Application of matrix methods to the solution of travelling-wave phenomena in polyphase systems

L. M. Wedepohl, Ph.D., B.Sc.(Eng.), Graduate Synopsis

The interest in travelling waves and surge phenomena in power systems has grown considerably because of the relevance to power-line carrier communication and protection, fault location, switching of unloaded lines and the recovery voltages on circuit-breakers under short-line fault conditions. The paper summarizes the solution to the single-conductor wave equation, develops the solution for the 2-conductor case by classical methods, a n d then indicates the rapidly growing complexity of the problem with increasing numbers of conductors when solving by classical methods. T h e 2-conductor case is then solved by using the method of matrix algebra. These results are shown to be valid for any number of conductors, and the concept of surge impedance and propagation coefficient for polyphase systems is introduced. The single-phase equation is shown to be a particular case of the general equation and the similarity between the results of the two cases is indicated. Examples of the matrix method are given, including a proof that symmetrical components are a particular case of the general result. T h e paper concludes by indicating that the method is particularly suitable for calculations carried out with a digital computer.

List of symbols = self-impedance per unit length of ith conductor Z\f = mutual impedance per unit length between ith and yth conductors = self-admittance per unit length of ith conductor Y\<? = mutual admittance per unit length between ith and yth conductors = voltage to earth of ith conductor f current in ith conductor If = 7<0) = characteristic self-impedance of phase i = characteristic mutual impedance between phases i Zf] andy = characteristic self-admittance of phase i Yf, = characteristic mutual admittance between phases i andy = rth component voltage, forward travelling yic-) = rth component voltage, reverse travelling = rth component current, forward travelling = rth component current, reverse travelling = rth component impedance y<rc) = rth component admittance = rth propagation coefficient == proportionality constant between ith phase voltage Vr and rth component voltage = proportionality constant between ith phase current and rth component current
Qir

(/) All solutions given are for the steady-state case, i.e. for one specific frequency only. This has been done because there is no general solution to the wave equation for arbitrary waveshapes, even in the simplest case. Particular transient solutions may be derived from the steady-state solutions by making suitable approximations and using standard inversion techniques. Introduction Travelling waves and surge phenomena in power systems are of importance in solving problems relating to power-line carrier communication, protection of very long lines, fault location, switching of unloaded lines and calculation of recovery voltages on circuit-breakers under short-line fault conditions. Up to the present, these problems have been usually solved by making simplifications and assumptions. However, these should only be used for the restricted conditions for which they are valid. When, as is sometimes the case, they are used indiscriminately, the results obtained can be misleading. A significant advance in the solution of such problems was made by Fallou1, who, with an assumption of complete symmetry of the conductors, applied the concept of symmetrical components to the solution of travelling-wave phenomena. This work was applied to various problems by De Quervain and others.2"4 This method is limited, however, in that it yields average values for surge impedances and propagation coefficients, and this unfortunately masks important effects produced by asymmetry of conductors. In investigating radio interference arising from overhead power lines, Adams5 introduced the use of matrix algebra methods in the analysis of the distribution of radio-frequency currents in asymmetrical systems of conductors. It was valid, for this investigation, to assume zero resistance in the conductors and an infinitely conducting earth plane with no earth wires. The results were therefore of a restricted nature, but the method of analysis was important as a foundation for the complete solution of the problem. The present paper deals with the complete solution for various arrangements and for the generalized case. The application of the generalized solution in practice will, however, need digital computing facilities. 1
PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

(a) If subscripts do not appear in the above quantities, they are matrices. (b) K, is the transpose of matrix K, i.e. rows and columns are interchanged. (c) R is the complex conjugate of matrix K, i.e. each element of the former matrix is the complex conjugate of each element of the latter. (d) det K is the determinant of the elements of matrix K. (e) Superscripts (c) and O) have been used to identify component and phase quantities, respectively. This has enabled the normally accepted symbols V, I, Z and Y to be retained for voltages, currents, impedances and admittances, irrespective of their nature. Paper 4333 P,firstreceived 6th April and in revised form 18th July 1963 Dr. Wedepohl is with A. Reyrolle and Co. Ltd.
2200

2
2.1

Review of cases of wave propagation in simple systems

Single conductor in presence of an infinite earth plane 7-(0) _ ^ U _ /^ll

The arrangement of a single conductor in the presence of an infinite earth plane is shown schematically in Fig. 1,
ho
(P) (P)
z

V) is the difference between the two components in eqn. 9, i.e.

V[c) = F< c +> e x p - y
x

n 'A*

1 %

.(P)

x -

V[c~ > e x p y , x .

. (13)

AAMAA-

Y,,-Ax

v, ( p V p )

x=0

x=l

Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit of single-conductor system

The equations define completely the general wave equation for the single-conductor system. It may be noted that each component voltage produces an associated current, the two being related by the so-called characteristic impedance Z[f. It may be also noted that the V^ component travels from right to left in Fig. 1 in accordance with the negative sign of the corresponding current in eqn. 10. The arbitrary constants V{c+) and F/ 0 "' may be eliminated from a knowledge of the boundary or terminal conditions at each end of the system. For example, if Vl0 and / 10 are the voltage and current at the end of the system where x = 0, and Vx r and /, r are the corresponding quantities when x = r,
^io = ^ . [ ^ ( c + ) + ^, <c - ) ]
ex

which includes details of one element of the system. The fundamental equations relating to the element are

(14)

P c + )

+
-V}c->]

> exp

Ylr]

(15) (16)

0)
YtfVr

Sn[V{

. . . .

(2)

hr = [ ^ J - ' S i i t ^ e x p - Yir - Vf->expyir] (17) By elimination, the usual 4-pole equations of the transmission line are obtained:
V\r = vio c o s h Yir ~ zuho h r = ~ [ZuT
1

Hence d2Vip)

-$- = ZtfYtfvp
and ^=YtfZ[l[
p

(3)
(4)

sinh yxr .

. (18) . (19)

Pio sinh Ylr + 710 cosh y,r

Solving for V\ \ V[p) = A exp yxx + B exp yxx where A and B are arbitrary constants and
yi-VlW
p)

. (5)

The final concept to be considered in this Section is that of reflection factor. Consider conditions at end r of the system of Fig. 1. The voltage and current are defined by eqns. 15 and 17. The voltage and current are also related by the terminal impedance Z l l r , Vlr = ZnrIXr. By elimination, it is seen that
exp yxr = - yxr (20)

(6)

V[ may be seen to consist of two components: one travelling in the forward direction and the other in the reverse direction. Although only one conductor is being considered, eqn. 5 will be rewritten to conform with the notation used for more complex cases at a later stage in the paper, namely y[p) = 5,,[K,(c+> exp -yxx + F,<c-> exp Ylx]
p

where

Z llr -Zf?
~ K is known as the reflection factor, since it expresses the reverse travelling wave as a fraction of the forward component.
2.2 T w o conductors in the presence of an infinite earth plane

. (7)

This shows the two components of V[ \ The reason for the arbitrary constant S1, j will become apparent for more complex cases. The above equation may be further simplified as follows:

Referring to Fig. 2 showing an element of the system, the following equations relate voltage and current in each phase: dVip) dV\p) dl\p)
(22) (23)

vy = snv\*
where
VU!i =

(8)
+

ytc+) e x p _ yiX

yie-)

e x p yiX

(9)

The current is derived from V[p) using eqn. 1:

(24)

. PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

(10)

(25) 2201

The following equations may be derived by elimination: d V\

2 p)

where yic)
=

yie+)

exp

yiX

y(c-)

exp

yiX

_id2Vkp)

= PIlfr+P12^>

(26)

V^ = V2<c+) exp - y2x + F f - > exp y2x

-jJ- = P2lV<r + P22Vy

d l\
2 p)

(27) (28)
(29)
(p)

+ 4P 12 / > 21 ]} 4i>12P21]} ~ P22)2

= puiy> + p2lil

d2H>p) - ^ = Pl2H + P22l2>

(p)
(P)

IP 21

in-

Solving eqns. 22 and 23 for I[p) and lg> in terms of V[c\ it is shown in Appendix 11.1 that the solution for the two currents is given by the following expressions:

1\P) =
(P) (P) (p) (p) (p) (p)

.
2

. (36)

1 det Z(p) _ V[ = det Z*>

c) 0

x=0
(p)

x=l

(37)

x Vl ^ exp yxx x Vif~^ exp y2x

2,,-Ax

-WW
A/WV^

The following points regarding the solution should be noted: (a) Two propagation coefficients are present, each being associated with a pair of forward and backward travelling waves. (b) Each type of travelling wave of voltage appears on both phases in a ratio determined by the system parameters only. However, the relationship between travelling waves of different type is arbitrary. (c) Each travelling wave of voltage is accompanied by a corresponding current. The relationship between voltage and current of a particular component type in each phase is a constant and is determined by the system parameters only. These constants have the character of surge impedances, and their values to each component in each phase are det Zip)

Yi[Zg
Fig. 2 Equivalent circuits of 2-conductor arrangement
a Overall relationships bl Impedance elements c Admittance elements
Z

det Z(p)

y2[Sx2Z%IS22
7(0 21 _ ~
_

det Zip) det Z

w

where Pxx = Pn = " P2X = P22 = (30) (31) (32) (33)

Z (c)

It is shown in Appendix 11.1 that the solution for the various voltages is
(34) (35) 2202

These relationships are determined from eqns. 36 and 37. The arbitrary constants are eliminated from a knowledge of the voltages and Qurrents at each end of the line, as for the single phase case. It may be seen that the line voltages and currents are determined in terms of components in a fashion analogous to symmetrical components in symmetrical 3-phase systems. Even for this case the labour in obtaining a solution is fairly great and the need for an ordered solution is indicated. The results of this Section could have been expressed in standard form, as was done for the case of a single cpnductor in the previous Section. However, the mathematical manipulaPROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

tion involved is tedious, and for this reason the matrix method is introduced in the next Section. The equivalence of the results is demonstrated before proceeding to the general case. Matrix solution to the 2-conductor problem The main difficulty in solving the 2-phase (and in general multi-phase) problem is due to the fact that secondorder rates of change of voltage (and current) in each phase are a function of the voltages (currents) in all phases (see eqns. 26-29). Before a classical solution may be obtained, an elimination process must be carried out. Eqns. 22-29 may be rewritten in matrix form as follows: dx
(38) (39)

These have the same form as eqn. 3 for the single-conductor case and have the simple solution
VUA =

j/(c+) e x p _

YiX

yu-t

exp

y{X
yiX

yu)
c+

yic+) e x p _
c+) c+)

yiX

yic-)
)

exp

where V[ \ V{ , V and V~ are arbitrary constants. The matrix 5 is chosen in such a way that S~XPS is diagonal since then a direct solution of the above equations is possible, solving for each component in turn. It is shown in Appendix 11.2 that the diagonal relationship S~[PS y2, where y 2 is a diagonal matrix, is only possible if the following equation is satisfied: (47) det (P - y2) = 0 This relationship is seen to be independent of the S matrix. It is also shown in Appendix 11.2 that the two values of y2, and hence of y, obtained from eqn. 47 correspond to the two values of the propagation coefficient for the 2-phase case obtained in Section 2.2. (The choice of the symbol y 2 for the diagonal matrix anticipated this result.) The elements of column i of the S matrix are then determined by solving the set of homogeneous linear dependent simultaneous equations given in matrix form by

dx2

(40)

1
dx2
(/>)

. . . .

(41)

and / are column matrices corresponding to the voltages and currents of each phase, and Z ( p ) a n d Y^ are square matrices, the element at the intersection of row i and column j being the mutual impedance or admittance between phases i and ;. It may be noted that both these matrices are bilateral since a passive network is considered, and for this reason Z\*> = Z<*> and yO> = Y(tp\ a relationship used above in deriving eqn. 41. P is a square matrix previously used to simplify the analysis, its elements being defined by eqns. 30-33, i.e. the element at the intersection of row / and column j is
p,j

- yf)s0) = o

(48)

(42)

where S (/) is a column matrix whose elements correspond to the elements of the /th column of S. Since the equations are dependent owing to the vanishing of the determinant of the coefficients, any one value may be chosen arbitrarily and the remaining element solved in terms of this one. It is shown in Appendix 11.2 that the values of the elements 5"i i, S22, Sn a n d S2u determined by making use of eqn. 48, and the phase voltages, as determined from eqn. 43, are identical with the solutions previously determined by classical methods. It is further shown that the phase currents are identical with those determined by classical methods. The phase currents are solved by inverting the matrix equation 38, i.e.
1 1 dx dx (49)

The matrix solution is based on a linear transformation of voltage and subsequent manipulation, so that second-order differential relationships involve diagonal matrices only. Mutual effects are thus eliminated, making a direct solution component for component possible. The complete analysis is carried out in Appendix 11.2, and only the results are given below. Component-voltage matrix K(c) is introduced, related to the phase-voltage matrix by
(43)

General solution for the polyphase case The matrix approach to the solution of the polyphase wave problem was introduced in Section 3. The second-order matrix differential equations involving voltage and current, dx2 and
=
py(p)

(50)

Substitution in eqn. 40 and rearrangement yields dx2

= y2V (c) (44)
2

(51) dx2 are related to component voltages by the linear transformations :

y{p) _ /(p) = Q[(c) (52) (53)

Matrix S is chosen in such a way that y is a diagonal matrix of the form

72 =

As a direct consequence of this relationship, matrix equation 44 separates into two simple second-order equations :

where the square matrices S and Q are as yet undefined. Eqns. 52 and 53 express in general terms a relationship which is well known in work on symmetrical components, in which case the phase voltages Vx, V2 and K3 are related to the sequence component voltages V+, V_ and Vo by eqn. 53, where 1 1 1

Also, S = Q in this particular case.

PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963
2203

Substituting for V^ and 7 (p) in eqns. 50 and 51, the transformed equations are obtained: dx2 dx2 = y2F<c> = Q-xPtQI{c) = y' 2 / (c) (54) (55)

S matrices are solved one column at a time by solving the system of homogenous dependent simultaneous equations

(P-yf)Sa) = o
(P, - y )G(/) = 0
2

(66) (67)

The matrix method is based on the fact that, by a suitable choice of S and Q, y2 = S-lPS and y' 2 = Q~lPtQ (56) (57)

are diagonal matrices. Once y and y' have been determined, eqns. 54 and 55 are solved as a series of simple wave equations, since mutual effects have been eliminated. For example, d2V{* = y\Vf dx2 (58) (59) etc., and V\c) = exp - y,JcF/c+) + exp . . . (60) 7(c) is determined in a similar fashion. By analogy with the work in Section 3 and Appendix 11.2, it may be seen that, for eqn. 56 to be valid, i.e. y2 diagonal, = 0 (61)

where (/) indicates that the elements of column i of the respective matrices are to be considered. Since these systems of equations are dependent (owing to the vanishing of the determinant of the coefficients), one value in each column is specified arbitrarily and the remaining elements are evaluated accordingly. It may be noted that the n values of yf are known to mathematicians as eigenvalues and the corresponding S^ and <2(/) as eigenvectors. The matrix Z connecting component voltages and currents is y(c) z(c)/(c) where (69) It is proved in Appendix 11.3 that Z is a diagonal matrix, this being a proof of the fact that component voltages produce component currents of the same type only, i.e. there is no mutual interaction between components. By making use of well known theorems of matrix algebra, it is possible to tabulate a list of properties relating to the matrix equations of the polyphase-wave equation. These are as follows, with their derivation in Appendix 11.3:
(c)

(68)

In eqn. 61, S^ represents column i of the S matrix. Eqn. 61 represents in matrix form a system of homogenous simultaneous equations in which the unknowns are the n elements of column i of the S matrix. For such a system of simultaneous equations to have a non-trivial solution, it is necessary for the determinant of the coefficients to be zero, i.e. det (P - y?) = 0 (62)

A similar consideration of the solution of the Q matrix relating component to phase currents given in eqns. 53 and 57 will show that, if a diagonal relation in the latter equation is to be achieved, it is necessary for the following determinental equation to hold: det OP, -y'j) = O (63) Since y' 2 in eqn. 57 is diagonal, it follows that the matrix Pt y' 2 differs from matrix P, only by the modification to the elements in the principal diagonal. Thus Pt - y'2 = (P - y' 2 ), (64) It is well known that the determinant of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the transposed matrix, so that det (P - y'2) = det (P - y'2), (65) By comparing eqns. 62 and 65, it may be seen that y 2 = y' 2 . The use of the symbol y 2 for the diagonalization of both the voltage and current matrices anticipated this important result, y2 does, in fact, define the propagation coefficient for each component, and for the solution to have a meaning it is necessary to obtain the same set of values, either from a consideration of voltages or from a consideration of currents. Once having determined the n values of y2, the Q and
2204

(a) The S and Q matrices are neither orthogonal nor unitary, i.e. SS, =t D, QQ, # D, SS, ^ D, QQ, ^ D, where the inequalities signify that none of the matrix products are diagonal in form. (b) The S and Q matrices are mutually orthogonal, i.e. Q,S = S,Q = D, where D is a diagonal matrix. (c) The S and Q matrices do not form a unitary set, i.e. S,Q = D and Q,S ^ D, where D is a diagonal matrix. id) The transformed impedance and admittance matrices are diagonal, i.e. S~lZQ = Dz and Q~lYS Dy where Dz and Dy are diagonal matrices. Also, the product of the transformed impedance and admittance matrices commutes and is equal to the propagation matrix y2, i.e. DzDy = DyDz = y2. (e) The Z (c) and F ( c ) matrices, unlike the y 2 matrix, are not unique. This is a consequence of the fact that the S and Q matrices are not in themselves unique. It is shown in Appendix 11.3 that, if S and Q are solutions for the connection matrices, then so are S' and Q' where S' = SA, and Q' = QA', A and A' being any diagonal matrices. The significance of these matrix equations is that the columns of the S and Q matrices are evaluated in terms of one arbitrarily chosen element, so that the matrices are only unique insofar as the elements of a particular column are in a fixed ratio. if) The impedance of each phase to each component is unique, e.g. the impedance of phase 1 to component of type 1 is [Sn ^i(c)]/[Qii/i(c)], and, in general, the impedance of phase r to the ith component is [SriV}c)]l[QriI\c)], and it is shown in Appendix 11.3 that these impedances are unique. 5 Polyphase surge impedance, propagation coefficients and reflection factors In earlier Sections the matrix solution of the polyphase wave equation was developed. In order to complete the solution, the concepts of surge impedance, reflection factor
PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

and propagation coefficient are introduced in relation to boundary conditions in order to complete the analogy between the general solution and the simple solution to the singleconductor wave equation developed in Section 2. 5.1 Polyphase surge impedance Surge impedance in the single-conductor case is generally defined as the ratio between voltage and current in an infinite line, or as the terminal impedance which gives Zw Z (0) a reflection factor of zero, i.e. K = " = 0 and Z l l r = Z<>(eqn.21). Au + ^n Polyphase surge impedance will be defined in the latter way, since the concept of reflection factor is developed at the same time. The analysis is carried out in Appendix 11.4, where it is shown that the polyphase surge impedance is Z = Sy-*S-W> It is also shown that Z
(0)

commutative. It is readily seen that eqns. 18 and 19 are a special case of eqns. 73 and 74. 5.4 Interpretation of polyphase transmission matrices In this Section it has been shown that the matrix solution to the polyphase problem includes the singleconductor system as a special case. Polyphase surge impedance in a multiconductor system is a bilateral set of impedances which define the currents which would flow in each conductor of an infinitely long line as a result of impressing voltages on each of the conductors. The converse holds if currents were injected into each of the conductors; the surge-impedance matrix would define the voltage of each conductor relative to the earth plane. Polyphase reflection factor defines the voltage on each conductor at the terminals of a system travelling in the reverse direction in response to a set of incident voltages arriving in the forward sense at the terminals. It follows that the total voltage expressed in matrix form at the terminals is V=(l +K)V^\ where V<f> is the incident (forwardtravelling) phase-voltage matrix. It may be noted that K is, in general, not a diagonal matrix, so that reflected voltages may appear on conductors in which there are no incident voltages. Exceptions are: (a) all conductors short-circuited when K= 1, so that the reflected voltage on each conductor is equal and opposite to the incident value, the total voltage being zero (jb) all conductors open-circuited when K= 1, so that the reflected voltage is equal to the incident voltage on each conductor. The 4-pole matrix equations 73 and 74 for the multiconductor system may be useful in solving certain problems. However, in many problems it may be more straightforward to resolve phase quantities into components from a knowledge of the S, Q and y matrices since each component has a definite propagation coefficient, whereas in eqns. 73 and 74 propagation is influenced by the relative strengths of components of each type, which, in turn, are functions of the boundary conditions. No general conclusions may be drawn about the approach to be usedeach problem has to be examined before deciding which method is most convenient.

(70) is a symmetrical matrix, i.e.

The validity of this expression in the single-phase case is evident, since the matrices become elements and

The polyphase surge admittance y(0) = (71)

is also defined. This expression is particularly useful when analysing surge impedances under a variety of boundary conditions since it always yields a physically realizable network. Also, at high frequencies, owing to the dominance of reactive elements in the Z and F matrices, the surge-impedance matrix tends to become almost purely resistive; consequently resistive equivalent circuits may be used. Once having obtained y ( 0 ) by calculation, the effect of differing terminations and through-connected lines may be evaluated by making use of a network analyser. The equivalent circuit having been set up, a large number of conditions may be investigated very rapidly. This technique is useful both in evaluating surge impedances in relation to circuit-breaker performance and certain aspects of power-line carrier transmission, namely matching the effects due to line traps. These topics will be considered in papers to follow. 5.2 Polyphase reflection factor It is also shown in Appendix 11.4 that the polyphase reflection factor is (72) This is identical with eqn. 21 for the single-conductor case, since under these circumstances the matrices in eqn. 72 become elements. 5.3 Polyphase propagation coefficient It is shown in Appendix 11.5 that the voltages and currents when x = r (right-hand side) may be expressed in terms of the values when x = 0 (left-hand side) as follows: (73) = - Q sinh ^ (74) As before, the equations are valid for the single-conductor case when the matrices become elements and are therefore PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

Conductor systems with planes of symmetry

It was shown in Section 4 that the solution to the general wave equation involved in the first instance the solution of a polynomial equation of degree equal to the number of conductors in the transmission system. Thus, in a single-circuit 3-phase transmission system, a cubic equation must be solved, while for a twin-circuit 3-phase system a sixth-degree equation arises. The problem is further complicated by the fact that in the general case the coefficients of the polynomial equation are complex. It is possible to solve a cubic polynomial by trigonometrical methods, but the task of solving a sixth-degree polynomial with complex coefficients is almost impossible without the use of a digital computer. Fortunately it is possible in most practical cases of twincircuit systems to factorize the polynomial into the product of two cubic equations. The method of approach is quite general and is applicable to all systems which are partially symmetrical, irrespective of the number of conductors. The technique is to factorize det (P y2) into two lowerrank determinants, and since det (P y2) = 0, each of the lower-rank determinants must separately be zero. The method is detailed in Appendix 11.5, where it is shown that, if the number of conductors is even, the determinental equation 2205

det (P y2) = 0 may be reduced to the solution of two lower-rank equations detCP^ y2) = 0 and det(PB y2) = 0. In the reduced equations the rank of determinants PA and PB is half that of P, so that, for example, in the case of a twin-circuit system, two cubic polynomials have to be solved instead of one of sixth degree. In the case of an odd number of conductors, it is shown that the reduced determinants have rank (n l)/2 and (n + l)/2, respectively, where n is the number of conductors in the system. It may also be seen from Appendix 11.5 that the factorization assumes a particular significance when considering the distribution of voltages and currents for a given mode of propagation, i.e. the values of the elements of one column of the S and Q matrices corresponding to a particular value of y. It is shown that all voltages and currents corresponding to the first factor occur in equal and opposite pairs in corresponding image conductors, while the voltages and currents corresponding to the second factor occur in equal and opposite pairs in corresponding image conductors. If the number of conductors is odd, the polynomial of higher degree always yields components of the former type. Also, in the case of an odd number, it is evident that there is no current in the centre conductor and the voltage to earth of this conductor is zero for components of the latter type. It may be noted that, even when digital computers are used for solving problems, a significant saving in time takes place when factorizing the characteristic polynomial in the manner detailed above. Furthermore, it is readily seen that the solution of the equations of a twin-circuit system with a plane of symmetry reduces to the solution of two singlecircuit systems. This is valuable in the preparation of digitalcomputer programmes, which need then only cater for the case of a single-circuit system with instructions to carry out reductions when dealing with twin-circuit systems.

The determinental equation for y2 is of the form 0 = det (P - y2) = det

= det

+ Pn - y2)
- yy)
22

det ( P n - P 1 3 - y 2 )

factorized by the method detailed in Section 6 for a system with a plane of symmetry and an odd number of conductors. The three propagation coefficients are

= HPn + ^.22 + ^12 + V[(Pn ~ P22 + Pn

y 2 = {P n + P22 + P12 -

- ^22 + P12)2
+ 8P 13 P 3I ]}

It may be noted that y\ has the simple form y\ y\ [Zff - Z$] [yff + Y$] after substituting for P n and P, 2

in terms of" Z (p) and Y(p\ In solving for the S and Q matrices, the first element of each column will be arbitrarily specified as being unity. It will be found that these matrices then have the simple form
ri

1 1 5,, S3,

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 -1 - 1 ,Q = 1 0 G31 G32 0

7
7.1

Particular solutions for a 3-phase singlecircuit line with a plane of symmetry

Horizontal configuration

(These forms are determined by inspection according to the rules developed in Section 6.) Only the centre element of the first two columns of each matrix is unknown. For the S matrix, these may be determined from the first set of three dependent simultaneous equations, i.e. (P n P, 2 S 2f + P12S3r = 0, or ,. = S3r = Similarly it may be shown that

In order to complete the paper, the solution to the partially symmetrical 3-phase system will be developed as an illustration of the matrix method. In such a system, conductors 1 and 3 are at an equal height above ground and conductor 2 lies on a line perpendicular to the earth plane midway between 1 and 3. For the system, the impedance and admittance matrices are of the general form
A
7(P)

The impedances of each phase to each component may be determined from eqn. 122. Thus, for example,

ft = ( z n + z 12 + z,3<23i)/yi

Zj?

nr
In practice, it will be found that Sn and Qn are very nearly unity and S32 and Q32 are very nearly equal to 2, so that components of types 1 and 2 are similar to Clarke zero and a components, while type 3 components are in exact correspondence with Clarke jS components.
7.2 Hypothetical case of symmetrical configuration

(These forms are valid if earth wires are included, provided that the earth wires are symmetrical with respect to conductor 2 and the earth plane.) The P matrix will have the general form p =

Pn Pn P22 Pn
31

When a fully symmetrical 3-phase system is considered, the following additional simplifications occur:

22

where P,y = ZikYkj 2206

PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

where Pn= .

The following values will be found for y2: y\ =

id) Work with preliminary programmes has yielded satisfactory solutions, and this work will be developed and expanded. (e) With the satisfactory development of programmes, many interesting application problems can be examined without complexity being a restriction. (/) The solutions may be used to show the validity of symmetrical-component theory in ideal configurations of symmetry. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Messrs. A. Reyrolle and Co. for permission to publish the paper. Thanks are expressed to Mr. F. L. Hamilton (Engineer-inCharge Research) and Mr. J. B. Patrickson (Deputy Engineer-in-Charge Research) for their helpful discussion and advice. 9 10
1

These are well known forms in symmetrical-component analysis. In solving for the elements of the columns of the S and Q matrices, it will be found that all elements of column 1 of both matrices are unity, so that this component is a true zero-sequence wave. However, when considering the remaining elements in both matrices, it will be found that the three simultaneous equations corresponding to each column are all identical and of the general form Slr + S2r + S2r = 0, and similarly for the elements of a column of the Q matrix. This is the only restriction on their value, so that any number of component systems exist. Typical systems which satisfy these requirements are positive- and negative-sequence components and Clarke a and jS components. In evaluating the impedance of each phase to components of each type, the following well known results will be obtained:

References
FALLOU, J. A.: 'Propagation des courants de haute frequence polyphases le long des lignes aeriennes de transport d'energie affectees de courts-circuits ou de defauts d'isolement', Bull. Soc. Franc. Elect., 1932, Series 5, 2, p. 787 DE QUERVAIN, A.: 'Carrier links for electricity supply and distribution', Brown Boveri Rev., 1948, 35, p. 116 GOLDSTEIN, A.: 'Propagation characteristics of power line carrier links', ibid., p. 266 CHEVALLIER, A.: 'Propagation of high-frequency waves along an electrically long symmetric three-phase line', Rev. gen. Elect., 1945, 54, p. 25 ADAMS, G. E. : 'Wave propagation along unbalanced h.v. transmission lines', Trans Amer. Inst. Elect. Engrs, 1959, 78, Part HI, p. 639

2 3 4 5

/ = 2 or 3 11

This illustrative Section has shown the way in which the matrix method is used to solve a typical problem and has further shown that well known symmetrical-component systems are a particular case of the general solution.
7.3 Significance in relation to symmetrical-component theory

Appendixes
Classical solution for 2-conductor case

11.1

Rewriting eqns. 26 and 27 in operational form, (D2 - PU)V<P) - Pl2V2 = 0 - P 2 1 V[ + (D - P22)F<"> = 0 where D = d ldx . Therefore [{D2 - Pn)(D2 - P22) - Pl2P2l]Vl = 0 or or where
. . . (78)
2 2 2 p) 2

(75) (76)

It has been shown in the previous Section that symmetrical components in a symmetrical system are in conformity with the general theory. A problem is then to assess those circumstances in which it is permissible to use symmetrical components as an approximation to the actual solution. In general, it will be necessary to use the exact approach when it is required to assess the difference in surge impedance between various conductors, mutual effects, and velocity and attenuation factor for various modes of propagation of highfrequency signals on power lines. In most cases it will be obvious when the symmetrical-component approach gives sufficiently accurate results. These are problems in application and fall outside the scope of the paper.

[D* - (Pn + P22)D2 + (PnP22 - Pl2P2l)]Vl = 0 (D2 - y2)(D2 2 y

)V{p) = 0

(77)

and Hence

y\ =

P2Z) - V[(P,, - P22) ~ 4/>12P2l]} (79)

Conclusions

V\p) = Sn[V{c+) exp - yxx + F<c-> exp ylX] + SX2[V^ V[c+\ V[c~\ constants. V? = (D2 V?+\ exp - y2x + K<c-> exp y2x] . (80) V!f-\ Su and Sl2 are arbitrary

(a) A completely generalized method of solving travellingwave phenomena on polyphase lines has been developed by the use of modern methods of matrix algebra. (6) Without the further simplification possible for particular cases, the generalized solutions require digital-computer facilities for evaluation. (c) The equations are particularly suitable for such digital computation, as the determination of the characteristic and vectors of the matrices form part of many standard codes. This means that the solution of polynomial equations is an automatic process. PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

Pn)V[p)lPl2
Ylx

= (y2 - Pu)Sn[V<+> exp + hi ~ pn)Si2[Vic+)

C

+ K,<c~> exp y,jc]/P12

exp - y2x + V~> exp y2x]lPn . , (81) 2207

= S1X[V[ ^ exp - yxx + K,(c-> exp Ylx] + S22[F2;c+> exp - y2x + K2(c-> exp y2x] .

where S2l = Sn(y2 = Sn{(Pn

2

Pn)/P12 - P22) u - P22)1

12

and hence V[c) (82) = ,4 e x p - y x x + B e x p y ^ x . . . . . . . . (93) (94)

V^ = D exp - y 2 * + E exp y2x

and or

(y - Pu)Sl2lPl2 Sl2 =

= 522
2

S22P12l(y -Pu)

4P 1 2 P 2 1 ]}5 2 2
and Sl2 _ 2Pl2{P22 = +{Pn~ Pn P22 ~

where A and B are arbitrary constants and the problem has been reduced to the solution of two elementary wave equations. Rewriting eqn. 88, PS = Sy2 or PS - Sy1 = 0, and expanding:
0 =

[(Ai - y\)sn

+ P12S21 (Pn - rl)sl2

+ ^125221

- P 2 2 ) + 4P 12 /> 21 ]}
~ P22)2 ~ ~ P22)2 + 2i (83)

lP2lSn + (P22 - y2)S2l

P2lSl2+(P22-y2)S22j^

From eqns. 22 and 23, -dV^/dx = Z, ,/<"> + Z12/2">

For this matrix identity to be true it is necessary for each element of the expanded matrix eqn. 95 to be zero. From this it may be seen that each column of eqn. 95 defines a set of homogeneous equations in two of the four unknowns of the S matrix. For example, taking the left-hand column, (Pn - y2)Sn + P12S2l = 0 (96) (97)

Hence

^21^.1 + ( ^ 2 2 - 7 ^ 2 1 = 0

/| = [ - Z!gdV[ ldx + Z^
-Z'f] (84) (85)
From eqns. 80 and 81, dV[p)/dx = c+) exp yiSn[V{

p)

If = [_ Zff

It is well known that, if the determinant of the coefficients of the unknowns is non-zero, the solution is Sn = S2l = 0 , which is trivial. Conversely, if the solution is to have a meaning, the determinant of the coefficients must be zero, i.e. det(P-y2)
= 0

(98)

- yxx - F,(c->exp yxx]

- y2^i2[^ 2 (c+) e x P - 72* - y(2~' exp y2x] dV(p)Jdx = - yiS2i[V[c+)exp - Y2S22[Vic+)

ex

Similar reasoning from a consideration of 5"12 and 5"22 would yield det(P-y2) = 0 (99) In fact, both y2 and y\ are contained in the equation det (P - y2) = 0 since this is a quadratic in y . Substituting for the elements of P in eqn. 100 yields
2

- yxx - V[e^exp yxx] P - 7ix ~ ' / 2 c - ) exp y2x]

(100)

and substituting in eqns. 84 and 85,

(86)

(Pn ~ y2)(P22 - 72) - PnP2i = 0 or y\ = [/>n + P 22 + V ( ^ n - J22)2 + 4 ^ 2 1 ] A = H(pn + P22) " V(Pn ~ P22)2 + 4^21]

Z(p)

(87)

where det Z<p) = yjc> yg) 11.2

= =

Z\p2)2
yiX n x

ylc+) e x p _ ylc+) e x p _

_ yu:-) _ yu:-i

exp

y ^x

exp

Transforming matrices to diagonal form From eqn. 44 (88)

If S is so chosen that S~lPS is diagonal, i.e. S~lPS = y2, then i.e. d2V^\dx2 (d2/dx2) = y\ K(c)
y? 0 V\
c)

It is important to note that this result is not confined to the 2-phase case. Similar reasoning will show that eqn. 100 is valid for any number of phases. The P matrix is modified by subtracting y2 from each element along the principal diagonal; the determinant of the modified matrix is equated to zero, yielding an nth degree polynomial in y 2 . The result is well known in mathematics, the various values of y 2 being known as eigenvalues of the matrix P. The solution for the elements of S is now straightforward. Owing to the vanishing of the coefficients of S in, for example, eqns. 96 and 97, the values of Sn and iS21 are dependent and it is necessary to specify one element in order to obtain the second. To conform with the analysis carried out in Appendix 11.1, Sn is specified, so that from eqn. 96,

(89) , . . . . V? These values are identical with those obtained by classical methods. Again it is important to note that the results are valid for any number of phases. Once having obtained the n values PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963 (90) Similarly,

0 d2V[c)ldx2 d2V^\dx2
2208

y2

This permits a direct solution, since = y\V[c) = yjV2'c) (91) (92)

of y 2 from a solution of the nth degree polynomial previously discussed, the elements of the S matrix are solved column by column using one value of y 2 at a time and noting that, because the system of simultaneous equations is dependent, it is necessary to arbitrarily specify one element in each column. Once having determined the values of elements of the matrix, the phase voltages may be determined from eqn. 43, i.e.
y(P) _ gyle)

Returning to eqn. 102, a matrix product of the following type may be formed: (107) and by considering y , Transposing,
Q(n),PSm = Q{n)S{m)yl
2

(108) (109) (110)

v\ vp

= s n si2 A exp yxx + B exp yxx s2X s22 D exp y2x + E exp y2x

Subtracting eqn. 108 from eqn. 107, 0=Q ( / ,),S ( m ) (y,2-y 2 ) In general, ym ^ yn, and therefore

and expanding, y[p) = ^ n ( ^ exp - yxx + exp Sl2(D exp y2x + exp y2x)
V(2P) = S2X{A exp y{x + 5 exp y ^ ) + S22{D exp y 2 x + E exp y 2 x With the chosen values of S, this solution is identical with that obtained by classical methods (eqns. 34 and 35). 11.3 Properties of the wave equation

Rearranging eqns. 88 and 89, PS = Sy2. Considering the elements in column m, (101) This may be written (102) Here S^ is column m of the S matrix. Multiplying eqn. 102 by S^t, which is a row matrix formed by transposing column n of the S matrix, S(n)lPS(m) = S(n)S(m)y%, (103) Similarly, by considering y 2 in place of y2, in eqn. 102, the following equation may be derived: Transposing, (104) Taking the difference between eqns. 103 and 104, (105) Since P ^ P, in the general case, the left-hand side, and consequently the right-hand side, of eqn. 105 is not zero. This shows that the S matrix does not have the mathematical property of orthogonality, i.e. the product of two columns taken element by element is not zero. All possible products of this type are contained in the matrix product (106) and it may therefore be concluded that in the general case eqn. 106 is not a diagonal matrix. Similar reasoning will show that, in general, the Q matrix is not orthogonal and furthermore that neither the S nor Q matrices are unitary, the term 'unitary' meaning that the product of one column of the S (or Q) matrix with the complex conjugate of another column taken element by element is zero.
PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER, 1963

The special case of ym = yn, i.e. of two or more propagation coefficients being equal, is unlikely to occur in practice, but does occur in theory when simplifying assumptions are made, e.g. in 3-phase systems assumed to be completely symmetrical. This special case is dealt with in Section 7. All possible products given by eqn. 110 are contained in the matrix product QtS, and it may be concluded that this product is diagonal in form, i.e. Q,S=D (Ill)

where D is some diagonal matrix. Complex conjugate products may be formed corresponding to eqn. 107, namely Q(n),PS(m) = QMlS(m)yl Taking the complex transpose of both sides Q(n)tPS(m) = Qw,S(m)y2n (113) (112)

Since ym ^ yn in the general case, it follows that Q(n)iS(m) ^ 0 and that the Q and S matrices do not form a unitary set.
From dV^dx= - S~lZ^QI^
X

= - DZI&
= - DyV^

.
.

.
.

(114)
(115)

dl^dx = - Q- Y(P>SV^

where

D2 = Dy=

S~ Z^Q -Q~lY^S

Now d2V^/dx2

= D2DyV^

(116)

and

d l^ldx

= DyDzlM

(117) (118)

From eqn. 88, DzDy = DyDz = y2

For Dz and Dy to form a product which is commutative and furthermore which is diagonal, y 2 , it is necessary that they should in themselves be diagonal. From eqn. 88, if A is any diagonal matrix, S-IPS = y2 = A A - y = Ay 2 A" ! . . . (119)

since diagonal matrices are commutative. Premultiplying eqn. 119 by A" 1 and post-multiplying by A, A - ^ - ' P S A = y2 i.e. (SA^PGSA) = y 2 2209

and

OSO-'W)

(120) (121)

Substituting in eqn. 114,

where S ' = SA

This proves that if S is a solution to eqn. 88, so is S', where S and S' are related by eqn. 121. The surge impedance of each phase to a component of a certain type may be evaluated as follows, remembering that the current of a certain type can only be produced by a voltage of the same type as is given by eqns. 114 and 115. The voltage and current in phase r and due to a component of type s (having propagation coefficient ys) are K(s) = SrsV<c) and Ir(s) = Qr{s)I$c\ From eqns. 38, 52 and 53,

i.e.
(125)

where V^ = K

(c+)

exp - yx - V^ ~^ exp yx (126)

Z<c> =y-lS~lZWQ

Since y~l is diagonal, and from eqn. 114 Dz is diagonal, it follows that Z (c) is diagonal.
11.4 Surge impedance, reflection factor and propagation coefficient

i.e.

(d/dx)SrsvP = e)

Z%QW
m= 1 1

Substituting V$ = /to Then

and
=

V{sc)

exp -ypc,
ysX

j(c) e x p _

Consider a set of phase voltages travelling in the positive sense (left to right) in a multiconductor system and encountering a set of terminal impedances, Zn at the right-hand terminal when x = r. From eqns. 52, 53, 60 and 125 we can write

= e[exp ( - yr)/(c+> + exp

= I i.Z^Qms)lQrsys)
l

I(rc) = exp ( - yr)I^c+) - exp

(122)

= S

Also, the phase voltages at the terminal must be related to the phase currents by Z,.I^ Substituting for V[ and /r , /(c) = zrQI(rc) Q exp (yr)/<c-> = - KQ exp ( - y/-)/ (c+) . Where K= [Zr + SZ^Q~^[Zr - SZ^Q~ ]
l p) (p)

(127)

The surge impedance in phase r and due to component of type s is a function of the system impedances Zrm which are constant, the propagation coefficient ys which is constant and the ratio of elements in column s of matrix Q. Although these elements are arbitrary, their ratio is not, since n 1 of these elements were evaluated in terms of the nth, and since they arise from the solution of a system of linear simultaneous equations they must all be proportional to this one element and hence their ratio is determined only by the system parameters and the propagation coefficient. Consideration of eqn. 39 would show in a similar fashion that (123) so that

. (128) . (129)

It may be seen that eqn. 128 defines the matrix of reflected phase currents in terms of the incident phase currents, Polyphase surge impedance is defined in terms of the set of terminal impedances which gives reflection-free conditions, i.e. K = 0 in eqn. 129. Therefore

Z<> or
c)

-' = =0 (130)

(124)

From eqn. 126, Z< = y y

(0)

, and therefore
(131)

It may be noted that, when m = r, QmJQrs = SlllsISrs = 1, Z(p) = Zip) and Y(p) Yip) This shows that the surge impedance in the rth phase is always a function of the self-impedance and admittance of that phase, together with the mutual impedances whose values are modified in accordance with eqn. 124. The matrix Z<c) connecting component currents and voltages is defined in the following manner. Let y{e) = y(c+) e x p _ y(c) 2210
= yx y x +

The proof that Z follows:

is symmetrical and hence bilateral is as

= Qj lZMS, since Z<c) diagonal = SD~{Z^DQ~X because Q,S = D from eqn. 111 Considering voltages instead of currents, it may be seen that exp (yr)K(c-> = Kexp ( - yr)V^c+\ where K= {Q[Z^]~lS-1 + Yr}^{Q[Z^]-'S-1 - Yr} PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

y(c-) e x p

yx yx

/(c+) e x p -

- y(c-) e x p

and again it may be seen that, for reflection-free termination, the terminal admittance is

Let K =

1 1

- 1 where 1 is the ///2 x /2 unit matrix 1

Y =
032) Note that Yr=(Zr) ~K The polyphase wave equation may be defined in terms of the terminal conditions Vo, / 0 , Vr and lr in the following manner: Vo = = SZ<c>[/<c+> - lie-)] Therefore i.e. = S [exp ( y exp - exp or

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 n being the number of conductors.

Substituting for P from eqn. 135,

0

= det {Pa +Pbdet {Pa + Pb - y2) = 0 det (Pa - Pb - y ) = 0

2

0 Pa-Pb-y2\ y 2 ).det (P o - Pb - y2) = 0 (136) (137)

lr=Q [exp ( - yr)I^

Substituting for / ( c + ) and /<*->,

+ exp (yr)fc^]
VQ - sinh (yr)Q~ %}

Eqns. 66 and 67 for solving for the P and Q matrices may be simplified in the following way:

Vr = SZ(c>{cosh (yr)[Z^]~lS~l

K-{PKK~lS0) = K(138)

/,. = ^{coshCyAOQ-^o - sinhCyOtZ^-'S- 1 ^} Vr = SZ cosh (yr)[ZV]-lS-lV0 -SZ& sinh (.yr)Q~lI0 = Scosh(yr)S-lV0-ZWQsinh(yr)Q-lI0 . (133) Ir = - Q sinh (yr)[ZW]-lS-lV0 + Q cosh (yr)Q-lI0
= -Q sinh (yr)G-1[Z<>]-1Ko + Q cosh (yr)Q~ll0 . . . . (134) It should be noted that in these expressions, exp yr, exp -= yr, cosh yr and sinh yr are diagonal matrices. Systems with planes of symmetry A partially symmetrical system is defined as one in which the conductors are arranged in pairs at the same height above ground and at equal horizontal distances on either side of a reference plane perpendicular to the ground plane. In a system with an odd number of conductors, the odd conductor lies on the reference plane. Most doublecircuit transmission systems are partially symmetrical, as are single-circuit horizontal systems. Considering first the system with an even number of conductors, the Z(p\ y ( P ) and hence P matrices have the following general form: 11.5

where K is the same matrix used to simplify det (P y )

. i.e. Pb . . . (139) (140) -y2

li)b l

= 0

(141) where S'^ has been partitioned for comformable matrix multiplication in eqn. 140. It is evident from eqn. 140 that, if det (Pa + Pb - y?) = 0 and det (Pa Pb y?) = 0, S'0)b = 0 and S[i)c is obtained by solving the set of dependent simultaneous equations
(Pa + Pb - yj)S'0)a = 0 (142)

Similarly, if the converse applies, 5(,)0 = 0 and S[j)b is obtained by solving the simultaneous equation det {Pa Pb y2) = 0 Thus 5' = and
0 0 (143)

S = KS'
1 1 -1 1

zb Za
P =
Pa

y(P) =

Ya

Yb

sa o

o 5;
(144)

Pb

Pb

Pn

(135)

s:

In solving the polyphase wave equation it is necessary to evaluate the n, propagation coefficients by using eqn. 62, i.e. det (P - y2) = 0. It is well known that the determinant of a matrix product is equal to the product of the determinants of the matrices taken in any order, i.e. det (P - y2) .= det %~ l(P - y2)K, where K is any regular matrix.
PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963

It is evident from the foregoing treatment that the problem of solving the ^-conductor partially symmetrical system is reduced to the solution of two ^/i-conductor unsymmetrical systems. All operations and manipulations may be carried out independently on the reduced systems as if the other did not exist, and only when the composite parameters are required are the independent values combined by means of matrix K. The significance of this result is seen from the structure of
2211

the S matrix (eqn. 144). For the first n/2 values of y2, propagation takes place with voltages (and currents) equal and in phase in each symmetrical pair of conductors, and equal and in antiphase for the remaining n/2 values of y2. In a partially symmetrical system with an odd number of conductors, the matrix P will take the general form

As before, the elements of the S matrix as indicated in eqn. 138, i.e. K~\P - yj) = 0
(Pa

-yf)

o
(Pa + Pby)
2

0
*U)b = 0

or

(Pe-y

U)c

where S'^ has been portioned for comformable multiplication. It is evident from previous argument that S[^b = S[^c 0 if det (/*,-/* - y ? ) = 0 where Pa and Pb are square matrices of rank (n l)/2, Pc is a column matrix of (n l)/2 elements, Pd is a row matrix of (n l)/2 elements and Pe is a single element. In order to simplify the determinental equation det (P y2), a matrix K is introduced as before. In this case 1 1 0 K = -1 1 0 0 0 1 1 -- 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 and so that S'= Sa 0 0 Sb 0 Now S = KS' 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Sa Sa 0 0 si 0 S'c (147) S'c
2 S'0)a = 0 if det {Pa +Pb~ y )

(Pe - y2)

= 0

where there are (n - l)/2 Sa and (n + l)/2 Sb and S'c.

In K, the first four unit matrices are of rank (n l)/2 and the final unit matrix is the unit element. K and K~l are therefore arranged for conformable multiplication with P: det (P - y2) = det K~\P - y2)K

(Pa -Pb-y2)
= det

0
(Pa +Pb2Pd y2)

0
Pc (Pe ~ Y2) P. = 0 2 (145)

o s:
Two general forms of propagation exist: in the former type, signals are equal and in antiphase on paired conductors with no propagation in the odd conductor. This is evident from the fact that the odd conductor lying on the plane of symmetry is on an equipotential for magnetic and electric fields and could be removed without affecting the paired conductors. In the latter type, signals are equal and in phase in paired conductors and the centre conductor is included. An example of odd symmetry is given in Section 7, where it is shown that, in the horizontal single-circuit line, propagation between outer phases is independent of the presence of the centre conductor.

= det (P a -P 6 -y ).det i.e. det ( P a - P 6 - y ) =

or det
(p +P -i_ \ (P a b 2Pd

2P,

(Pe-y )

y2)

Pc

>.-y2)

=0

(146)

In this case the solution of an nth order polynomial has been reduced to the solution of two polynomials of order (n - l)/2 and (n + l)/2, respectively.

2212

PROC. IEE, Vol. 110, No. 12, DECEMBER 1963