
,
_

Dividing this eqn. by 2 rdr dx gives


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
1
2
ln
4
) )( (
2
2
2
.
2
.
.
) (
1
C r
C
x
p r
V
b vi
r
C
x
p r
dr
dv
dr
dv
ng Substituti
a vi C
x
p r
r
n eq this g Integratin
x
p
r r
dr
d
vi r
dr
d
r dr
d
r x
p
+ +
,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_


At the centre for r = o, V= V
max
is finite, hence C
1
=0 other wise
V (r=o) will be infinite.
2
2
4
C
x
p r
V +
,
_

The boundary condition, at the pipe wall r = R ,v =0 therefore:


Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 8 -
HYDRAULICS- II
( ) ) (
4
1
4 4
,
4
2 2
2 2
2
2
vii R r
x
p
V
x
p R
x
p r
V hence and
x
p R
C

,
_

,
_


,
_

,
_

The velocity distribution is paraboloiod of revolution, & the max. velocity occurs at the
centre of the pipe & ( i.e. r = 0)
Thus: V
max =

) (
4
1
2
viii R
x
p

,
_

From eqn. (Viii) & (vii) , we have


V = V
max
. ( ) [ ] ) ( / 1
2
ix R r
Volume flow Rate

( )dr r V dA V dQ 2 . .
( ) ( ) dr r R r
x
p

,
_

2
4
1
2 2

By integrating both sides:



( )
) (
8
2
2
0
2 2
x
x
P
R Q
dr r R r
x
p
Q
R

,
_




,
_

The mean velocity of flow (


V
)
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 9 -
HYDRAULICS- II
max
2
2
2
2
1
) (
32
1
8
1
: / ,
V V
xi D
x
P
R
x
P
V
by given is
R
Q
A Q V


,
_

,
_

,
_

From eqn. (x) & (xii (a), mean Velocity occurs at:

R
R
r 707 . 0
2

The Shear stress Distribution

( ) ( ) 0
2
1

,
_

C above a vi n eq From
x
p r
dr
dv

Head loss:

2
2 1
2
32
) ( (
32
D
V
L
p p
or
xii eg from
D
V
x
p


,
_


) ( (
128
2 Re
64
) (
32
.) ( 128
32
4
2
2
2 1
4
2 2 1
a xiii
D
QL
gD
V L
xiiii
D
VL p p
h
eqn poiseuille Hagen
UD
QL
D
L V
P P
lf

,
_

,
_

From Darcy- weisbach eqn. the head loss due to frictional resistance in a long straight
pipe of length L diameter, D & mean velocity V is given as:
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 10 -
HYDRAULICS- II

g
V
D
L
f h
f
2
2
From these two head losses eqn.

)) ( (
64
Re
64
32
2
2
2
b xiiii
D V
f
D
VL
g
V
D
L
f

where f is the friction factor of a pipe.


Note: - The above equations are derived for horizontal pipes, but for inclined pipe it is
given as:

( ) ) (
4
1
2 2
R r h p
dl
d
V +

b) Fully Developed Turbulent flow in pipe


Shearing in turbulent flows is both difficult to Visualize & less amenable to mathematical
treatment. As consequence, the solutions of problems involving turbulent flows tend to
invoke experimental data.
In turbulent flow,a streamline broken into an eddy formation, that its success passage
leads to a measurable fluctuation in the velocity at a given point. The eddies are generally
irregular in size & shape, so the fluctuation of velocity with time is correspondingly
irregular. For convenience, this fluctuating velocity is broken down into two components:
average velocity at a point ( ) u and fluctuating components U (in the x-direction),v ( in
y-direction) & w ( in z-direction).
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 11 -
HYDRAULICS- II
Fig.3 Turbulent fluctuations in direction of flow

0
1 1
) (
1
'
.
1
) ( '

+ + +
+
U U
dt U
T
Udt
T
dt U U
T
U
udt
T
U
direction x the in U U U
o
T t
t
To t
t
o o
To t
t
o
To t
t
o
(The mean value of fluctuation)
In turbulent flow, no simple relation exists between the shear stress field & the
momentum velocity field. Velocity fluctuations in turbulent flow exchange momentum
between adjacent layers of fluid, thereby causing apparent shear stress that must be
added to the stress caused by the mean velocity gradients. For folly developed turbulent
channel flow, the total shear stress given by:
' 'V U
dy
u d

.(A)
y-is the distance from the pipe;
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 12 -
HYDRAULICS- II
U -is the mean velocity;
U,V- fluctuating components of velocity in the x & y directions;
' 'V U
- is referred as the Reynolds stress
The apparent shear stress in turbulent flow is expressed in a form similar to Newtons
viscosity law, that is,
y
U
V U
t

' '
(B)
Where, - is an empirical coefficient called the eddy viscosity.
Prandtls Mixing Length
In prandtls theory, expressions for U & V are obtained in terms of a mixing-length
distance l & the velocity gradient du/dy.
Prandtl assumed that a particle of fluid is displaced a distance l before its momentum is
changed by the new Environment. The fluctuation U&V is then related to l by
dy
du
V U ' '
(C)


Fig.4 Notation for mixing length theory.
By substituting for U &V
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 13 -
HYDRAULICS- II
2
2
' '

,
_


dy
du
V U
t xyt
(D)
Comparing eqn. (B) & eqn. (D), the eddy viscosity is:
dy
du
2

.(E)
In turbulent flow there is a violent change of parcels of fluid except at a boundary, or
very near to it, where this inter change is reduced to zero; hence l must approach zero or a
fluid boundary.
The particular relation ship of to wall distance y is suggested by Von Korman as:

2 2
/
/
dy u d
dy du
k
(F)
Where, k = is universal constant in turbulent flow, known as Von Korman is coefficient
(= 0.4)
Velocity Distribution in Turbulent shear flows:
In turbulent flow there is no universal relation ship b/n the stress field & the mean
velocity field. It is convenient to visualize the turbulent-shear layer near a smooth wall to
be divided in to three layers: (see fig)

Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 14 -
HYDRAULICS- II
Fig.5 Schematic of shear stress
In the region very close to the wall, where viscous shear is dominant, the mean velocity
profile follows the linear viscous (laminar) relation, within region
' y
, Thus:
' , .

y
y
u
y
u
o
' = is laminar height &

o
= has dimension of velocity & is called the shear stress or friction
velocity u
*
. Hence
) ( ' ,
.
*
G y
y u
U
u

y- is the distance measured from the wall (Y=R -r, pipe radius)
u - is the mean velocity.
is kinematics viscosity
Equation (G) is valid for , 5 0
*

v
Y u
that is,
*
5 '
u
v
-------------------------------------------------(H)
(Viscous sub layer)
In the overlap layer it is assumed that the shear stress is approximately equal to the shear
stress at the wall, but turbulent dominates:
Hence, ) ( . (
2
2
D eqn from
dy
du
o

,
_


Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 15 -
HYDRAULICS- II

,
_


dy
du o

From dimensional consideration is proportional to y, therefore, take =ky


Hence,
y
dy
k ky
dy
u
du 1
*

....(I)
and Integrating:
) 4 . 0 ( tan ln
1
*
+ k t cons y
k u
u
(J)
u= u
max
=U, at y =R,
), ( 5 . 2
5 . 2
max
*
max
R n u u c
c nR
u
u


+
Therefore,
,
_

+
R
y
n u u u
* max
5 . 2
(K)
The velocity profile for turbulent flow through a smooth pipe can be represented by the
empirical Power-law eqn,
n
R
r
R
y
u
u
u
u
n
m
1
1
1
max

,
_


,
_


Where n- varies with the Reynolds number
The power-low profile is not applicable close to the wall
,
_

< 04 . 0
R
y
; the variation of
the exponent, n, in the power law profile with Reynolds number (based on pipe diameter,
D, & centerline velocity, u
max
) is shown in fig below:
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 16 -
HYDRAULICS- II
Fig.6 Centerline Reynolds number, Re
A value of n=7 often used for the exponent; this gives rise to the term a one-seventh
power profile for fully developed turbulent flow.
Lecture Note, AWTI (03/04) - 17 -

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