Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchangers
prevent car engine
overheating and
increase efficiency
Heat exchangers are
used in Industry for
heat transfer
Heat exchangers are
used in Industry for
heat transfer
Heat
exchangers are
used in AC and
furnaces
g e n e r a t e d s
i n o u t
o u t i n
e w q h m h m
d t
d E
- - -

- =


.

.

- =
o u t i n
h m h m

.

.
h
h
p h h
T C m A Q A = . . .
0
0 0 0

- =
o u t i n
h m h m

.

.
h
h
p h h
T C m A Q A = . . .
c
c
p c c
T C m A Q A = . . .
HOT
COLD
T
h
T
i,wall
T
o,wall
, ) d A T T h d q
c o w c x
. . - =
Energy moves from hot
fluid to a surface by
convection, through the
wall by conduction, and
then by convection from
the surface to the cold
fluid.
Q hot
Q cold
T
c

dq
x
= h
h
. T
h
- T
iw
, )
.dA

dq
x
= - k.
dT
dr
V = u2rdr
r = 0
r = D/ 2
}
The molecule of the flowing fluid which adjacent to the surface
have zero velocity because of mass-attractive forces. Other
fluid particles in the vicinity of this layer, when attempting to
slid over it, are slow down by viscous forces.
The molecule of the flowing fluid which adjacent to the surface
have zero velocity because of mass-attractive forces. Other
fluid particles in the vicinity of this layer, when attempting to
slid over it, are slow down by viscous forces.
r
Boundary layer
heating
cooling
Tube wall
Twh
Twc
Tc
Metal
wall
o
Warm fluid
cold fluid

q
x
= hAAT
q
x
= hA(T
w
- T)

q
x
=
k

A(T
w
- T)
h
Twh
Twc
Tc
Metal
wall
o
Warm fluid
cold fluid

q
x
=
k

A(T
w
- T)

T
h
- T
iw
=
q
x
h
h
.A
i

q
x
= h
hot
. T
h
- T
iw
, )
.A
Region II : Conduction
Across Copper Wall

q
x
=
k
copper
.2L
ln
r
o
r
i

T
o,wall
- T
i,wall
=
q
x
.ln
r
o
r
i






k
copper
.2L
Region III : Solid
Cold Liquid
Convection

T
o,wall
- T
c
=
q
x
h
c
.A
o

q
x
= h
c
T
o,wall
- T
c
, )
A
o
+
U = The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m.K]
+

T
h
- T
c
= q
x
1
h
h
.A
i
-
ln
r
o
r
i






k
copper
.2L
-
1
h
c
.A
o






1

1
1
1
1

q
x
= U.A. T
h
- T
c
, )
1
1
.
ln .
.
-
1
1
1
1
1

- =
co ld i co ppe r
i
o
o
i h o t
o
h r k
r
r
r
r h
r
U

T
h
- T
c
=
q
x
R
1
- R
2
- R
3

U =
1
A.` R
r
o
r
i
co ld h o t
d q d q d q = - =
c h
T T T - = A
c h
d T d T T d - = A ) (
h
h
p h h
d T C m d q . . =
c
c
p c c
d T C m d q . . =
Hot Stream :
Cold Stream:

- = A
c
p c
c
h
p h
h
C m
d q
C m
d q
T d
. .
) (
d A T U d q . . A - = -

- A - = A
c
p c
h
p h
C m C m
d A T U T d
.
1
.
1
. . . ) (
} }

A
-
A
- =
A
A
A
A
2
1
2
1
. .
) (
A
A
c
c
h
h
T
T
d A
q
T
q
T
U
T
T d
} }

- - =
A
A
A
A
2
1
2
1
.
.
1
.
1
.
) (
A
A
c
p c
h
p h
T
T
d A
C m C m
U
T
T d
, ) , ) , )
o u t
c
i n
c
o u t
h
i n
h c h
T T T T
q
A U
T T
q
A U
T
T
- - - - = A - A - =

A
A . . .
ln
1
2
} }

A
-
A
- =
A
A
A
A
2
1
2
1
. .
) (
A
A
c
c
h
h
T
T
d A
q
T
q
T
U
T
T d

A
A
A - A
=
1
2
1 2
ln
.
T
T
T T
A U q
CON CURRENT FLOW

A
A
A - A
= A
1
2
1 2
ln
T
T
T T
T
Ln
COUNTER CURRENT FLOW
, ) , )
Ln
c
p c
Ln
h
p h
T A
T T C m
T A
T T C m
U
A
-
=
A
-
=
.
. .
.
. .
10 7 6 3

Log Mean Temperature evaluation

T
1
1 2
T
2
T
3
T
6
T
4
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
Wall
T1
T2
1 2
7 3 1
T T T T T
i n
c
i n
h
- = - = A
10 6 2
T T T T T
o u t
c
o u t
h
- = - = A
10 6 2
T T T T T
i n
c
o u t
h
- = - = A
7 3 1
T T T T T
o u t
c
i n
h
- = - = A
T1
T2
T4 T5
T3
T7 T8 T9
T10
T6
Counter - Cur rent Flow
T1
T2
T4 T5
T6
T3
T7
T8 T9
T10
Para llel Flow
A
T
9
T
10 A
A
T
1
A
1 2
T
2
T
3
T
6
T
4
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
T
10
Wall

q = h
h
A
i
AT
lm

AT
lm
=
(T
3
- T
1
) - (T
6
- T
2
)
ln
(T
3
- T
1
)
(T
6
- T
2
)
A

q = h
c
A
o
AT
lm

AT
lm
=
(T
1
- T
7
) - (T
2
- T
10
)
ln
(T
1
- T
7
)
(T
2
- T
10
)

N u = f (R e, Pr, L / D ,
b
/
o
)

. . D v
k
C
p
.
k
D h .
Nu =
D

N u = a.R e
b
.Pr
c
q =
k

A(T
w
- T)
h
Nu =
D

14 . 0
3 / 1 8 . 0
. Pr . Re . 026 . 0

=
o
b
Ln
Nu

14 . 0
3 / 1 8 . 0
. Pr . Re . 026 . 0

=
o
b
Ln
Nu

Figure Figure 11 An An open open system system exchanging exchanging heat heat From From Advanced Advanced Engineering Engineering
Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics, Bejan, Bejan, AA..,, Copyright Copyright ((1997 1997,, John John Wiley Wiley &&
sons sons inc inc..)).. Reprinted Reprinted by by permission permission of of John John Wiley Wiley && Sons Sons inc inc..
t
E
W Q g Z u h m g Z u h m
s h
o u t i n
c
c
= - -

- - -

- -
- - - -

2 2
2
1
2
1
0 =
t
S
T
Q
s m s m
o u t i n
c
c
s - -
-
- -
0 > - - -
c
c
=

- -
-
-
s m s m
T
Q
t
S
S
o u t i n
g e n
t
S
T
Q
s m s m
o u t i n
c
c
s - -
-
- -
0 > - - -
c
c
=

- -
-
-
s m s m
T
Q
t
S
S
o u t i n
g e n
0 =
c
c
t
S
NB NB :: 11.. The The entropy entropy generation generation rate rate is is zero zero for for aa reversible reversible
system system and and positive positive for for any any real real system system..
22.. Hence Hence Entropy Entropy Generation Generation rate rate is is conveniently conveniently aa
measure measure of of reversibility reversibility
g e n
S
-
g e n
S
-
t
E
W Q g Z u h m g Z u h m
s h
o u t i n
c
c
= - -

- - -

- -
- - - -

2 2
2
1
2
1
If a system has several heat transfer interaction Q
i
, I = 0 to n,
including interaction with the environment
1
I = 0, so we can
write from this equotion :

- - -
=
-
- - - =
o u t
t
i n
t
n
i
h m h m W Q
d t
d E
0
g z
u
h h
t
- - =
2
2
(t o t a l e n t h a lpy o r g e n e r a li s e d
e n t h a lpy g r o u p)
g z
u
h h
t
- - =
2
2
(t o t a l e n t h a lpy o r g e n e r a li s e d
e n t h a lpy g r o u p)
Is o la t i n g t h e a t m o s ph e r i c i n t e r a ct i o n t h e t w o la w s
be co m e ;

- - -
=
- -
- - - =
o u t
t
i n
t
i
n
l i
o
h m h m W Q Q
d t
d E

- - -
=
-
-
-
- - - - - =
o u t
t
i n
t
i
n
l i
o
o
g e n
h m h m W Q
T
Q
d t
d S
S
E li m i n a t e Q
o
fr o m a q u a t i o n 1 a n d 2, s o w e h a ve :
, ) , )
g e n
o o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
n
l i
i
o
o
S T s T h m s T h m Q
T
T
S T E
d t
d
W
- - - -
=
-
- - - - -

- - - - =

1
NB : since the secon law cannot be negative. By definition this also
the reversible process condition, since represents the isentropic
process.
g e n S
-
g e n S
-
We have,
, ) , ) s T h m s T h m Q
T
T
S T E
d t
d
W W
o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
n
l i
i
o
o
r e v - - - -

- - - - = =

- - -
=
- -
1 max , ) , ) s T h m s T h m Q
T
T
S T E
d t
d
W W
o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
n
l i
i
o
o
r e v - - - -

- - - - = =

- - -
=
- -
1 max
Clearly, from this two equation are :
g e n
o
r e v S T W W
- - -
- =
& re-asserting the second law,
0 > = -
- - -
g e n
o
r e v S T W W
g e n
o
r e v lo s t
S T W W W
- - - -
= - =
The result is the lost work theorem
Gouy-Stodala theorem
From From the the ((22)) now now become become simply, simply, on on dropping dropping the the now now redundant redundant
subscript subscript II
- - -

- = = Q
T
T
W W
o
r e v
1
max

- - -
=
-
-
-
- - - - - =
o u t
t
i n
t
i
n
l i
o
o
g e n
h m h m W Q
T
Q
d t
d S
S
Where Where is is the the easily easily recognisable recognisable Carnot Carnot efficincy efficincy of of aa system system
Exchanging Exchanging heat heat QQat at aa temperature temperature TTand and rejecting rejecting at at the the ambient ambient TT
oo ..

-
T
T
o
1
d t
d V
p W E
o W
- =
- -

, ) , )
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- - -

- - - -
-
=


g e n o o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
i
o
o o W
S T S T h m S T h m
Q
T
T
V p S T E
d t
d
E 1
, ) , )
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- - -

- - - -
-
=


g e n o o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
i
o
o o W
S T S T h m S T h m
Q
T
T
V p S T E
d t
d
E 1
Combined Combined exergy exergy
(flow/ (flow/ non non flow) flow)
Intake Intake of of flow flow
exergy exergy via via mass mass
flow flow
Intake Intake of of flow flow
exergy exergy via via mass mass
flow flow
Discharge Discharge of of flow flow
exergy exergy via via mass mass
flow flow
Discharge Discharge of of flow flow
exergy exergy via via mass mass
flow flow
Exergy Exergy lost lost through through
irreversibilities irreversibilities
Exergy Exergy lost lost through through
irreversibilities irreversibilities

, ) , )
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- - -

- - - -
-
=


g e n o o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
i
o
o o W
S T S T h m S T h m
Q
T
T
V p S T E
d t
d
E 1
Clearly, Clearly, the the maximum maximum total total exergy exergy occurs occurs in in the the limit limit of of zero zero
irreversibility irreversibility or or zero zero entropy entropy generation, generation, with with the the last last term term
equal equal to to zero zero..
We We d i fi n e d i fi n e t h e t h e a r g u m e n t a r g u m e n t o f o f t h e t h e fi r s t fi r s t t e r m t e r m a s a s t h e t h e n o n n o n flo w flo w
a va i la bi li t y a va i la bi li t y (i n t e n s i ve (i n t e n s i ve A, A, i n t e n s i ve i n t e n s i ve a ) a )
Clearly, Clearly, the the maximum maximum total total exergy exergy occurs occurs in in the the limit limit of of zero zero
irreversibility irreversibility or or zero zero entropy entropy generation, generation, with with the the last last term term
equal equal to to zero zero..
We We d i fi n e d i fi n e t h e t h e a r g u m e n t a r g u m e n t o f o f t h e t h e fi r s t fi r s t t e r m t e r m a s a s t h e t h e n o n n o n flo w flo w
a va i la bi li t y a va i la bi li t y (i n t e n s i ve (i n t e n s i ve A, A, i n t e n s i ve i n t e n s i ve a ) a )
V p S T E A
o o
- - =
v p s T e a
o o
- - =
Th e Th e s e co n d s e co n d t h e r m t h e r m i s i s t h e t h e s u m s u m o f o f available available work work (exergy) (exergy)
contents contents of of the the heat heat transfer transfer interaction interaction,, d e n o t e d d e n o t e d by by (E (E
QQ
))
ZZ
,,
n o t i n g n o t i n g t h a t t h a t fo r fo r e a ch e a ch i n t e r a ct i o n i n t e r a ct i o n t h e t h e a va i la ble a va i la ble w o r k w o r k i s i s t a h t t a h t o f o f
t h e t h e (r e ve r s i ble ) (r e ve r s i ble ) Ca r n o t Ca r n o t cyr cle cyr cle ..
The The argument argument of of each each
of of the the third third terms terms is is
difined difined as as the the flow flow
availability availability (B,b) (B,b) ::
S T H B
o t
- =
, ) g z
u
s T h
s T g z
u
h
s T H b
o
o
o t
- - - =
- - - =
- =
2
2
2
2
The The argument argument of of each each
of of the the third third terms terms is is
difined difined as as the the flow flow
availability availability (B,b) (B,b) ::
, ) g z
u
s T h
s T g z
u
h
s T H b
o
o
o t
- - - =
- - - =
- =
2
2
2
2

, ) , )
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- - -

- - - -
-
=


g e n o o t
o u t
o t
i n
i
i
o
o o W
S T S T h m S T h m
Q
T
T
V p S T E
d t
d
E 1
We We can can express express
the the generalised generalised
this this equation equation
- - -
=
- -
- - -

- - =
g e n o
o u t i n
n
l i i
Q W
S T b m b m E
d t
d A
E
so so we we have have
With zero time derivaties in this equation :
- - -
=
- -
- - -

- - =
g e n o
o u t i n
n
l i i
Q W
S T b m b m E
d t
d A
E
So we have :
- - -
=
- -
- - -

=
g e n o
o u t i n
n
l i i
Q W
S T b m b m E E
For r unmixed streams, since these constitute the majority of
power and refrigeration application, becomes :
- - -
=
- -
- - -

=
g e n o
o u t i n
n
l i i
Q W
S T b m b m E E
For r unmixed streams, since these constitute the majority of
power and refrigeration application, becomes :
-
=
- -
=
- -
-
1

=
g e n o
k
r
l k o u t i n
n
l i i
Q W
S T b m b m E E
So we have :
, ) , )


=
- -
=
- -
= =
-

- -

- =
- - - =
r
l k o u t k
o
n
l i i n k
o
r
l k
o u t k o
n
l i
i n k o W
b m b m b m b m
B B B B E
, ,
, ,
Where :
, )
, )
o u t k
o o o t
i n k
o o o t
i n k
s T k m
s T k m b m
,
,
,
,
,
- =
- =

-
- -
, )

=
- -
=
-
1

=
- =
n
l i o u t k i n k
n
l i
o u t k i n k r e v W
b m b m
B B E
, ,
, , ,
, )
o o o t t o x
S S T H H B B E - - - = - =
,
, )
o o o t t o x
s s T h h b b e - - - = - =
,
o o o o o o
v p s T e a - - =
o o o o
s T h b - =
, )
o o o t t o x
s s T h h b b e - - - = - =
,
The general form of flow exergy given by this formula
can be expressed more usable forms (Bejan (1988)) by,
for an incompressible liquid with specific heat c and
density constant :

o
o o
o x
p p
T
T
T
T
cT e
-
-

- - = ln 1

o
o o
o x
p p
T
T
T
T
cT e
-
-

- - = ln 1
And for an ideal gas with constant
c
p
and R :
o
o
o o
o p x
p
p
RT
T
T
T
T
T c e ln ln 1 -

- - =
T
2
T
h p
c m ) (
-
T
1
T
wall
dx
c p
c m ) (
-