ALS-SIM Flanker B

For Microsoft Flight Simulator FSX

By ALS-SIM.com

Table of Contents
Introduction System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un-installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aircraft Design and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Flanker Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimensions and Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparative Data with Other Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Included Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cockpit Features Main Panel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Left Side Console Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Right Side Console Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HUD and Station Load operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radar Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HUD Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cockpit Warning sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . External Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weights to Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engine Start Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Notes on Handling & Maneuvers Before Engine Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Before Taxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Takeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 2 2 2 2

Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Copyright and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ALS-SIM Flanker B

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Introduction
For our first release we have chosen the mighty Flanker B. The aircraft set features the early Flanker B variant with "steam cockpit". An experimental cockpit and model is included to represent the "Glass Panel" of the SKM Version. The SKM was more of a feasibility study into actual modelling the CRT's instead of using traditional XML or projected gauges and is included as a bonus variant. It was never the intention to "build in" all the advance systems that have been done by other publishers - more to make this a fun and exciting aircraft to fly without having to read the manual to learn how to start it. The models feature selectable external air to air missiles and pylons on the relevant airframes via the "fuel and payload" editor in FSX Included are the Russian Knights display version with early and late schemes. And no single seat Flanker set would be complete without "RED 01". Other versions included are "Blue 03" 54th GvIAP, "Red 08" TsBP, "57 Blue" of the Ukrainian Air Force that visited RIAT in 1996, "24 Black" PLAAF, "606" ERAF and of course the "bonus" SKM "305 Blue". Also all 4 single seat versions of the Russian Knights have been included that have been "stripped down" from unnecessary parts and weapons to make them more suitable for a multi-player session and hopefully help in this environment if you and 3 friends wish to practice your virtual display routine. All versions have 2 sets of textures - one set being lower resolution versions.

System Requirements

Windows XP SP2, Windows Vista or Windows 7 Microsoft Flight Simulator X with Service Pack 2, Gold or Acceleration Pack CPU 2.4Ghz or better 2Gb RAM Minimum 512 MB DX9 or DX10 Graphics Card or better 177 MB hard disk space for download, 780 MB for installation

Installation
The ALS-SIM Flanker B package uses the Flight1 wrapper to automate installation. Follow the onscreen prompts to enter the License Key and Password as requested. On first loading of the aircraft you will be prompted to allow two files to run -"als_flanker.dll" and "ASLSIM_XMLSound.gau". Accept these files.

Un-installation
Uninstall the ALS-SIM Flanker B package from within "Control Panel" -> "Add or Remove programs" by selecting "ALS-SIM Flanker B for FSX". Follow the onscreen prompts. The aircraft files and folders will be removed. Any 3rd party textures or modifications added will remain and will need to be removed manually.

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Design and Development

The Sukhoi Su-27 (NATO code-name Flanker) was a joint project of the OKB-51 design bureau led by Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi and the OKB-165 engine design bureau led by Arkhip Mikhailovich Lyulka (OKB = opytno-konstrooktor-skoyebyuro) and the State Research Institute of Aircraft Systems amongst many other research, engineering and industrial organisations combining the latest know-how gained by the Soviet aerospace industry. After the USSR had learned of the American dedicated heavy fighter program via intelligence sources and the appearance of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat - Sukhoi set about designing a suitable answer. The main question that the designers had to decide on was whether to build a dedicated fighter or a multi-role combat aircraft and after some study of previous western multi-role types and the shortcomings of each they decided to build a fighter. In 1970 the concept T10-1 was outlined and developed with fly-by-wire control systems, Leading-Edge-Root-Extensions, twin engines with the accessory gearboxes located on the outside to allow the nacelles to be pinched and reduce the cross section of the aircraft. Mounted to the lower surface of the lifting body the intake splitter plate lips acted as boundary layer splitter plates. After a long and arduous development period the T10-1 made its maiden flight on the 20th of May 1977 with Vladimir S. IIyushin at the controls as Sukhois chief test pilot. Further prototypes were built and testing and development continued and on the 26th of May 1982 the first T10 production standard took to the air and state acceptance trials began. In the summer of 1985 initial operational capability was achieved the type was code-named Flanker - B by NATO. In September 1987 tests began exploring the aircraft's stability and handling at extreme angles of attack by LII test pilot Igor P. Volk and later 388 Blue participated at various international airshows with Viktor G. Pugachov and for safety reasons was fitted with a spin recovery parachute in the tailcone and recovery rockets under the wings and on the 28th of April 1989 demonstrated the dynamic deceleration high-speed high-alpha pitch-up to industry officials at Zhukovskiy - a manoeuver known as the Cobra. The Flanker development continued and a 2-seat training version was put into production and also a Naval version was developed with folding wings, forward canards and arrester gear. Several other versions and sub-types have appeared over the years as development and export variations of the type and it is also built under licence in China and the twin-seat Su-30MKI in India. Export customers include: Belorussia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Algeria, Angola, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, North Korea, Venezuela and Vietnam. Reports also state that the Ukraine had supplied a single Su-27 to the United Kingdom and the United States also acquired a Su-27 from Belorussia in the mid-1990s and also has an airworthy Su-27UB on private register. Current upgrade programs and deployment to Russia continue with the Su-27SM with advanced avionics, off-set IRST, in-flight refuelling probes, and a glass cockpit.

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The Flanker Family

Su-27B Single seat air superiority fighter Su-27UB Two seat training (full capability of the single seat) Su-27K (Su-33) Naval version single seat Su-35 (T10M-9, T10M-10, T10M-3, T10M-6, T10M-7, T10M-1) Su-27SKM (Su-30KI) demonstrator Su-27SM current upgrade program (Su-35) Su-271B (Su-34 twin seat tactical strike aircraft now entering service) Su-37 (T10M-11 advanced design prototype with vectored thrust) Su-35UB twin seat canard version Su-30 twin seat with refuel probe and offset IRST Su-30MK (canard version of Su-30) Note that mostly have a last letter added for export Su-27KU (Twin seat naval trainer project) Not all versions and prototypes have been listed. The Su-27B is the mount of the Roosskiye Vityazi (Russian Knights) display team at Kubinka which is the base of the Russian Air Forces school of aerobatics. It should be mentioned that the Su-27s flown are not modified or training aircraft like most display teams around the world. They maintain there full military capability as combat aircraft and at over 20 tons in weight great skill is required to display the aircraft. The only modification done to these aircraft is the addition of a GPS system after the tragedy in December 1995 en-route home from Malaysia over Vietnam. In 2001 the Russian Air Force top command decided that the 237th TsPAT should receive the Su-27M (Su-35 with canards) prototypes but for various reasons the fighters never entered service. The Su-27 has also been the mount of the M.M. Gromoc Flight Research Institute (Lll) the Lyotchiki-ispy-tahteli test pilots school and Anatoliy Kvochur is well know for his unique way of exiting his aircraft. The single seat aircraft used were the Su-27P and the Su-27PD which differed in having an in-flight refuel probe fitted. Both aircraft were stripped of the IRST and other military avionics. The Su-27PD then became a ground test rig for engines after its designated service life had ended and the Su-27P became 595 White and then became the test bed used by MMPP Salyut for verifying advanced versions of the AL-31F turbofan engine. The standard Su-27B is armed with the GSh-301 30mm single barrel cannon with a rate of fire of 1500 rounds per minute and has a magazine of 150 rounds. It can carry missiles or bombs on ten hard points. Stations 1 and 2 being in tandem on the centre line of the fuselage between the engine nacelles, 3 and 4 being the inner wing points, 5 and 6 the outer wing hard points, 7 and 8 the wing tip points (sometimes replaced with ECM pods) and 9 and 10 being the hard points under the engine nacelles. During its service the Flanker was stripped of its ground strike capability to appear to the West as a defensive aircraft only but now has a wide range of air and ground weapons available for various roles and export versions. Maximum ordinance load is 13,230 lbs on the Su27B with an internal fuel load of 20,720 lbs. Later versions of the Flanker are equipped with an in-flight refuelling probe but there is no provision at the moment for wet hard points on the wings or body to carry external drop tanks. The Su-27 was designed from the outset to carry enough fuel internally.

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Dimensions and Weights

Length (less pitot tube): Wing Span: Wing Area: Height: 71ft 11in 48ft 2in 667 sq ft 19ft 5.5in

Normal take-off weight: Maximum take-off weight: Empty operating weight: Maximum Ordinance payload: Internal Fuel load:

49,800lbs 66,140lbs 35,500lbs 13,320lbs 20,720lbs

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Performance
Powerplant: Thrust/weight ratio: Top Speed at sea level: Top Speed at altitude: Minimum Control speed: Landing Speed: Maximum Mach number: Rate of Climb: Service ceiling: Minimum turning radius: Ferry range at sea level: Ferry range at 36,000 ft: Combat radius at sea level: Combat radius at altitude: Endurance: G limit: Take-off run in full afterburner: Landing run with brake chute: 2x AL-31F @ 27,560 lbst each in Afterburner 1.2 857 mph 1552 mph 124 mph 139-149 mph 2.35 56,090-59,040 ft/min 60,695 ft 1,480 ft 869 miles 2,410 miles 273 miles 857 miles 4 hours +9 2,130-2,300 ft 2.030-2,300 ft

Comparative Data with Other Types

Thrust to Weight Ratio Mirage 2000 F-16A F/A-18 F-15C Su-27 Takeoff 0.70 0.93 0.90 1.04 1.11 Combat 0.925 1.07 1.06 1.27 1.26

Engine Thrust in Full Afterburner Mirage 2000 19,840 lbst F-16A 23,940 lbst F/A-18 31,970 lbst F-15C 47,880 lbst Su-27 55,110 lbst

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Included Versions
Model: SU-27B Texture: * "Red 01" Russian Navy/689th GvIAP "Blue 03" 54th GvIAP "Red 08" 4th TsBP Lipetsk "Blue 10" Roosskiye Vityazi 1995 "Blue 05" Roosskiye Vityazi 1997 "Blue 57" UAF 831ST GvIAP 1996 "606" ERAF (Ex Ukrain) Asmara "White 595" Lyotchiki-ispytahteli Air Display/Test "White 598" LIL Test Pilots Zhukovskly Air Display/Test "Black 24" PLAAF China" SU-27SK "Blue 305" Zhukovskly 2003 SU-27SKM SU-27B (Multiplayer - fixed load) Roosskiye Vityazi (Russian Knights) Aerobatic Team "Blue 04" "Blue 05" "Blue 10" "Blue 15"
* Low-Resolution textures (1024x1024) sets are included for all models to improve frame rate on systems slowed by the 2048x2048 Hi-Resolution textures.

SU-27B (Early Air Display scheme) SU-27B (Late Air Display scheme) SU-27B RIAT 96 SU-27K SU-27P LIL SU-27PD LIL

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Main Panel Functions

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13)

RADAR and GPS display screen HUD control and Station load indicator Switch to hide flight stick Aircraft trim controls Master fuel cut-off Emergency afterburner re-light Avionics master switch and test Ekran display and warning lights Fuel flow, tank level and quantity Hydraulic systems pressure Anti skid break Weapon master arm Engine corrected N2 % and temperature

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Left Side Console Functions

1) Switch to hide throttles 2) Radio panels with switches to enable display and active channel and audio 3) Transponder and aircraft external light switches 4) Gear lever 1) Engine starters, Fire arm and suppression, generators and fuel supply 2) Drag chute lever 3) APU 1) Main battery switch and cover 2) Fuel dump switch

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Right Side Console Functions

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 1) 2) 3) 4)

Park break lever Station load (weapons panel) selection for indication GPS mode and control buttons Reference cards for station load options Interior lighting panel Radar air and ground information details Radar mode buttons GPS Display mode switch Auto Pilot Master and mode buttons

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HUD and Station Load operation

1) Master Arm Switch 2) HUD Power/Mode Switch (extra switch positions for future gauge development)

3) HUD Display and Contrast 4) Station Load indicator

To display the weapon station indicator lights you must first have the weapons loaded in the fuel and payload editor when selecting the aircraft. If the weapons are loaded then to display what stations have missiles the Master Arm Switch must be set to the On position. On the Weapons Selection Panel of the right side console (item 2 on previous page) the switch Indicate Loaded Weapons must be turned on. To arm the weapons the numeric buttons are depressed on the Weapons Selection Panel and then the Arm Selected Stations button is depressed. This will then display a second light to indicate that the selected weapons are hot. Remember that the weapons must be loaded via the payload editor in the simulation (refer to the External Stores page). Payload stations Centreline (forward) Centreline (aft) Left inner wing Right inner wing Left outer wing Right outer wing Left tip Right tip Left engine Right engine Aircraft stations Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 Station 9 Station 10

Note that not all aircraft have the ability to select weapons. The reason for this is because of display problems in the game when in multi-player mode. Therefore aircraft that are designed to be used in a multi-player environment have a fixed weapon load-out or no weapons attached. The aircraft are listed as MP in the selection window and are the Russian Knights with different tail numbers and also the 2 test pilot aircraft which have fixed dummy missiles on the wing tip stations. On some of the aircraft a smoke system is activated by the switch near the Master Arm Switch. This can be detrimental to frame rates when activated.

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Radar Details
1) Radar range control 2) Radar On/Off 3) Radar Map Contrast control 4) Radar Display "Targets" include visual heading and relative speed cues. Additional information can be displayed for aircraft and airports using the control knobs at the front of the right side console.

HUD Details
1) Current Airspeed in meters/hour 2) Heading Scale 3) Current Heading Pointer 4) Current Altitude in meters 5) Pitch Indication Line 6) Aircraft Index 7) Roll/Bank Markers 8) Pitch Angle (degrees) 9) Vertical Speed (meters/sec)

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Cockpit Warning Sounds:

Engine Fire - use fire switch to put out and turn sound off Engine Fail - cut off fuel for engine to silence Hydraulic Fail Engine Damaged, etc. Gear Warning will sound if 1) flaps are down, 2) gear is up, 3) below decision height. The Decision height is set on the Radio Altimeter Dial by the knob below - it is in meters. If you take off with flaps down and raise the gear under the set decision height the alarm will sound - therefore on takeoff set decision height to zero Before landing set the decision height if required on approach leg. If the flaps are lowered and you go below that height with the gear still up the alarm will sound. Voice alerts, stall warning, and over speed sounds are included in Russian language.

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External Stores
The ALS-SIM Flanker comes with the option of additional weapons and stores. To access the Payload Settings from the FSX menu go to Aircraft > Fuel and Payload then click on Change Payload. The keyboard shortcuts are Alt > A > F > P. Add ordnance by typing its assigned weight value into the box. In the example below "848" has been entered for "Right In" to add an AA-10 Alamo (Radar) missile on the right wing inboard station and "363" has been entered for "Right Out" to add an AA-11 Archer missile to the right wing outboard station.

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External Stores - Weights to Display

No. 1 2 3

Station Name Center1 (forward) Center2 (aft) Left In

Payload Description Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 Ext Range Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 Ext Range Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Radar) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Passive) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (IR) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Inert) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Radar) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Passive) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (IR) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Inert) Pylons w/ AA-11 Archer R-73 (Radar) Pylons w/ AA-11 Archer R-73 (Inert) Pylon w/ AA-11 Archer R-73 (Radar) Pylon w/ AA-11 Archer R-73 (Inert) AA-11 Archer R-73 (Radar) AA-11 Archer R-73 (Inert) AA-11 Archer R-73 (Radar) AA-11 Archer R-73 (Inert) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Radar) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (IR) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (Radar) Pylon w/ AA-10 Alamo R-27 (IR) Remove for Flight Demo Models Pilot - 180 lbs

Right In

5 6 7 8 9 10 -

Left Out Right Out Left Tip Right Tip Left Eng Right Eng Radar Unit Cockpit (Pilot)

Weight to Display * Metric (Pounds) 408 kg (899 lbs) 408 kg (899 lbs) 385 kg (848 lbs) 295 kg (650 lbs) 260 kg (573 lbs) 365 kg (804 lbs) 385 kg (848 lbs) 295 kg (650 lbs) 260 kg (573 lbs) 365 kg (804 lbs) 165 kg (363 lbs) 145 kg (319 lbs) 165 kg (363 lbs) 145 kg (319 lbs) 165 kg (363 lbs) 145 kg (319 lbs) 165 kg (363 lbs) 145 kg (319 lbs) 405 kg (892 lbs) 365 kg (804 lbs) 405 kg (892 lbs) 365 kg (804 lbs) Default (Fixed Load) Default (Fixed Load)

* To display empty pylons use 55 kg or 121 lbs for all stations.

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The external weapons are for display purposes only but the weights of each does affect the flight dynamics and balance of the aircraft so it is important that you select carefully and in symmetry to avoid any handling problems. A typical extended patrol mission might have two Alamos loaded on the inner wing pylons and two Archers on the wing tip pylons. The wing tip pylons also act as anti flutter devices and that is the reason that they are fixed in place. They are sometimes replaced with L004 Sorbtslya ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) pods but those have not been included in this set. There is a chart on the starboard side of the canopy indicating the weights and type of missile available for the stations.

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Engine Start Procedure

Left Console:

1) Beacon Light ON 2) Hide throttles using switch 3) Arm Engine Fire Suppression 4) Raise Engine Fire Guard tabs in case of emergency 5) Ensure Engine Fuel Switches are ON 7) View throttles 8) Check both throttles for free movement 9) Set both throttles to idle 10) Hide throttles 11) Hydraulic switches ON 13) Master Battery ON 13.1) If no battery power APU ON 14) Engage Engine Starter 1 15) After start turn off Starter 1 16) Disarm Fire Suppression 1 18) Engage Starter 2 19) After start turn off Starter 2 20) Disarm Fire Suppression 2 22) Close all tabs 23) View throttles

Main Panel:

6) Parking Brake SET 12) Avionics ON 17) Check engine idle stable at 5500 21) Check Engine Idle at 5500 External: 24) Check smooth operation of control surfaces (external view) 25) FOD guards are in position (external view)

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General Notes on Handling & Maneuvers

Before Engine Start-up:
1) Fuel and payload selected as required 2) Flight Plan loaded if required

Before Taxi:
1) Taxi lights on 2) Canopy closed and sealed 3) Pilot oxygen supply on 4) All trim set to neutral 5) Anti-skid brakes active 6) Radios tuned to required frequency 7) All temperature and pressures normal 8) Set Decision Height to zero 9) Flight plan logged if required 10) Taxi request if required

Taxi:
1) After taxiing out on the runway, taxi in straight line for 5-10 m (15-30 ft) and stop the aircraft to verify brake operation. 2) Check speed brake operation 3) Lead edge slats should deploy over 5 knots 4) Lights as required

Takeoff:
In the interest of prolonging the life of the engines, takeoff should be from a runway with length of at least 1800 m (5,900 ft). For aircraft with gross weight above 23000 kgf (50,706 lbs) full afterburner is permitted. If the aircraft with gross weight of 23000-20000 kgf (50,706-44,092 lbs) use maximum (combat) mode. On aircraft with gross weight less than 20000 kgf (44,092 lbs) the takeoff is permitted in maximum (combat training) mode. Takeoff run length of full AB in Combat Training Mode in comparison with takeoff run length on full AB in the Combat Mode increases by 80-150 m (260-490 feet). If taking off with AB release brakes first before engaging AB. Takeoff with a crosswind of up to 15 m/s (33 mph) is permitted. Begin takeoff roll and at 200 km/h (124 mph) pull back smoothly on the stick. Pull back to a pitch angle of 10-degrees. The "unstuck" speed depends on the aircraft weight but will be in the 230-280 km/h (140-175 mph) range. After unstick hold runway heading and retract landing gear. After gear is retracted increase pitch angle to 15-20 degrees and do not exceed 450 km/h (280 mph). Retract slats and flaps before velocity reaches 600 km/h (373 mph).

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Flight:

Max speed: 2,500 km/h (1,550 mph; Mach 2.35) Max speed at Sea Level: 1,345 km/h (835 mph; Mach 1.1) Minimum speed: 200 km/h (111 kts) Rate of Climb: 285-300 m/sec (935-984 ft/sec) Acceleration Rates: Time to accelerate from 330 kts. to 540 kts. is approximately 10 seconds. Max Roll Rate: Roll rate is approx. 150-degrees per sec. under normal operational conditions, but rates of 270-degrees per sec. are possible. Instantaneous Turn Capability: 20 to 22-degrees/sec Sustained Turn Capability: 14 to 16-degrees/sec Minimum turning radius: 450 m (1,476 ft) Suggested Bank Angle Limit: 30 degrees Service ceiling: 18,500 m (60,695 ft) On the pattern before the third turn reduce velocity below 500 km/h (310 mph). Lower the landing gear. LE slats will automatically extend when the gear is lowered. Before the fourth turn extend flaps. The fourth turn is executed at velocity of 350 km/h (217 mph) and a bank of not more than 45-degrees. Pass over Middle Marker Beacon at height of 200 m (656 ft) and velocity between 310-320 km/h (192-198 mph). Cross over Inner Marker Beacon at height of 60 m (196 ft) and velocity of 290-300 km/h (180-186 mph). During the glide after passing over threshold decrease the speed to 260-270 km/h (161-167 mph). Flare at 8-10 meters (26-32 ft). Normal landing angle is 10-12 degrees. WARNING: In the landing process any sharp movements by the control stick can lead to the rocking of aircraft on pitch. Keep the nose up for aerodynamic braking. It will lower to the ground around 100 kts. Apply braking chute if necessary (Ctrl-w).

Landing:

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Product Support:
http://mark-harper.co.uk/Forum/index.php

Copyright and Distribution:

Copyright 2010, Mark Harper. All Rights Reserved Worldwide.

Credits:
Models: Mark Harper Panels: Mark Harper Textures: Mark Harper Gauges: Jim Cooper & Mark Harper Flight Model: John Cagle Beta Testers: Mark Harper, John Cagle, Bill Mackay, Jim Cooper, Bernt Stolle, Frank Safranek, Lennart Biermann, Chris Eells, John Miguez, and Storm.

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