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GenitoUrinarySystem
MAINFUNCTIONOFTHEGENITOURINARYSYSTEM
Mainhomeostasisandremovewasteproductsfrombody Andtomaintainconstantbodyfluidvolumeandcomposition Urinaryandgenitalsystemconsideredtogetherbecausetheysharemanyorgans
ComponentsUrinarySystem
Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra
1.1
Kidney
Kidneybeanshape Liesonposteriorabdominalwall o Behindperitoneum Locatedeithersideofvertebrae Rightkidneylowerthanleft Renalcapsulesurroundskidney Kidneydividedinto o Outercortex o Innermedulla Medullaconsistsofrenalpyramids Renalpyramidsextendintocortex Papillaisinnermostendofpyramid Calyxextendstorenalpelvis
1.1.1
Nephron
Nephronsaretinyfilteringunitsthatarefoundwithinkidneys Madeupofbloodvessels(glomeruli)andtubules Anephronreferstothebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitofthekidney Nephronsconsists o Renalcorpuscle(Bowmanscapsule&glomerulus) o Proximalconvolutedtubule o LoopofHenle o Anddistalconvolutedtubule Distalconvolutedtubuleemptiesintocollectingduct o Carriesurinefromcortextocalyces o Terminalendofnephronisenlarged o Calledbowmanscapsule o Occupiesnetworkofcapillaries KnownasGlomerulus
1.1.1.1 Themainfunctionofthenephron
Regulatewaterconcentrationandsolublesubstanceby o Filteringtheblood o Reabsorbingwhatisneeded o Andexcretingwhatisnotneededasurine.
1.2
Ureters
Extendsfromrenalpelvistourinarybladder Transportsurinefromkidneytobladder
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Module10 1.3
GenitoUrinarySystem
UrinaryBladder
Hollowmuscularorgan Liesinpelviccavity Posteriortopubicsymphysis
1.4
Sphincter
Junctionofurethrawithurinarybladder o Smoothmuscleofbladderformsinternalsphincter Externalurinarysphinctersurroundsurethraasurethraextendsthroughpelvicfloor Theycontrolflowofurinethroughurethra
1.5
Urethra
GenitalSystem
Genitalsystemcontrolsreproductiveprocessbywhichlifeiscreated Maleandfemalereproductiveorganshavecertainsimilaritiesandbasicdifferences Theyallowproductionofspermandeggcellsandappropriatehormones Usedintheactofsexualintercourseandreproduction
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Module10 2.1
GenitoUrinarySystem
FemaleGenitalia
Femalereproductiveorgansconsistsof: o Ovaries o Fallopiantubes o Uterus o Cervix o Vagina Ovariesproducesexhormonesandspecializedcellsforreproduction(ovum) Femalesexhormonesareabsorbeddirectlyintobloodstream Specializedovum(eggcell)producedregularlyduringadultfemalereproductiveyears Ovariesreleasematureovum+every28days Ovum(eggcell)travelsthroughfallopiantubestouterus Fallopiantubesconnectwithuterusandcarryovum(eggcell)intocavityofuterus Uteruspearshaped,holloworganwithmuscularwalls Narrowopeningfromuterustovaginacalledcervix Vagina(birthcanal)ismusculardistensibletubeconnectstouteruswithvulva o Vulvaexternalfemalegenitalia Vaginareceivespenisduringsexualintercoursewhensemendepositedinit Sperminsemenmaypassintouterus o Andfertilizeanovum(eggcell)causingpregnancy Ifcompletionofpregnancy o 9monthsbabywillpassthroughvaginaandbeborn o Vaginaalsochannelsmenstrualflowoutofbody
2.2
MaleGenitalia
Malereproductivesystemconsistsof: o Testes(Orchi) o Vasadifferentia(ducts) o Seminalvesicles o Prostategland o Urethra o Penis Malegenitalialieoutsidepelviccavity o Exceptforprostateglandandseminalvesicles
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Module10
GenitoUrinarySystem
Eachtesticlecontains: o Specializedcells o Ducts o Someproducehormones o Someproducesperm Hormonesabsorbeddirectlyintobloodstreamfromtesticles Vasadifferentiaareducts o Travelfromtesticlesupbeneathskinofabdominalwallforshortdistance o Thenpassesthroughopeningintoabdominalcavityandintoprostategland o Toconnectwithurethra o Vasadifferentiacarryspermfromtesticlestourethra Seminalvesiclessmallstoragesacsforspermandseminalfluid o Vesiclesalsoemptyintourethraatprostate Semen(seminalfluid)containspermscells o Carriedupeachvasfromeachtesticle o Tobemixedwithfluidfromseminalvesiclesandprostategland Prostateglandsurroundsurethrawhereitemergesfromurinarybladder o Fluidfromprostategland&seminalvesiclesmixduringsexualintercourse o Duringintercourse:Specialmechanismsinnervoussystempreventpassageofurineintourethra o Onlyseminalfluid,prostatefluidandspermpassfrompenisintovaginaduringejaculation Peniscontainsspecialtissue: o Erectiletissue o Tissueislargelyvascularandwhenfilledwithbloodcausespenistodistend Causingstateoferection o Asvesselsfillunderpressfromcirculatorysystem Penisbecomesalargerigidorganthatcanenteravagina CertainSpinalinjuries/somediseasescausepainfulcontinuouserection o CalledPriaprism
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Module10
GenitoUrinarySystem
GenitourinaryClinicalconditions/disorders
UTI(urinarytractinfection)/Cystitis/BladderInfection BladderStones Pelvicinflammatorydisease(PID) Dysmenorrhea Ectopicpregnancy Testiculartorsion
3.1
UTI(urinarytractinfection)/Cystitis/BladderInfection
Infectionthathappensanywherealongurinarytract/kidneys/ureters/bladder/urethra
3.1.1
UTIcauses,incidenceandriskfactors
Bacteriaentersurethraandbladderfromanus Morecommoninwomanshorterurethra Pregnancy/menopause Sexualintercourse Notdrinkingenoughfluids Kidneystones Prostateinflammation/enlargement Immobility Bowelincontinence Catheterization
3.1.2
UTISignsandSymptoms
Pain/burningwithurination Frequent/urgetourinate Needtourinateatnight CloudyurineorBloodinurine Foul/strongurineodour Flank(side)painandorPressureinpelvis Fever/chills(kidneyinvolvement) Vomiting
3.1.3
UTITreatment
Antibiotics Anatomicalabnormalities:surgicalrepair
3.2
BladderStones
Alsourinarytractstones/bladdercalculi Bladderstoneshardbuildupsofmineralthatforminurinarybladder
3.2.1
Bladderstonescauses
UTI Enlargedprostate(male) 95%casesreportedinmen
3.2.2
Bladderstonessignsandsymptoms
Frequenturgetourinate Interruptioninurinestream Difficultyinurinating Bloodinurine Abdominalpain/pressure Abnormalcoloured/darkcolouredurine incontinence
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Module10 3.3
GenitoUrinarySystem
Pelvicinflammatorydisease(PID)
AlsoSalpingitis PIDgeneraltermforinfectionofliningofuterus,fallopiantubesorovaries
3.3.1
PIDcauses
STDs(sexuallytransmitteddisease)bacteria IUD(intraurinarydevice)insertion Childbirth Spontaneousabortion Electiveabortion
3.3.2
PIDriskfactors
Sexuallyactiveduringadolescence Multiplesexualpartners PasthistoryofPID PasthistoryofSTD Useofnonbarriertypescontraceptives Irregularmenstrualbleeding(spotting) Increasedmenstrualcramping Amenorrhea Chills Lowbackpain Fatigue Nauseawith/withoutvomiting
3.3.3
PIDsignsandsymptoms
Frequenturination Painwithurination Pointtenderness
3.3.4
PIDtreatment
Antibiotics(IV) Surgerycomplicatedcasesrefractorytoantibiotics ComplicationsofPID:increaseriskofectopicpregnancyandinfertility
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Module10 3.4
GenitoUrinarySystem
Dysmenorrhea
Painfulmenses Morecommoninwomanwhohavenothadchildren
3.4.1
Dysmenorrheasignsandsymptoms
Headache Faintness Dizziness Nausea Diarrhoea Backache Legpain
3.5
Ectopicpregnancy
Pregnancythatdevelopsoutsideuterus Commonlyinfallopiantubes Mayimplantinovary Rarelyinabdominalcavity/cervix Mostlydiscoveredbefore2monthsGA
3.5.1
Ectopicpregnancysignsandsymptoms
Severeabdominalpain Vaginalspotting Rupture Internalhaemorrhage Sepsis Shock
3.5.2
Ectopicpregnancytreatment
Prehospital o Oxygenation/ventilationasrequired o Intravenoustherapy:largeboreIVaccessifpt.hypothesize(shock) o Calmandreassure o Transporttohospital Inhospital o Surgicalremovaloffetus/placenta
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Module10 3.6
GenitoUrinarySystem
Testiculartorsion
Testiclestwistonspermaticcord o Disruptingownbloodflowandsupply Mayresultfrombluntforcetraumatoscrotalarea(strenuousexercise,athleticevent) Oftenoccursspontaneously Commonagegroup: o 1yearoflife o puberty
3.6.1
Testiculartorsionsignsandsymptoms
Tenderepididymis Painfulswellingofscrotalsac Suddenonsetpain Painissevere,unrelievedbyrest/orscrotalelevation Nausea/vomiting
3.6.2
Testiculartorsiontreatment
Prehospital o Applicationoficepacktoscrotum o Transporttohospitalasap Inhospital o Surgicalrepairwithin46hoursofonsetoftorsion
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