CONTENTS

THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES (1)

PAGE

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1-THE VERB "BE" ........................................................................................................................................ 2 2- THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................................................................................. 3 3- THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ............................................................................................................ 5 4- THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS .............................................................. 8

5-THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ................................................................................ 6-THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .................................................................... 7-THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE .................................................................... 8-THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE .......................................... TEST YOURSELF ............................................................................................... TEST YOUR VOCABULARY ............................................................................

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THE ENGLISH VERBS

lTHE VERB "BE"

Szckleri rastgele bir araya getirerek cmle kuramayz. Cmle kurabilmemiz iin mutlaka bir fiile ihtiyacmz vardr. "Be" fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asl fiilimiz olmad zaman cmle kurmamz salar."Be" fiilinin imdiki zaman ve geni zaman biimi ayndr ve bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biiminde kullanlr. Singular Subject Pronouns Plural Subject Pronouns I am You are He/She/It is We are You are They are I am always nervous before an exam, (general) I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (now) 1-1 'Be' fiilini asl fiil olarak kullanabileceimiz balca kalp vardr: a) be + noun I am a teacher. They are students. She is a Turk. Today is Tuesday. b) be + adjective He is tall. The world is round. They are intelligent. It's very hot today. c) be + prepositional phrase They are at home. Jane is from England. She is at the bus-stop. We are in the classroom.

1-2 "Be", yardmc fiil olarak srerlik bildiren tense'lerle de kullanlr. I am writing now./She is reading the newspaper./They are listening to music

2- THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (ANA KULLANIM) 2-1 FORM

Affirmative (olumlu)
I am writing now. You are reading a book. He/She/It is eating lunch. We are listening to music. You are working hard. They are discussing their financial problems.

Negative (olumsuz)
I am not writing now. You are not reading a book. He/She/It is not eating lunch. We are not listening to music. You are not working hard. They are not discussing their financial problems.

Interrogative (soru)
Am I writing now? Are you reading a book? Is he/she/it eating lunch? Are we listening to music? Are you working hard? Are they discussing their financial problems?

Olumsuz soruyu iki ekilde sorabiliriz. Am I not trying to help you? Are you not helping your mother? Is she not studying English? Are we not leaving for class now? Are you not watching the film? Are they not having breakfast? or or or or or or

Aren't you helping your mother? Isn't she studying English? Aren't we leaving for class now? Aren't you watching the film? Aren't they having breakfast ?

Aren't I trying to help you? 2

2-2 SPELLING OF -ING

Sonu -e ile biten fuller write writing admire admiring hope hoping hide hiding TEK HECEL FLLER stop stopping beg begging sit sitting K HECEL FLLER a) listen listening happen happening b) prefer preferring refer referring Sonu -y ile biten fiiller study reply try die lie tie stand hold spend studying replying trying dying lying tying standing holding spending shave amaze dine ride run rub set open ripen begin control play buy enjoy shaving amazing dining riding running rubbing setting opening ripening beginning controlling playing buying enjoying Sonu -e ile bilen fiillere -ing taks eklenirken -e der. * Bu gruba giren tek heceli fiillerde. sondaki sessiz harf ift yazlr. Vurgu l.hecedeyse sondaki sessiz harf tek yazlr;2.hecedeyse ift yazlr. -y ile biten fiillere -ing taks eklenirken yazmda deiiklik olmaz. -ie -y' ye dnr ve -ing eklenir. ki sessizle biten fiillere -ing eklenirken yazmda deiiklik olmaz.

Sonu bir sesli harf +bir sessiz harfle biten fiiller

Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller

Sonu iki sessiz harfle biten fiiller

start find bend

starting finding bending

* Sonu -ee biiminde biten fiiller -ing taks alrken -e dmez: see-seeing, agree-aareeing, free-freeing

2-3 USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Bu tense ile temel olarak iinde bulunduumuz arda yapmakta olduumuz eylemleri anlatrz. Zaman pekitirmek iin ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still gibi zaman zarflan kullanrz. Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner. Where is your sister? I think she is writing a letter in her room. Listen! They are talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying? b) Konumann getii srada eylemi yapyor olmasak bile, o sralarda yapmakta olduumuz ileri de bu tense ile anlatrz ve nowadays, these days, this term, this year, this month, this semestre, at the moment ( "u sralar" anlamnda ) gibi zaman zarflar kullanrz. How many courses are you taking this term? I'm taking five courses. I haven't seen Peter recently. Have you? No, but I talked to him on the phone last Saturday. He is very busy these days. is redecorating his house by himself. c) Deimekte olan durumlar, olaylar bu tense ile anlatrz. 3

He

"Everything is expensive. (Her ey pahal.)" cmlesi, fiyatlarn o anki durumunu anlatr. Fakat, "Everything is getting more and more expensive. (Her ey gittike pahallayor.)" ifadesi, fiyatlarn srekli deitiini, ykseldiini gsterir. It is cold. ( Hava souk.) It is getting colder. ( Hava gittike souyor.) The economic situation in Turkey is very bad. (Trkiye'nin ekonomik durumu ok kt.) The economic situation in Turkey is getting worse. (Trkiye'nin ekonomik durumu gittike ktleiyor.) zarflaryla,

d)

Bu tense'i, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman gelecekte yapmay planladmz eylemleri anlatmak iin kullanrz. I'm meeting Ann next Saturday. They are giving a party next month. She is leaving Istanbul in two days.

rneklerde grld gibi, cmle yap olarak imdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana aittir. Ayn kullanm Trke'de de varolduu ii n, bu cmleleri Trke'ye, gelecek zaman ya da imdiki zaman yapsnda evirmemiz mmkndr. Son rnei Trke'ye u ekilde evirebiliriz: ki gn sonra stanbul'dan ayrlyor. / ki gn sonra stanbul'dan ayrlacak.

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THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE(GEN ZAMAN)

3-1 KULLANIM FORMU

Affirmative ( Olumlu ) I get up early. You go on holiday every year. He studies hard. She cleans the house herself. It stands in the corner. We keep our promises. You like animals very much. They help the people around. Negative ( Olumsuz ) I don't get up early. You don't go on holiday every year. He doesn't study hard. She doesn't clean the house herself. It doesn't stand in the corner. We don't keep our promises. You don't like animals very much. They don't help the people around Interrogative ( Soru ) Do I get up early? Do you go on holiday every year? Does he study hard? Does she clean the house herself? Does it stand in the corner? Do we keep our promises? Do you like animals very much? Do they help the people around?

nc tekil ahs iin ( he/she/it) fiil, olumlu cmlede -s taks ahr. He reads a lot/She buys a newspaper regularly. /The cat drinks only milk in the morning. Olumsuz cmlede ve sorada, yani "does" ya da "doesn't" bulunan cmlelerde fiil daima yalndr. He doesn't read a lot. /She doesn't buy a newspaper every day. Does the cat drink milk in the morning? "have" fiilinin nc ahs biimi "has" dir. Ancak, soruda ve olumsuz cmlede fiilin yaln hali " have " kullanlr. Do you have a bath every day? Yes, I do. (I have a bath every day.) 4

 Does your son have a bath every day? Yes, he does. ( He has a bath every day.) Does your father have breakfast in the morning? No, he doesn't. ( He doesn't have breakfast in the morning.)

3-2 USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a) Bu tense ile. genelde yaptmz ileri, alkanlklarmz anlatrz ve always, sometimes, never, often vb. sklk bildiren zarflarn yan sra, every day, every month, every year, every summer gibi zaman zarflarm ska kullanrz. What time do you usually get up? I usually get up at seven o'clock. Does she always get up early? Not always. She sometimes gets up very late. How often do you go to the cinema? I go to the cinema every weekend/once a week/twice a month/three times a year etc. How often does your brother write to you? He writes to me very often. Frequency Adverbs ( Sklk bildiren zaman zarflar) always almost always/nearly always very often usually often sometimes rarely hardly ever never all the time ( hep, her zaman ) almost all the time, nearly all the time (hemen hemen her zaman) (ok sk) generally ( genellikle ) frequently ( sk sk ) occasionally, from time to time (bazen,ara sra) seldom ( ender, nadiren, seyrek) almost never (hemen hemen hi ) ( hi,hi bir zaman, asla )

b)

Yardmc fiil bulunmayan olumlu cmlelerde bu zarflar asl fiilden nce, yani zne ile yklemin arasnda yer alr. She always sings in English. /I sometimes feel depressed. /They seldom go to the theatre. Bu zarflar am, is, are dan sonra gelir. I sometimes go to work late. /I am sometimes late for work. Sklk bildiren zarflarn olumsuz cmledeki yeri deiiktir. Always daima olumsuzluk eki not dan sonra gelir. I don't always get up early. /She doesn't always study very hard. They aren't always late for class. frequently, sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden nce gelir. I sometimes don't want to be with people. /She frequently doesn't want to study. They sometimes aren't ready on time. /She occasionally isn't polite to the people around. NOTE: Birinci tekil ahs iin bu kural geerli deildir. Zarf, yardmc fiil 'am' ile 'not' arasnda yer alr. 5

I'm sometimes not patient enough with children. usually, generally ve often her iki durumda da kullanlr. They usually don't go out in the evenings. /They don't usually go out in the evenings. We often don't turn on the television. /We don't often turn on the television. They generally aren't awake till 11a.m./They aren't generally awake till 11a.m. rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never ve never olumsuz cmlede kullanlmaz. Bu zarflar sadece olumlu cmlede kullanlr, ancak olumsuz bir anlam tar. I hardly ever go to the theatre. ( Tiyatroya hemen hemen hi gitmem.) He almost never goes to work in his own car. (e kendi arabasyla neredeyse hi gitmez.) I'm hardly ever nervous before an exam. ( Snav ncesi neredeyse hi heyecanlanmam.) She never comes to her appointments on time. = She is never on time for her appointments. ( Randevularna asla vaktinde gelmez.)

Olumlu anlam tayan sklk zarflarn (usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarna uygun bu kullanmlarnn yan sra, cmlede vurguyu artrmak iin, cmlenin banda da kullanabiliriz. zellikle sometimes bu ekilde ok sk kullanlr. Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't need to get up early. Usually they spend too much money on luxuries. NOTE: always bu ekilde cmle banda yer almaz. Olumsuz anlam tayan sklk zarflan (rarely , seldom , hardly ever, scarcely ever and never) cmlenin bana geldii zaman cmle devrik olur. I never eat fish. He rarely smokes. You seldom make mistakes. She scarcely ever visits us. Never do I eat fish. Rarely does he smoke. Seldom do you make mistakes. Scarcely ever does she visit us.

ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanlr ve 'hi' anlamn verir. Olumsuz cevapta 'hi' demek iin 'do not ever' yerine 'never' kullanlr. Do you ever smoke? No, I never smoke. c) Don't you ever help your mother? Yes, I help her when I have time.

Doa kanunlarn, her zaman geerlilii olan dorular ve genellemeleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz. Diamond is a precious stone. /Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. The world revolves round the sun. /Plants need water in order to grow. Water boils at 100 C. /Wood floats in water but iron sinks.

d)

'What do you do?' sorusu kiinin neyle uratn, iini sorar. Yani 'What is your Job/occupation? sorusu ile ayn anlamdadr. What do you do? I'm a teacher. What does your father do? He is an accountant.

'What do you do?' sorusunu bir zaman zarfyla kullanrsak, 'sz edilen zamanda ne yaparsn' anlamna gelir. What do you do at the weekends? I usually meet friends. e) What does your father do in the evenings? He reads his newspaper or watches television.

Why don't you..............? kalb birine neri getirirken kullanlr. I have a headache. We have nothing to eat at home. 6

 Why don't you take a tablet? NOTE:

Why don't we go out for dinner?

"Why don't you get up early in the mornings? I can't, because I usually go to bed late." ifadesinde, "Why don't you ..........? gerek bir soru zellii tar ve kii yant verilmesini bekler. Ancak: "I'm too tired. Why don't you lie down and rest?" ifadesinde, "Why don't you ..........?" yap olarak soru olmasna karn, kendisi bir yanttr ve neri getirir.

f)

Sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin balama ve biti saatlerini, ders programlarn ya da uak, tren, otobs tarifelerini belirtirken, geni zaman gelecek zaman anlamyla kullanabiliriz. The buses start at 6 a.m. and stop at 12 p.m. every day. (simple present) The train to Ankara leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow and arrives there at 6 p.m. Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at 12. (simple present) My class begins at 9 tomorrow and finishes at 12. (future) (future)

4- THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

K ZAMAN SSTEMN KULLANIM AISINDAN KARILATIRILMASI. a) Konumann getii anda ya da o sralarda yapmakta olduumuz ileri Present Continuous ile (I am doing) ; genelde yaptmz ileri, alkanlklarmz ise Simple Present ile (I do ) anlatrz demitik.

Father is in his room now. He is resting. (now) Father always rests in his room in the afternoon. (simple present) I want to concentrate on my studies. That's why Im not playing volleyball this year. I usually play volleyball at the weekend. I don't play on weekdays. b) Baz fiiller srerlik bildiren tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing, I have been doing. etc.) kullanlmazlar. Bu fiiller, konuma srasnda bizzat yaplmakta olan bir eylem (action) bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler. "I'm writing now." ifadesinde, write fiili bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim u anda yapmakta olduum bir ii ifade eder. "I know English." ifadesinde ise know fiili bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, kiinin yapmakta olduu bir ii deil,statik bir durum bildirir. Durum bildiren fiillerin imdiki zaman ve geni zaman iin kullanmlar ayndr. When I get up in the morning, I want to drink something immediately. (simple present) I'm very thirsty. I want to drink something. (now) 7

People need money in order to live. ( simple present)

PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE'LERLE KULLANILMAYAN FLLER 1DNMEYE LKN FLLER ( MENTAL STATE ) think * suppose believe imagine 2realize notice recognize know understand feel doubt remember forget want need prefer mean

DUYGU BELRTEN FLLER (EMOTIONAL STATE) love hate like dislike appreciate detest loathe fear envy mind care desire wish forgive

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SAHPLK BLDREN FLLER ( POSSESSION ) possess have * own belong

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DUYU FLLER ( SENSE PERCEPTIONS ) see * hear smell* taste * feel *

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DER DURUM BLDREN FLLER look * seem appear* owe cost weigh * be * exist advise promise refuse contain consist of include sound

*Yannda yldz olan fiiller, farkl bir anlam tadklar zaman, srerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanlrlar.

NONPROGRESSIVE ( DURUM BLDREN) or PROGRESSIVE ( EYLEM BLDREN ) think 'sanmak, zannetmek' anlamndaysa progressive tense'lerle kullanlmaz; 'dnmek' anlamndaysa kullanlr. I think she is a student. I think they will visit us next week. I'm thinking about going abroad next year. She isn't, listening to the lesson now. She is thinking about her family. see 'grmek' anlamndaysa ' -ing' almaz; 'grmek ' anlamndaysa ' -ing ' alr. Right now, I'm looking out of the window. I see a lot of cars in the street and lots of people. The doctor is seeing his patient now. The manager is seeing one of the applicants now. smell 'kokmak' anlamndaysa ' -ing' almaz; 'koklamak' anlamndaysa ' -ing' alr. This perfume smells very nice. These flowers smell awful. I can't keep them in the kitchen. Look! Mother is smelling the flowers.

have * sahiplik bildiriyorsa, progressive tense'lerle kullanlmaz. Ancak, baka bir szckle birleip eylem bildiriyorsa kullanlr. Sorry, I can't lend you any money, because I don't have much now. She has two brothers. She is having breakfast now: Father can't come to the phone. He is having a bath right now. taste Bir nesnenin tadndan sz ediyorsak '-ing' almaz: 'tadna bakmak' anlamndaysa alr. This soup tastes awful. I can't eat it. (orbann tad berbat.) The dinner looks bad but tastes delicious. (Yemein grnts kt ama tad gzel.) What are you doing here in the kitchen? I'm tasting the meal. feel Bir nesnenin bize verdii duyguyu ifade ediyorsa ya da 'sezinlemek, ummak' anlamndaysa '-ing' almaz. This pillow feels very hard. (=This pillow is very hard. /Bu yastk ok sert.) I feel something bad will happen. (Kt bir eylerin olacan hissediyorum/sezinliyorum.) 'hissetmek' anlamndaysa ' -ing ' alabilir. I feel better today, = Im feeling better today. ( Bugn kendimi iyi hissediyorum. ) look 'gibi grnmek' anlamndaysa ' -ing ' almaz; 'bakmak' anlamndaysa ' -ing ' alr. You look ill. You'd better go home and take a rest. That ladder doesn't look safe. Why are you looking out of the window? Is there something interesting? I'm looking at you carefully but I don't understand what you are trying to do. * Sahiplik bildiren 'have, has' ' have got, has got ' biiminde de kullanlr.KULLANIMA DKKAT EDN! I have two sisters. I don't have any brothers. She has a car. She doesn't have a bike. Do you have any nephews? Yes, I do. No, I don't. Does she have a boat? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't. = = = = = = = = = = I have got two sisters. I haven't got any brothers. She has got a car. She hasn't got a bike. Have you got any nephews? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. Has she got a boat? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.

appear 'gibi grnmek' anlamndaysa '-ing' almaz: 'ortaya kmak' anlamndaysa '-ing ' alr. The teacher appears to be in a bad mood today. appears to be bored with the film. Look! Ali is appearing from where he has hidden. weigh Bir nesnenin arln sylerken '-ing' almaz; 'tartmak' anlamndaysa '-ing' alr. The baby is getting fatter. She weighs six kilograms. The butcher is weighing the meat now. be 'be' fiilinin present biiminin am, is, are olduunu ve 'imdiki zaman' ve 'geni zaman' iin ayn biimde kullanldm daha nce ifade etmitik. I am hungry. I want to eat something. (now) When I am very tense, I prefer to have a walk to relax. (general) She

'be' fiili, konumann getii srada bir deiimi vurguluyorsa, baz sfatlarla imdiki Zaman yapsyla ( am/is/are being) kullanlr. You are very rude.' (ok kabasn.) ifadesi kiinin genelde kaba biri olduunu belirtir. 'You are being rude.' (Kabalayorsun.) ifadesi ise kiinin konuma srasnda kaba davrandn belirtir. 'Kabalk' genel bir zellii olmayabilir. c) 'live' fiili ile srekli oturduumuz yeri ifade ediyorsak, geni zaman kullanlr. Where do you live? I live in Istanbul. Where do your parents live? They live in Germany.

Ancak, geici olarak ikamet ettiimiz yeri imdiki zamanla belirtiriz. I moved to Istanbul only two weeks ago, and I'm living with my relatives for the time being.

EXERCISE 1

Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs given in parentheses.

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Many qualified nurses (leave) ........................ the profession these days because of the terrible working conditions. This week we (sell) ........................ these scarves for five pounds, although we (normally, charge) ........................ six pounds fifty for each. I (never, hear) ........................ the telephone ring when I (be) ........................ in the attic. Jack is lucky. He (listen) ........................ to Brahms's music live at the Albert Hall at this very moment while we (sit) ........................ here in the office listening to the BBC orchestra on the radio. The dinner is nearly ready. Mum (taste) ........................ the soup now. Normally we (wait) ........................ for Dad to arrive home, but we (eat) ........................ early today because we (go) ........................ to the theatre tonight. Look! The waiter (wear) ........................ a stained shirt and they (not, collect)........................ the dirty plates. No wonder few people (come) ........................ here any more. 10

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Today, three Scottish villages (mourn) ........................ the death of seven local men at sea. As a rule, I (wash) ........................ my car on Sunday at my mother's house, but today I (take) ........................ it to the car wash machine as I (not, have)........................ time to wash it myself. Every year many people (move) ........................ from the North of England to the prosperous South. This powdered pudding is strawberry flavour, but actually, it (not, taste) ........................ fruity at all. A: I (always, see) ........................ Brian eating junk food like sweets and nuts. ................. he (ever, not, eat) ................. anything healthy, such as fruit or vegetables? B: No. In addition, he (not, get) ........................ any exercise either. The globe (get) ........................ warmer and warmer, which (raise) ........................ the sea-level. The blood pressure of a healthy person (vary) ........................ with exercise and emotional stress. Lasers (emit) ........................ a narrow, intense beam of light in a single direction. Every year, I (fill) ................... a few little bags with lavender and (put)........................ them in the drawers where I (keep) ........................ my linen because it (smell) ........................ so nice. The grief we (experience) ........................ at this sad moment is indescribable. What lovely quality this baby outfit is! It (feel) ........................ nice and thick. Fresh strawberries (always, taste) ........................ good here. They (remind) ........................ me of home. This week British Airways (send) ........................ thousands of people a voucher worth 20% off any flight to Europe. A: What is that strange noise on the telephone line? B: Sorry, Mum. I (use) ........................ the Internet. Generally speaking, traffic (cause) ........................ pollution and the constant increase in traffic day by day (cause) ...................... more and more air pollution. Paul (think) ........................ joining the European Union will lead to disaster, but I (not, agree) ........................ with him. Leeds United (usually, play) ........................ in a white football strip, but today they (play) ........................ in green because their opponents' strip is white. A: You (look) ........................ very worried. I (hope) ....................... nothing bad has happened! B: Well, I've broken Grandma's favourite cup, and now I (think)....................... about how to explain it to her. My mother (not, like) ...................... anybody else in her kitchen while she (cook)................ Don't worry about your dog. The veterinary surgeon (feel) ........................ his legs to check that nothing is broken. The restaurant is full of workmen. They (redecorate) ........................ it. A: Where is Sandra? B: She (smell) ........................ every perfume in the shop, but in fact, she (not, have)........................ enough money for any of them. A: Oh, that's typical of her! Whenever we (go) ........................ to the shops, she (try) ........................ on countless clothes, and then, (leave) ........................ without buying anything. It's not fair! While I (work) ........................ here in rainy England, Kate and Richard (lie) ........................ on the beach in sunny South-Africa. The National Health Service (not, provide) ........................ the necessary level of care at the moment due to the flu epidemic.

Exercise 1 1. are leaving 2. are selling/normally charge 3.never hear/am 4.is listening/are sitting 5.is tasting/wait/are eating/are going 6.is wearing/aren't collecting/come 7.are mourning 8.wash/am taking/don't have 9.move 10.doesn't taste 11.always see/Doesn't...ever eat/doesn't get 12.is getting/is raising (raises) 13.varies 14.emit 15.fill/put/keep/smells 16.are experiencing 17.feels 18.always taste/remind 19.is sending 20.am using 21.causes/is causing 22.thinks/don't agree 23.usually play/are playing 24.look/hope/am thinking 25.doesn't like/is cooking 26.is feeling 27.are redecorating 28.is smelling/doesn't have/go/tries/leaves 29.am working/are lying 30.isn't providing

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5- THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (GEM ZAMAN) 5-1 KULLANIM FORMU

Affirmative ( olumlu ) I studied English. You worked hard. He/She came late. It rained heavily yesterday. We enjoyed the party. You helped a lot. They got up early. Negative (olumsuz) Interrogative (soru)

I didn't study English. You didn't work hard. He/She didn't come late. It didn't rain heavily yesterday. We didn't enjoy the party. You didn't help a lot. They didn't get up early.

Did I study English? Did you work hard? Did he/she come late? Did it rain heavily yesterday? Did we enjoy the party? Did you help a lot? Did they get up early?

Olumlu cmlede, fiillerin past tense biimi, olumsuz cmlede ve soruda ise fiillerin yaln hali kullanlr. I stayed in zmir for five years. She didn't study hard enough to pass the exam. Did you stay home yesterday? Ksa cevapta did ve didn't kullanlr. Did you go to the cinema last week? Yes, we did. ( Yes,we went to the cinema last week. ) Did you visit your friends yesterday? No, I didn't. (I didn't visit my friends yesterday. )

5-2

Bu tense'i gemite yaptmz eylemleri, olaylar ve durumlar anlatrken kullanrz. Yesterday, last night, last week, last summer, half an hour ago, ten days ago, two years ago vb. bu tense ile ska kullandmz zaman zarflardr. I became a teacher eight years ago. Where did you go on holiday last summer? He didn't play football last Sunday because he was ill. She left the country a few months ago.

5-3 Dzenli ( regular ) fiillerin past biimi.fiilin yaln haline "-ed " eklenerek elde edilir.
Present Past : : want wanted stay stayed study studied shave shaved

5-4 "be" fiilinin past biimi "was, were" biimindedir.

I lived in a village when I was a child. She was late for work yesterday, so her boss was angry with her. We were at home last night.

5-5 Dzenli fiillerin "- ed" taksn almasyla ilgili yazm kurallar yledir:
I) ou dzenli fiil -ed alr. talk - talked walk - walked govern - governed seem - seemed roar - roared roam - roamed 12

II) Bir sessiz+bir sesli+bir sessiz harften oluan ksa fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf ift yazlr. grab - grabbed ban - banned stop - stopped slim - slimmed beg - begged rob - robbed

III) Sonu -e ile bitenler sadece -d taks alr. gaze - gazed smile - smiled stare - stared hate - hated like - liked save - saved

IV) Sonu bir sessiz harf+y ile bitenlerde - y, - i olur, ondan sonra - ed eklenir. try - tried dry - dried cry - cried fry - fried apply - applied study - studied

- y den nce bir sesli harf varsa yazmda deiildik olmaz. play - played pray - prayed delay - delayed decay - decayed betray - betrayed spray sprayed

5-6 Dzensiz (irregular ) fiillerin past biimi ise tabloda grld gibidir. AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

SIMPLE FORM arise be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost

SIMPLE PAST arose was, were bore beat became began bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost

PAST PARTICIPLE arisen been borne/ born b eaten /beat become begun bent bet* bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broad cast built burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost

SIMPLE FORM fling fly forbid forecast forget forgive forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead leave lend

SIMPLE PAST flung flew forbade forecast forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent

PAST PARTICIPLE flung flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent 13

creep cut deal dig do draw eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee

crept cut dealt dug did drew ate fell fed felt fought found fit fled

crept cut dealt dug done drawn eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit* fled

let lie light lose make mean meet mislay mistake pay put quit read rid

let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid mistook paid put quit read rid

let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met mislaid mistaken paid put quit * read rid

SIMPLE FORM ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sit sleep slide slit speak speed spend spin spit split spread spring *

SIMPLE PAST rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shed shone/shined shot showed shrank/shrunk shut sang sat slept slid slit spoke sped/speeded spent spun/span spit/spat split spread sprang/sprung

PAST PARTICIPLE ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set shaken shed shone/shined shot shown/ showed shrunk shut sung sat slept slid slit spoken sped/speeded spent spun spit/spat split spread sprung

SIMPLE FORM stand steal stick sting stink strive strike string swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw thrust understand undertake upset wear weave weep win wind withdraw wring write

SIMPLE PAST stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strove struck strung swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw thrust understood undertook upset wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote

PAST PARTICIPLE stood stolen stuck stung stunk striven struck/ stricken strung sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust understood undertaken upset worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written

Bu fiiller iin American English ve British English arasndaki farkllklara dikkat ediniz.

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American bet - bet - bet fit -fit -fit get - got - gotten quit - quit - quit

British bet - bet - bet or bet - betted- betted fit -fitted -fitted get - got - got quit - quitted - quitted

American English'de dzenli olan baz fiiller British English'de dzensizdir. American: burn-burned, dream-dreamed, kneel-kneeled, lean-leaned, smell smelled, spill-spilled, etc.

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British:

bum-burnt, dream-dreamt, kneel-knelt, lean-leant, smell-smelt, spill-spilt.

5-7 CONFUSING VERBS

b) rise, rose, risen (intransitive) Prices rose three times last week.

a) raise, raised, raised (transitive) The supermarket raised its prices twice last week. c) arouse, aroused, aroused (transitive) The man's peculiar behaviour aroused the police's suspicion. e) set, set, set (transitive) We set the chair at the head of the table. g) lay, laid, laid (transitive) We laid the carpet after we'd painted the walls. i) bind, bound, bound (tie up) He bound the dog to the fence with a long rope.

d) arise, arose, arisen (intransitive) Their suspicion arose because of the man's peculiar behaviour. f) sit, sat, sat (intransitive) My father sat at the head of the table h) lie,* lay, lain (intransitive) I lay on the sofa after dinner and went to sleep. j) bound, bounded, bounded (1. border 2. jump) Luxembourg is bounded by Belgium, Germany and France. The dog was bounding across the field. l) found, founded, founded (establish) Mao Tse-Tung founded the People's Republic of China. n) ground, grounded, grounded (compel to stay on the around) The authorities grounded the plane for safety checks. p) wound, wounded, wounded (injure) The gun shots wounded several people. r) fell, felled, felled (cut down) They felled the tree because it was getting too big. t) saw, sawed, sawed/sawn (cut with a saw) He sawed the wood into equal lengths. v) hang, hanged, hanged (kill someone by hanging) The leader of the Pakistani military coup, General Zia ul-Huq, hanged the President, Bhutto, in 1979

k) find, found, found I found your pen on top of the fridge m) grind, ground, ground (crush, into powder) In the past people ground wheat into Hour using large stones. o) wind, wound, wound (twist, turn) He wound the string into a tight ball. q) fall, fell, fallen She fell as she was getting off the bus s) see, saw, seen They saw an accident, while driving to work. u) hang, hung, hung (suspend something) They hung a flag from the window for Republic Day.

* Lie "yalan sylemek" anlamndaysa, dzenli bir fiildir: She lied to us about her coming late.

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EXERCISE 2 : Choose the correct word in parentheses.

1- Elif proudly (laid/lay) her new Buldan tablecloth over the dining room table. 2- On our last summer holiday, we (laid/lay) in the sun most of the time and only (saw/sawed) a few of the tourist attractions. 3- The Chairman (set/sat) the display desk at the entrance to the hall. 4- The Chairman's family (set/sat) in the front row during his speech. 5- The genuine 16th century Ottoman tiles (arose/aroused) the interest of several buyers in the auction room. 6- Last year, wages (rose/raised) thirty percent on average. 7- The kidnappers (bounded/bound) the millionaire's arms and legs together. 8- As he had not written the directions clearly, Mark (found/founded) the craft shop after about an hour. 9- Richard Cadbury (found/founded) Cadbury's chocolate factory in the early 1800s. Cadbury's chocolate remains a favourite of many today. 10- I have an old fashioned alarm clock. On weekdays, I (wound/wind) it up before I go to bed. 11- I (wound/wounded) my alarm clock up and went to bed. 12- A bullet (wound/wounded) a security guard during the robbery. 13- After their second crash this year, serious doubts (arose/aroused) about the safety of Korean Airlines. 14- A rabbit ran in front of us during our walk and the dog (bound/bounded) after it. 15- Despite objections, the council (fell/felled) the ancient oak tree in the playground because it was dangerous. 16- Sheila (saw/sawed) a lovely carpet in the sale last week and bought it for her living room. 17- The carpenter (saw/sawed) the bottom off Sheila's living room door, so now it opens easily over her new carpet. 18- Up until the 20th century, the courts in this state (hang/hanged) convicted murderers. Now they kill them by lethal injection. 19- Since it was so warm and sunny yesterday, I (hung/hanged) some of the flower baskets out. 20- Sarah's son is over enthusiastic. He sometimes (raises/rises) his hand in class when he doesn't know the answer. 21- Engineers (ground/grounded) the hot-air balloon and cancelled the transatlantic attempt as it had a serious leak. 22- For the dinner party I gave last Saturday, I (ground/grounded) my black pepper freshly from peppercorns. 23- Sometimes, when an airplane has a serious fault, the authorities (grind/ground) it until the problem is resolved. 24- The butcher (rose/raised) his eyebrows in surprise when he heard the news. 25- Sir Isaac Newton had his ideas about gravity after an apple from the tree (fell/felled) on his head.

Exercise 2 1.laid 2.lay/saw 3.set 4.sat 5.aroused 6.rose 7.bound 8.found 9.founded 10.wind 11.wound 12.wounded 13.arose 14.bounded 15.felled 16.saw 17.sawed 18.hanged 19.hung 20.raises 21.grounded 22.ground 23.ground 24.raised 25.fell

EXERCISE 3 : Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in
the list. Use each verb only once.

fly lead shoot undertake weep 1-

give light swing upset win

keep mean, thrust weave wring

Because of his skill and judgement, Steve Bull.................his team to victory. 17

Caesar's enemies.................their knives into his back. Jenny placed some seeds on the bird table in her garden. Soon after, two robins ................. down and Jenny watched them happily. 4- The Viking warrior ................. the axe over his head and let out a horrible scream before he rushed towards the enemy. 5- It is quite cold for October, isn't it? We.................the gas central heating boiler yesterday. 6- After the death of her husband, Jane ................. the responsibility for the driving school and ran it herself. 7- Perhaps I wasn't very polite, but I ................. every word of my complaint. 8- Skilled craftsmen ................. this cloth and then applied wax to create the batik pattern. 9- Because one of Manchester United's players, David Beckham, got a red card, the Brazilian team gained advantage and ................. the match. 10- First she used a wet mop on the floor to get the dirt off. Afterwards, she................. the mop out well and went over it again. 11- Everybody wonders how the mountaineers ................. alive for days in such harsh conditions until the rescue team reached them. 12- When Sarah telephoned me about the accident yesterday, it ................. me so much that I couldn't speak. 13- My mother ................. me a lovely necklace on my birthday. 14- An envious young man ................. the famous musician, John Lennon, dead outside his apartment. 15- When Judy won the competition last year, she ................. with joy. Tears of joy rolled down her face.

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Exercise 3 1.led 2.thrust 3.flew 4.swung 5.lit 6.undertook 7.meant 8.wove 9.won 10.wrung 11.kept 12.upset 13.gave 14.shot 15.wept

EXERCISE 4 : Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in
the list. Use each verb only once.

bear flee lend slide teach

build hide put steal withdraw

dig hold seek throw swim 18

After the end of World War II, the Latvian war criminal Konrad Kalis ................. to Australia, where he became an Australian citizen. 2- Norman Wisdom, the famous film comedian, ................. all the hardships of his childhood well and didn't let the harsh treatment by others depress him. 3- In 1983, the Wilsons sold their house in the city centre and ................. a new one on a plot of land in the countryside. 4- Last Wednesday, some workmen from the council ................. up the road in front of our house in order to lay some new gas pipes. 5- For many years during the Second World War, Anne Frank and her family ................. in the back rooms of an office building. Unfortunately, the Nazis discovered them in 1944. 6- Our chairman resigned on Friday and yesterday we ................. an election for a new one. 7- I ................. Paul my tent last summer. He returned it yesterday with a bent pole and a tear in the canvas. 8- I ................. the key under the door mat this morning, so you can let yourself in. 9- After the manager left, they ................. someone with similar experience but settled for a less qualified candidate in the end. 10- On last year's skiing holiday. I lost my balance and................. down the hill for about ten minutes. I stopped when I hit a tree. 11- The young man ................. money even from his own mother to pay for drugs. 12- Last Saturday. I ................. two miles and received a badge from the swimming club. 13- Cadbury's chocolate company ................. their sponsorship, which was worth about one million pounds per year, from the club last week and the club are looking for a new sponsor. 14- At John's party on Saturday, his friends ................. him into the swimming pool. 15- My mother ................. me how to knit when I was twelve.

1-

Exercise 4 1.fled 2.bore 3.built 4.dug 5.hid 6.held 7.lent 8.put 9.sought 10.slid 11.stole 12.swam 13.withdrew 14.threw 15. taught

EXERCISE 5 : Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in
the list. Use each verb only once. 19

burst shrink fling bend lie 123456789101112131415Exercise 5

see break mislay freeze cast

bleed bite forsake choose fit

It was only a shaving cut, but it ............quite a lot and left a stain on his shirt collar. Yesterday, I hit the side of the car wing mirror on the garage wall and the mirror ................. into several pieces. He ................. himself into the chair with such force that it collapsed. She ................. a promising career in computer technology in order to study rug weaving. Yesterday, we took our course books to the park, but most of the time we ................. on the grass in the sunshine. We bought three chickens at the market and ................. two of them to use later. Yesterday, my husband ................. his glasses, so, because I'm short-sighted as well, he borrowed mine until he found his. At midnight on New Year's Eve, we went to the town's centre and ................. lots of wonderful fireworks. My mother ................. my favourite jumper the last time she washed it. Now it looks like a child's jumper. We................. one of the poles on the tent during our holiday. Now our tent looks crooked. In a boxing match last year, Mike Tyson ................. part of his opponent's ear off, which shows what a barbaric sport it is. I ................. two of the balloons I was blowing up for the party last night. Andrew Lloyd Webber ................. Michael Crawford as the Phantom of the Opera in his musical of the same name. Of all the flats we were shown, we ................. the one closest to the city centre, Luckily, Sally's new wardrobe................. perfectly into the space next to her bed.

1.bled 2.broke 3.flung 4.forsook 5.lay 6.froze 7.mislaid 8.saw 9.shrank 10.bent 11.bit 12.burst 13.cast 14.chose 15.fit

EXERCISE 6

: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in the list.

Use each verb only once.

quit breed draw ring

shed catch pay split

swear cling rid strive 20

creep 123456789101112131415-

Sight

string

My great uncle ................. in the First World War and won a medal. He ................. his job last Friday because he didn't get a management position. This morning, a lorry ................ its load on the approach to the roundabout, which caused a traffic jam. Julia ................. that she wouldn't tell anyone about my secret. He retired from horse racing at the age of thirty-five and ................. horses Instead. Last Wednesday, the police ................. the murderer as he was trying to leave the country in disguise. The passengers of the small boat................. to the side of the life-raft until the Coast Guard rescued them. My nephew Edward prepared a birthday card for his mother himself. He................. a rabbit on the outside and a tree on the inside. My company ................. us before Christmas instead of on the last Friday in the month. My sister................. herself of her fear by visiting a psychotherapist. I................. the doorbell at your house last night, but you didn't answer. I assumed that you were out. After six more registers, the director ................. the class into two because it had . become too crowded. At the weekend, an expert ................. our violin for us. Now it sounds quite good. Jack ................. hard to win the race, but in the end. he came second. By the time we got there, the play had already started, so we ................. into the theatre quietly so as not to disturb the audience.

Exercise 6 1.fought 2.quit 3.shed 4.swore 5.bred 6.caught 7.clung 8.drew 9.paid 10.rid 11.rang 12.split 13.strung 14.strove 15.crept

EXERCISE 7 : Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the verbs in the list. Some
of the verbs are regular and some are irregular. Use each verb only once. spend climb drive eat grow injure lose maintain mistake pass shut borrow wash wear worry

123456789-

Last night, I ................. the whole evening about where rny son was, and learnt later that he was safe at his friend's house, Yesterday, I ................. sixty pounds on a new pair of boots. This morning, I am regretting it. On Thursday, I felt ill. so I ................. the shop much earlier than usual and went home. The court found him guilty, but right up to his death, his wife ................. that he was innocent. Somewhere during our trip, I ................. my passport. At her wedding. Diana ................. a cream silk gown embroidered with small, cream beads. Yesterday, my baby daughter ................. up the stairs. Of course, 1 was right behind her in case she fell. We ................. a lot of Turkish food at the party. My husband was pleased as he misses Turkey a lot. During the icy weather last week, my aunt slipped on some ice and ................. her leg. 21

10- Last year, we ................. all the way from Germany to Turkey, which was an exhausting trip. 11- Lucy shed all her hair during her treatment for cancer, but fortunately, it................. back even thicker than before. 12- I ................. the one hundred lira note for a five million lira note and tried to pay the taxi driver with it. 13- i ................. the dry cleaner's yesterday, but still forgot to pick up your suit. 14- My car looks great today because 1 ................. and polished it last night. 15- I ................. sixty pounds from my brother, but now he doesn't want it back, which is. very nice.

Exercise 7 1.worried 2.spent 3.shut 4.maintained 5.lost 6.wore 7.climbed 8.ate 9.injured 10.drove 11.grew 12.mistook 13.passed 14.washed 15.borrowed

EMPHATIC "DO"
Simple Present ve Simple Past tense'lerle. normalde, olumlu cmlede "do/does, did" kullanlmaz. Ancak vurguyu artrmak iin bu yardmc fiilleri olumlu cmlede kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda her iki tense ile de asl fiil yaln haliyle kullanlr. Your brother doesn't like fish, does he? Yes, he does like fish. You don't help your mother with the housework, do you? Yes, I do help my mother whenever I have time. You didn't go to school yesterday, did you? Yes, I did go to school yesterday.

6- THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (GEMDE SREKLLK ) KULLANIM FORMU

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

22

I was working. You were studying. He/She/It was eating lunch. We were laughing. You were talking. They were arguing.

I wasn't working. You weren't studying. He/She/It wasn't eating lunch. We weren't laughing. You weren't talking. They weren't arguing.

Was I working? Were you studying? Was he/she/it eating lunch? Were we laughing? Were you talking? Were they arguing?

Where were you living this time last year? I was living in zmir. What were you doing at 9 p.m. last night? I was watching television.

6-2 USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Bu tense'i, gemite belli bir noktada yapmakta olduumuz eylemleri anlatrken kullanrz. This time last year, this time last winter, at this hour yesterday, yesterday at 3 o'clock etc. bu tense ile sk kullanlan zarflardr. This time last summer, I was lying on the beach in Bodrum, but now I'm working hard to finish this project What were you doing at noon last Saturday? I was playing football with friends. b) Past Continuous (I was doing) ile Past Tense (I did) arasndaki kullanm farkna dikkat ediniz.

Eer, gemite tamamladmz bir eylemden szediyorsak Simple Past Tense kullanrz. (nemli olan belli bir zamanda 'Neyapyordum?" deil, "Neyaptm?"dr. ) What did you do last night? I watched television first, then studied English. Eer, gemite tamamladmz bir eylemi deil de, sz edilen zamanda yapmakta olduumuz ii anlatyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullanlr. (nemli olan "Ne yaptm?" deil, "Ne yapyordum?" dur. ) What were your parents doing when you got home last night? They were waiting for me to eat dinner with them.

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c)

Srerlilik bildiren tense'Ierle kullanlmayan Continuous Tense ile de kullanlmazlar.

fiiller

(non-progressive

verbs),

Past

I already knew the news about him. ( Ben onunla ilgili haberi zaten biliyordum.) She thought that I would go to the party as well. ( Partiye benim de gideceimi zannediyordu.) The flowers looked nice yesterday, but now they are fading.

d)

Gemiteki alkanlklarmz ya da sk sk yaptmz eylemleri Simple Past Tense ile anlatrz. I went to the cinema very often when I was at university. cmlesini Trke'ye iki ekilde evirebiliriz.

"niversitedeyken sinemaya ok sk giderdim." ya da "niversitedeyken sinemaya ok sk gidiyordum," (Bu cmledeki "gidiyordum" ifadesi ilk anda Past Continuous Tense gibi grnse de, gemite belli bir noktada, devam etmekte olan bir eylemi deil de, genelde olan bir eylemi anlatt iin Simple Past Tense kullanmamz gerekir.) When he was young, he played football in the school team. ( general in the past) When I saw him yesterday, he was playing football. (a specific point in the past) e) Gemite bir eylemi, balang ve biti zamann belirterek anlatyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullanrz. (Bu tr cmlelerde Simple Past Tense kullanmak da mmkndr.) I was watching a film on television from nine until eleven last night. He was working as an accountant from 1985 to 1989.

f)

WHEN and WHILE

SENTENCES

Past Continuous Tense "when" ve "while" cmlelerinde ok sk kullanlan bir tense'dir. Gemite devam etmekte olan bir eylem srasnda bir baka eylem olmusa, bu durumu u cmlelerle ifade ederiz. I was eating dinner when the guests arrived. ( Konuklar geldiinde yemek yiyordum.) I hurt my leg while I was playing football. ( Futbol oynarken bacam incittim. )

24

WHEN

I-

"When" ile kurulmu bir zarf cmlecii (adverbial clause), genellikle temel cmledeki (main clause) eylemin devam etmekte olduu zaman aklar. "Bir eylem olduunda bir baka eylem oluyordu" biiminde bir anlam tar.Bu nedenle "when" in bal bulunduu cmlede Simple Past, temel cmlede ise Past Continuous kullanlr. When he came, adverbial clause I was studying. ( O geldiinde ben ders alyordum.) main clause

He came

past

now

future

I was reading

I was reading when he came. When I went out, it was raining. They were arguing when I entered the room. (Ben ieri girdiimde, tartyorlard.)

When + Simple Past , Past Continuous

II-

"When" arka arkaya yaplm eylemleri anlatmak iin de kullanlr. Bu durumda her iki cmlenin de tense'i Simple Past'dr. When he arrived, we went into the cinema. ( First he came. Then we entered the cinema.) (O gelince, sinemaya girdik.) When he left work, he got on a bus and went home. When the teacher asked a question, I raised my hand to answer it.

When + Simple Past , Simple Past

25

WHILE

I-

"While" cmlecii genellikle, temel cmledeki eylem srasnda devam etmekte olan bir baka eylemi anlatmak iin kullanlr. Bu nedenle, "while" m bal bulunduu cmle Past Continuous, temel cmle ise Simple Past'dr. While I was studying, geldi.) adverbial clause He came in. ( Ben ders alrken o main clause

I left home

past

now

future

They were sleeping

I left home while my parents were sleeping. I took a photograph while you weren't looking.

While + Past Continuous , Simple Past

II-

"While" cmlecii, temel cmledeki eylemle ayn anda olan bir eylemi anlatmak iin de kullanlr. Bu durumda her iki cmle de Simple Past Tense ile kurulur.

I sang while I washed the dishes. ( Bulaklar ykarken ark syledim.) She watched me while I made the cake. ( Kek yaparken beni izledi.) I waited outside while she had an interview. (O grme yaparken ben darda bekledim.)

While + Simple Past , Simple Past

26

III-

"While" birbirine paralel devam eden iki eylemi anlatmak iin de kullanlr.

While the teacher was lecturing, the students were talking among themselves. (retmen ders anlatrken renciler kendi aralarnda konuuyorlard.) I was studying while everybody at home was sleeping. (Evde herkes uyurken ben ders alyordum.)

While + Past Continuous, Past Continuous

IV-

"While" ile ayn anlam veren bir dier bala as dir. While I was coming here, 1 ran into an old friend. As I was coming here, I ran into an old friend. I had a look at the old magazines while / as I waited at the doctor's. "Just as", daha vurgulu bir anlatmdr. The postman came just as I was leaving home. (Tam ben evden karken, postac geldi.) Just as I sat down at the table, the phone rang. (Tam masaya oturdum ki telefon ald.)

EXERCISE 8 1-

Use either the Simple Past or the Past Continuous of the verbs in parentheses.

While the hairdresser (dry) ........................ my hair, the hairdryer (blow) ........................up. There were sparks everywhere. 2- Tim (teach) ........................ English in Turkey this time last year, but he (return) ........................ to Canada in January. 3- My uncle (walk) ........................ his dog every day until it (die) ........................ because of food poisoning last month. 4- When I (smell) ........................ something burning and (rush) ........................ to the kitchen, it was too late. The fire (spread) ........................ rapidly, so, instead of trying to put it out myself, I (dash) ........................ back to the living room and (phone) ........................ the fire brigade. 5- While I (dust) ........................ the dining room table, I (knock) ........................ a vase full of flowers over, but fortunately, it (not, break) ........................ . 6- This time yesterday, we (decorate) ........................ the guest room. Thankfully, it is now ready for our guests.

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When the robber (shoot) ........................ the man, he (shake) ........................ erratically for awhile before he (fall) ........................ to the ground. 8- Just as we (sit) ........................ down for a snack in the airport restaurant, they (announce) ........................ our flight. 9- When the fire brigade (arrive) ......................... we (beat) .................. back the flames. 10- He (rip) ........................ the sleeve of the jacket while he (try) ........................ it on. 11- I (work) ........................ all day on Saturday, so I was unable to collect the chair, but luckily the shop (keep) ........................ it until Monday for me. 12- The clock (stop) ........................ when the power (go) ........................ off, and, because it is the only clock at home, I (have) ........................ no idea what the time was when I (wake) ........................ up the next morning. 13- A: Why .............you (take) ................... the ball away from the boys? B: Because they (kick) ........................ it over Mrs. Smith's wall. 14- Janet (look) ........................ after our daughter while we (have) ........................ dinner with our friends. 15- She (see) ........................ the perfect chair for the dining room in a shop window as she (walk) ........................ to the bank. 16- Yesterday, we (run) ........................ into Jim while we (go) ........................ to the beach. He (go) ........................ to the cinema, but, at our insistence, he (change) ........................ his mind and (join) ........................ us. 17- The police (burst) ........................ into the room while the criminals (exchange) ........................ the drugs for the money. They are all in jail now. 18- When we (arrive) ........................ at the park, our friends (feed) ........................ the ducks in the pond. 19- He (find) ........................ the article about his grandfather by accident, when he (research) ........................ the war for an essay. 20- Around this time yesterday. Jack's mother (worry) ........................ whether he was dead or alive because she hadn't heard anything about him after the train crash had been reported on TV. 21- Margaret (seem) ........................ really happy at the party last night, but Peter (tell) ........................ her something just as they (leave) ......................... and then she (sulk) ........................ . I wonder what the problem was! 22- As she (pour) ........................ the tea out, she (spill) ........................ some on the table. 23- Mrs. Green (injure) ........................ her finger while she (cut) ........................ some roses from the bushes in her garden. 24- When Sheila was young, she (play) ........................ the drums in the school band. 25- He (bang) ........................ his head on the low beam as he (go) ........................ down to the basement.

7-

Exercise 8 1.was drying/blew 2.was teaching/returned 3.walked/died 4.smelt/rushed/was spreading/dashed/phoned 5.was dusting/knocked/didn't break 6.were decorating 7.shot/shook/fell 8.sat/announced 9.arrived/were beating 10.ripped/was trying 11.was working (worked)/kept 12.stopped/went/had/woke 13.did...take/were kicking 14.was looking/were having (looked/had) 15.saw/was walking 16.ran/were going/was going/changed/joined 17.burst/were exchanging 18.arrived/were feeding 19.found/was researching 20.was worrying 21.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 22.was pouring/spilt 23.injured/was cutting 24.played 25.banged/was going

28

EXERCISE 9

Complete the sentences with the Simple Past or Past Continuous of the verbs in the list. Use each word only once.

allow wrap dream move sink

arrange cheat enjoy pay step

bleed design feed rise throw

Because the wound on Simon's leg ................. heavily at the time, we rushed him to hospital. 2- When the police intervened, the opposing fans ................. things at each other. 3- She ................. the flowers nicely in a vase and then placed the vase in front of the window. 4- The boss ................. everyone to go home early on New Year's Eve. 5- Fortunately, they managed to rescue the passengers and the crew before the ship ................. 6- A: Are you all right? You screamed. B: Yes, thanks. I................. about vampires. 7- I broke the little glass animal as I ................. it up in a piece of paper. 8- It took me some time to go and answer the phone because I ............... the baby just then and couldn't leave her at once. 9- All of a sudden, a girl................. in front of my car, and I could barely brake in time. 10- It took me an hour to find out he wasn't honest, and ................. all the time. At that point, I refused to play any more. 11- We ................. 300,000 for this house, you know! 12- He ................. martial arts when he was younger, but he is no longer interested in them. 13- They ................. it in the style of a traditional farm house and I like the results. 14- The water in the river ................. so rapidly at the time that we all thought a flood was inevitable. 15- We ................. into the city to be nearer our work.

1-

Exercise 9 1.was bleeding 2.were throwing 3.arranged 4.allowed 5.sank 6.was dreaming 7.was wrapping 8.was feeding 9.stepped 10.was cheating 11.paid 12.enjoyed 13.designed 14.was rising 15.moved

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EXERCISE 10 :

Complete the sentences with the Simple Past or Past Continuous of the verbs on the list. Use each word only once. bake defend polish sip find contain fall rise kneel attend cost sign sing telephone worry

As children, both my sister and I ................. ballet courses, but neither of us became a professional. 2- We were clearing the weeds out of the pond when Sarah ................. into the water. 3- I couldn't concentrate on my work while I ................. how my daughter in hospital was. 4- Jes walked to Lucy's table, ................. down in front of her and asked her to marry him. 5- She ................. her wine when he suddenly asked her to marry him. 6- The holiday ................. much more than expected, so we'll have to economise for a few months to make up for the excess. 7- She called the doctor the minute her baby's temperature ................. to a critical level. 8- While we were cleaning grandmother's house, she ................. cakes for us. 9- I wasn't certain it was her birthday, so I ................. her mother to ask. 10- From the expression on his face during the exam, it was obvious that he ................. the questions rather difficult. 11- When we .................. the agreement for the flat, the landlord handed us the keys. 12- The boxer never recovered fully from the time his opponent knocked him out while he ................. his championship title. 13- When I walked past his house, he ................. his car again. 14- When we left, the rest of the family ................. popular songs. 15- My grandmother's living room ................. so much furniture that we could hardly move inside.

1-

Exercise 10 1.attended 2.fell 3.was worrying 4.knelt 5.was sipping 6.cost 7.rose 8.was baking (baked) 9.telephoned 10.was finding 11.signed 12.was defending 13.was polishing 14.were singing 15.contained

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7- THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 7-1 KULLANIM FORMU

Affirmative I have watched that film. You have seen him twice. He/She/It has eaten lunch.

Negative I have not watched that film. You have not seen him twice. He/She/It has not eaten lunch.

Interrogative Have I watched that film? Have you seen him twice? Has he/she/it eaten lunch? Have we invited her? Have you worked hard? Have they visited us?

We have not invited her. We have invited You have not worked her. hard. They have not You have worked visited us. hard. Bu tense'i oluturmak iin have/has + past participle (fiillerin nc hali) They have visited kullanlr. Have/has ve have not/has not genellikle ksaltlm olarak kullanlr. us. I've seen that film before. /You haven't seen that film. He's seen that film twice before. /She hasn't seen that film yet.

Olumsuz soruyu iki ekilde sorabiliriz. I) Ksaltma yapmadan: Have you not seen that film yet? /Has she not seen that film before? II) Ksaltma yaparak: Haven't you seen that film yet? /Hasn't she seen that film before?

7-2 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE a) Gemite yaptmz eylemleri zaman vermeden anlatyorsak, bu tense'i kullanrz.Bu zaman sisteminin kesin bir Trke karl yoktur. She has removed all the furniture in the new house. They have painted their old house. Ancak, ayn eylemleri zaman belirterek ifade edersek, Simple Past kullanmamz gerekir. She removed all the furniture in the house last weekend. They painted their house a few weeks ago.

31

Gemite yaptmz eylem iin zaman zarf kullanmasak bile, eer zaman ima ediyorsak, yine Simple Past kullanrz. I saw that film when I was in Ankara." cmlesinde kesin olarak bir zaman vermesek de 'when I was in Ankara' gemite belli bir dnemi ifade etmektedir. I went shopping after work. belirtmektedir.) ("after work" yine belli bir zaman

I met him in zmir. ("in zmir" ifadesi yer belirtmesine karn,"zmir'de bulunduum dnemde" anlamn ima etmektedir.) Present Perfect Tense ile sorulan sorulara yant verirken, yine bu kurallara dikkat etmeliyiz. "Have you met his girlfriend?" sorusuna bir ka ekilde yant verebiliriz. Yes, I have. (or No, I haven't.) Have you met his girlfriend? Yes. I met her last week. ( or I met her at Alice's party.) Have you seen my glasses? Yes, I have. ( or No, I haven't.) Have you seen my glasses? Yes, I saw them on the kitchen table a few minutes ago. b) Yakn gemite olup sonular ya da etkileri iinde bulunduumuz anda devam eden eylemler iin bu tense'i kullanrz. I have burnt myself. (I'm in pain now. u anda ac ekiyorum.) I've cleaned the house. (It's clean now.) c) Today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, this century vb., henz tamamlanmam bir dnem ifade eden zarflarla kullanlr. I've been to the cinema twice this week. I haven't been able to go on holiday this year. Technology has advanced greatly in this century. "This morning", "this afternoon" ve "this evening" ifadelerini kullanrken, saat kavramna dikkat edelim. Genellikle saat 13.00'e kadar olan sre sabah (morning), 17.00'ye kadar leden sonra (afternoon), 17.00-20.00 aras ise akam (evening) saatlerini bildirir. Bu
32

durumda:

33

I haven't heard the alarm this morning. ifadesini, sabah diliminin henz bitmemi olduu bir saatte, rnein saat 11-12 gibi syleyebiliriz. Eer leden sonraki bir saatte, rnein saat 2'de bu sz sylyorsak, artk "sabah" dilimi tamamlanp yeni bir dneme geilmi olduu iin, o eylem gemite kalmtr. Bu durumda ise Simple Past Tense kullanmalyz. I haven't heard the alarm this morning. (It's 11a.m. now.) I didn't hear the alarm this morning. (It's 2p.m. now.) I've seen Tom this afternoon. (It's 3 p.m. now.) I saw Tom this afternoon. (It's 6 p.m. now.) This year, this month, this century gibi kullanmlarda, eer sz edilen zaman dilimi tamamlanmsa, "this" yerine "last kullanlr. I have worked hard this week. (The week hasn't finished yet.) I worked hard last week. They have phoned me twice this month. They phoned me twice last month. d) Lately, recently ile kullanm:

"Son zamanlarda, son gnlerde" anlamna gelen lately ve recently, Present Perfect ile kullanldnda, yine kesin bir zaman belirtmeden, yaptmz ya da yapmadmz ileri anlatr. Have you seen your parents recently? There has been great progress in the science of medicine recently. There have been some changes in my house lately. "Recently", Simple Past Tense ile de kullanlr ve "a short time ago" anlamn verir. They came recently. (They came a short time ago.) She passed her exam only recently. (She passed her exam only a short time ago.) e) Already, just ve yet ile kullanm:

"Yet soruda ve olumsuz cmlede kullanlr ve normal olarak cmlenin sonunda yer alr. Have you finished your homework yet? No, I haven't finished it yet. Is your father at home?
34

No, he hasn't come yet.

35

"Just", olumlu cmlede kullanlr ve "henz, imdi, yenice" anlamn verir. "Just" cmlede, yardmc fiille asl fiil arasnda yer alr. Have you finished your homework? Yes, I've just finished it. Is the manager in? No, he has just gone out.

"Already", olumlu cmlede kullanlr ve "zaten, oktan" anlamna gelir. Bir eylemin umulandan daha nce bir zamanda yaplm olduunu vurgular. Cmle iindeki yeri normalde yardmc fiil ile asl fiil arasndadr, ancak cmle sonunda da kullanlr. Shall we go to see the film "Schindler's List" tonight? Not a good idea! I have already seen it. Manager: Don't forget to mail the invitations in time. Secretary: I've already posted them. Mother: Wash your hands before you sit at the table. Son: I've washed them already.

f)

Ever, never, all my life, in his life, always, occasionally, often, several times, once, twice, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanm:

Daha nce, sklk bildiren zarflarn (ever, never, always, often, etc.) Geni Zaman ile (Simple Present) kullanmn grmtk. Ayn zarflar, anlamda biraz bir deiiklikle, Present Perfect Tense ile de kullanlr. I always get up early. (Simple Present Ben her zaman erken kalkarm. "Bugne kadar hep erken kalktm. Bundan sonra da byk bir olaslkla erken kalkacam. Bu benim alkanlm." anlamn verir.) I have always got up early. (Present Perfect "Ben her zaman erken kalkmmdr." ifadesi, yaammn sadece u ana kadar olan blmn kapsar.) My father has always lived in his hometown. (He has lived in his hometown all his life.) I've never seen such a pretty dog in my life. Have you ever ridden on an elephant? No, I've ridden on a camel once, but I've never ridden on an elephant.

36

Once, twice, three times, several times, many times (bir kez, iki kez, kez, bir ka kez, pek ok kez) gibi zarflarla, bir eylemi yaammz boyunca ka kez yaptmz ifade etmek iin Present Perfect Tense kullanrz. Have you ever been abroad? Yes, I've been to Germany several times. She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare time. I've seen her parents only once. NOTE: Bu zarflarn Simple Past Tense ile kullanmna dikkat ediniz. "She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare time. cmlesini, gemite zaman belirterek verirsek, Simple Past kullanmamz gerekir. She invited me to her house many times during my stay in Germany, but I never had any spare time. "My father has lived in his hometown all his life." cmlesinden, babamn hayatta olduu anlamn karyoruz. Artk hayatta olmayan birinin yapt ilerden sz ediyorsak. Simple Past Tense kullanmamz gerekir. My grandfather lived in his hometown all his life. (He is dead now.) I have never flown in an aeroplane. My grandmother never flew in an aeroplane. (She isn't alive any more.) I have ridden on a camel twice. It is very exciting. When I was in Egypt, I rode on a camel twice. It was very exciting. g) So far (up to now, until now) ile kullanm:

"So far", "u ana kadar" anlamna gelir ve so far today, so far this month, so far this semestre, so far this summer, etc. gibi zarflarla birlikte de kullanlabilir. It hasn't snowed so far this winter. I got many bad grades last semestre, but I haven't had any low grades so far this semestre. We haven't eaten anything so far today. So far this summer, I have swum in the sea only once.
37

h)

For ve Since ile kullanm:

"For", gemite belli bir noktadan iinde bulunduumuz ana kadar devam eden bir sre bildirir, (for two years, for a month, for five minutes, for a long time, etc.) January February March April

past future

for three months

now

He became the manager He has been the manager for three months.

"Since", eylemin gemite balang noktasn belirtir, ("since yesterday, since 1987, since March, since the Middle Ages, etc.) He has been the manager since January.

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

past future

for four months

now

They moved to this town in 1997. They have lived in this town for four years. They have lived in this town since 1997. She bought her house three years ago, so she has had it for three years. I last saw him in September. I haven't seen him since then. We first met at my cousin's 15th birthday party, so we have known each other for almost five years. She has always been afraid of thunder since her childhood/since she was a girl. I haven't been to Germany since I got married. They haven't had the opportunity to have a long holiday for years. We haven't heard from him since he phoned us a month ago. He has read fifty pages of the book since I gave it to him. We have changed four houses since we moved to Istanbul seven years ago. There has been a great rise in prices in the last six months. The housing problem has grown bigger in the past few years.

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i)

It is + a period of time + since + Simple Past/Present Perfect

It is three months since I last went to the cinema. It is three months since I have been to the cinema.

Her iki cmleyi de Trke'ye yle evirebiliriz: Sinemaya gitmeyeli ay oluyor, ya da En son sinemaya gittiimden beri ay geti. Bu cmlelerin e anlamls olarak, " aydr sinemaya gitmiyorum." ya da "Sinemaya en son ay nce gittim." gibi ifadeler de kullanabiliriz. I haven't been to the cinema for three months. to the cinema three months ago. It's ten days since she hasn't worked because she is ill. (She has been ill in bed for ten days.) It's eight years since I graduated from university. graduated from university eight years ago.) It is just two weeks since they got married. (They got married just two weeks ago. or They have been married for just two weeks.) (I I last went

j)

This is the first time + Present Perfect

I'm very excited now, because this is the first time I've driven a car. This is the second time he has played tennis. That's why he isn't good at it. You shouldn't drink so much coffee. It's bad for you. This is the fifth cup of coffee you have drunk in the last two hours. This is the third exam we have taken so far this term. k)
This is Superlative + Present Perfect

This is the most boring book I have ever read. (Bu hayatmda okuduum en skc kitap.) This is the most difficult situation I have ever been in. He is the most talkative person I have met in my life.

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1)

gone or been

"go" fiilini Perfect Tense ile iki ekilde kullanabiliriz: Eer kii, sz edilen yerde ise, ya da sz edilen yere gitmek zere yola kmsa, gone kullanlr. I'd like to talk to your mother. Is she at home? No, she has gone shopping. Can I speak to Mr. Jones, please? Sorry. He has gone out of town and hasn't come back yet.

Eer kii, sz edilen yerde daha nce bulunduunu ifade ediyorsa, yani konuma srasnda baka bir mekanda ise been kullanlr. Have you ever been abroad? Yes, I have been to Germany several times. (The speakers are now not in Germany.) I want to do some shopping, but I'm afraid I haven't got enough money. Don't worry. I have been to the bank today. I can lend you some.

EXERCISE 11 : Use the Present Perfect Simple or Simple Past. 1- I'm afraid I can't make a comparison between Turkish and Indian cuisine because I (never, try) ........................ the latter. 2- ........... you (see) .................... Mike today? I think I (see) ........................ him parking his car when I (look) ........................ out of the window this morning, but now I can't find him anywhere. 3- Mr. Smith, the fax from our suppliers (just, arrive) ........................ . Shall I bring it over to you? 4- Believe it or not. This is the first time I (manage) ........................ to make a proper cake. I (try) ........................ it many times before, but each time it (be) ........................ a disaster.

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5-

Oh no! The lid to the salt (fall) ........................ off into the soup. What shall I do now?

6- A: Who (win) ........................ the race yesterday? B: Alex. Apparently, it (be) ........................ an easy victory for him because he (run) ........................ first throughout the race. A: He must be very happy. He (win) ........................ all the races so far this season. 7A: You look great! ................ you (style) .................... your hair differently? B: Yes, I (just, be) ........................ to my hairdresser. He (encourage)........................ me to try a new model, and I (let) ..................... him do as he (like) ..................... We (not, visit) ........................ that butcher's since he (sell) ........................ us some very poor meat, Ever since my car (break) ........................ down that Sunday, I (not,fee)l ........................ safe driving it.

8-

9-

10- Tim (often, think) ........................ of opening a cafe, but he probably never will because he has neither money nor courage to do so. 11- He (send) ........................ three proposals out so far this week, but he (not, have) ........................ any orders yet. 12- As soon as he (hear) ........................ about the robbery, the sherrif (grab) ........................ his gun, (mount) ........................ his horse and (set) ........................ off after the robbers. It (be) ........................ almost two days since he (leave) ......................... but he (still, not, return) ........................ . 13- At 9 p.m. on Monday, fourteen-year-old Simon (leave) ........................ home for his friend's house. No one (see) ........................ him since. 14- I (enjoy) ........................ everything they (serve) ........................ so far during this meal. What about you? 15- After he (give) ........................ up playing football, he (coach) ........................ the Swansea team for four years before he (retire) ........................ to his hometown. 16- This is the second time he (be) ........................ ill with flu this year and he (be) ........................ ill quite a lot last year too. 17- Last month they (raise) ........................ the price of petrol and I believe that they (just, increase) ........................ it again. 18- They (sell) ........................ an antique chest for 1 million pounds on Friday. That's the highest price that a piece of furniture (ever, raise) ........................ at auction. 19- I'm waiting for a letter. ............... the postman (deliver) .................. the mail yet? 20- As a boy, he (sing) ........................ beautifully, but I (not, hear) ........................ him
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sing as an adult.
Exercise 11 1.have never tried 2.Have...seen/saw/looked 3.has just arrived 4.have managed/have tried/has been 5.has fallen 6.won/was/ran/has won 7.Have...styled/have just been/encouraged/let/liked 8.haven't visited/sold 9.broke/haven't felt 10.has often thought 11.has sent/hasn't had 12.heard/grabbed/mounted/set/has been/left/still hasn't returned 13.left/has seen 14.have enjoyed/have served 15.gave/coached/retired 16.has been/was 17.raised/have just increased 18.sold/has ever raised 19.Has...delivered 20.sang/haven't heard

8- THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 8-1 FORM

Affirmative I have been working. You have been working. He/She/It has been working We have been working. You have been working. They have been working. Negative I haven't been working. You haven't been working. He/She/It hasn't been working. We haven't been working. You haven't been working. They haven't been working. Interrogative Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?

They have been living in this city since last year. You have been studying for exactly two hours. She has been learning English since she was in secondary school.

8-2 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense, gemite balayp, iinde bulunduumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatr ve for, since, all day, all week, all year gibi zaman zarflaryla ok sk kullanlr.

I started to read this book two hours ago, and I'm still reading it. I have been reading this book for two hours. It started to rain yesterday morning, and it is still raining. It has been raining since yesterday morning. You have been working very hard all week. You should take some time to relax at the weekend. The discussion has been going on for two hours, but they haven't taken a decision vet.

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b)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense, gemite balam, iinde bulunduumuz anda henz bilmi, ancak belirtileri devam eden eylemler iin de kullanlr. Is that child crying? No, but his eyes arc watery. He has been crying. Your hands are covered in oil. What have you been doing? I have been fixing the car. You look very tired. Yes, I have been working hard today. Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long?

c)

"Since" ve "for" ile belirtilen zamanlar "how long" soru szc ile sorabiliriz. Present Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense'ler, gemiten gnmze bir sre belirttii iin, kesin bir zaman isteyen "when" soru szcn bu tense'lerle kullanamayz. When did you move to this city? I moved here seven years ago. How long have you been living in this city? I have been living here for seven years. When did you become a teacher? (Ne zaman retmen oldunuz?) I became a teacher in 1986. How long have you been a teacher? (Ne zamandr retmensiniz?) I have been a teacher since 1986.

9- PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

a) Gemite balayp, iinde bulunduumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henz bitmi olan bir eylemi anlatan baz fiiller, her iki lense ile de kullanlr ve ayn anlam verir. Bu ekilde yaygn olarak kullanlan fiiller unlardr: expect hope learn lie live look rain sleep sit snow stand stay study teach wait want work

How long have you lived in this city? How long have you been living in this city? She has worked for that firm for the last two years. She has been working for that firm for the last two years.

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b)

Continuous Tense'lerle (l am doing, I was doing) kullanlmayan dier fiiller (non-progressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanlmazlar. Ancak, "want" ve "wish" bu kuraln dndadr. Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I've been wanting one like that for some time. I've been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill.

Dier non-progressive fiiller ise Present Perfect Simple ile kullanlr. What a lovely watch! How long have you had it? For over a year. I see that you are close friends with him. Have you known each other for long? Since we were children. A nice old couple! They seem to be very fond of each other. How long have they been married? For almost fifty years. They'll celebrate their Golden Wedding next year. Hello, I have been looking everywhere for you. How long have you been in this remote part of the park? Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time.

En son diyalogda "been sznn kullanmna dikkat ediniz. " How long have you been in this remote part........" ifadesinde "been", "be" fiilinin past participle biimidir ve asl fiil olarak kullanlmtr. She is still a student. She has been a student for over six years. They are married now. They have been married for three months. "I have been thinking over my problems." cmlesinde ise "been" yardmc fiil olarak kullanlmtr. She has been working on her graduation thesis recently. I have been helping her with her English assignments since the beginning of the term.

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c)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sklk bildiren zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin ka kez yapldn bildiren yaplarla, ya da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiini, tamamlandn ifade eden yaplarla kullanlmaz. I have always lived here. / I have lived here all my life. I have been living here since I was born. I've been reading this book since this morning, and I've read a hundred pages so far.

(Okuma eylemi devam ettii iin "have been reading" , yz sayfalk blm tamamlanm olduu iin "have read" ) We've been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the class, and we've answered half of them already. He's been writing letters since breakfast time. He's just written the fourth one, and he has two more letters to write. The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a visitor for my roommate. The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn't someone open the door?

EXERCISE 12: Use either the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs
in parentheses.

12-

345-

He (act) ........................ as our manager for two months, but they (not, offer) ........................ him a permanent management position. A: Your hands are orange! B: Yes, I (peel) ........................ fresh walnuts. The juice of the fruit (dye) ........................ my hands. I (scrub) ........................ this floor for an hour now and it still looks dirty. ............... you (sit) ..................... in the sun? Your shoulders and face are very red. We (eat) ........................ our dinner already, but Greg (not, come) ........................ home yet. I (keep) ....................... his dinner warm in the oven for over two hours now, so it is quite dried up.

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678910111213141516-

1718-

1920-

We (run) ........................ our business since September and (gain) ........................ lots of regular customers already. We (think) ........................ about buying a house several times, but we (live) ........................ happily in rented accommodation since we got married. The river (rise) ........................ now for three days. I'm worried because the River Severn (burst) ........................ its banks three times this century. Who (leave) ........................ the butter out? For the last four weeks, she (train) ........................ at the gym after work. She (lose) ........................ seven kilograms already. My sister (replace) ........................ some of her furniture, so ever since, we (hope) ........................ for her old pieces as a gift. The council (only just, inspect) ........................ the water pipe, although it (leak) ........................ for weeks. We (become) ........................ very fond of our cat. We (look) ........................ after him since we found him a year ago. The manager (promise) ........................ several times to ask the employers about wage increases, but so far the workers (not, hear) ........................ anything. I (want) ........................ to buy that table in the antique shop for weeks, but up until now, I (resist) ........................ the temptation. We (receive) ........................ lots of applications for the job, and since this morning, we (consider) ........................ which ones to put on the short list. So far we (choose) ........................ five suitable ones. I (consider) ........................ ordering a new carpet since January and my husband (try) ........................ to persuade me not to for just as long. A: Where's Simon? He (not, come) ........................ to dine here for ages. B: Oh. he (go) ........................ abroad. He (work) ........................ in Istanbul since last month. A: That explains his absence then. I'm glad he (not, eat) ........................ at a different restaurant. Julie and Tim (save) ........................ hard all year for their skiing holiday and they (not even, buy) ................... any biscuits. For as long as I (know) ........................ Adrian, he (learn) ........................ how to play the guitar.

Exercise 12 1.has been acting/haven't offered 2.have been peeling/ has dyed 3.have been scrubbing 4.Have...been sitting 5.have eaten/hasn't come/have been keeping 6.have been running/have gained 7.have thought/have been living (have lived) 8.has been rising/has burst 9.has left 10.has been training/has lost 11.has replaced/have been hoping 12.has only just inspected/has been leaking 13.have become/have been looking 14.has promised/haven't heard 15.have wanted (have been wanting)/have resisted 16.have received/have been considering/have chosen 17.have been considering/has been trying 18.hasn't come/has gone/has been working/hasn't been eating 19.have been saving/haven't even bought 20.have known/has been learning

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EXERCISE 13 : Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous, Simple Past or Past
Continuous.

George (take) ........................ Mildred to the opera. Afterwards, they (go) ........................ for a walk along the coast It was when they (approach) ........................ the marina that they (hear) ........................ a scream. 2- This is the only time I (see) ........................ the beautiful Autumn colours of Quebec, although I (visit) ........................ the province many times before. 3- We (play) ........................ monopoly for over three hours now. Let's call it a draw and go to bed. 4- Martin Luther King (give) ...................... his now famous speech when someone (shoot) ........................ him. 5- Between 1970 and 1990, Nigel (run) ........................ his own business, but in 1991, he (lose) ........................ his son in a car crash, and since then, he (work) ........................ for someone else, which he finds less stressful. 6- The mutineers (hang) ........................ the captain from the mast of the ship and (whip) ........................ him until his back (bleed) ........................ . 7- In the summer, Lizzie (win) ........................ a prize For one of her paintings, and since then, she (have) ........................ much more confidence in her work. 8- The earthquake (strike) ........................ while most people in the city (sleep) ........................ 9- General Pinochet, a former Chilean dictator, (come) ..................... to England for an operation, but while he (receive) ........................ treatment. Spain (ask) ........................ the government to send him there for trial. For several months, he (wait) ........................ for the decision of the British Home Secretary, and in the end, they (decide) ........................ to let him go. Now he is back in his own country. 10- While he (live) ........................ in England under a false name, the authorities (discover) ........................ that he (be) ........................ a Nazi war criminal. 11- From the moment the advertisement (appear) ........................ in the newspaper, we (receive) ........................ calls from interested people. 12- We (see) ........................ four squirrels playing together in a tree while we (picnic) ........................ on Sunday. Ever since, my younger son (beg) ........................ me to take him there again.

1-

47

13- Norri is Filipino but she (marry) ........................ a German guy last July, and, after they (travel) ........................ around the world for three months, they (settle) ........................ in Germany. Because she (not, see) ........................ her parents since then, she really misses them. 14- When Nigel's first wife (die) ........................ of cancer ten years ago, he (have to) ........................ look after his two sons, Michael and Barry, himself for three years. Then he (many) ........................ his second wife. Since then she (look) ........................ after the children. 15- Last year, Mary (have) ........................ an idea for a new product. The designers (work) ........................ on it for months now and (just, complete) ........................ the first prototype. 16- Not so long ago, most people (pay) ........................ their bills in cash, but banking methods (change) ........................ recently; nowadays, most people use bank transfers. 17- Jennifer (still study) ........................ when I (wake) ........................ up around 3 a.m. last night. I believe, she (work) ........................ really hard for today's exam the whole week, but she is still so nervous about it. Look, she is checking her bag to make sure she has everything, although she (do) ........................ it several times already. 18- This area (be) ........................ a vineyard since Roman Times, but they (produce) ........................ this label here only since 1991. So far they (sell) ........................ two thousand bottles. 19- The National Bank (buy) ........................ the company about six months ago. Since then they (strive) ........................ to reorganise it. They (already, make) ........................ several changes. 20- I (clean) ........................ the house when the postman (deliver) ........................ a parcel, so I (stop) ........................ the work and (open) ........................ the package.

Exercise 13 1. took/went/were approaching/heard 2.have seen/have visited 3.have been playing 4.was giving/shot 5.was running (ran)/lost/has been working 6.hung/whipped/bled 7.won/has had 8.struck/were sleeping 9.came/was receiving/asked/waited/decided 10.was living/discovered/was 11.appeared/have been receiving 12.saw/were picnicking/has been begging 13.married/travelled/settled/hasn't seen 14.died/had to/married/has been looking (has looked) 15.had/have been working/have just completed 16.paid/have changed 17.was still studying/woke/has worked (has been working)/has done 18.has been/have been producing/have sold 19.bought/have been striving (have striven)/have already made 20.was cleaning/delivered/ stopped/opened

48

EXERCISE 14 : Add for or since to the sentences below.

Chris has wanted to live in Turkey ........... she and her husband spent their holiday in Marmaris two years ago. 2- I still can't speak German fluently even though I've been attending this course ......... more than two years. 3- Humans have been painting and drawing the animals and landscapes around them ........... millennia. 4- There has been a 'park and ride' system in Shrewsbury ........... 1997. 5- We haven't been to the cinema ........... our daughter's birth. 6- My sister has been running her own hairdressing salon ........... sixteen years now. 7- There hasn't been so many people in Taksim square ........... New Year's Eve. 8- I haven't drunk freshly made 'Boza' ........... ages. 9- The accountant hasn't done any more work for the butcher ........... he argued about the bill. 10- Jo has been on the computer ........... over an hour, Mum! Now it's my turn. 11- We have been trying to start my car ........... approximately an hour. 12- Because of my operation, I haven't eaten anything ........... 8 p.m. last night. 13- International communication has become much easier ........... the Internet became widely available. 14- John has been looking miserable ........... days. Do you know what's wrong with him? 15- Jan has been interested in flower arranging ........... her schooldays. 16- The doctor has been operating on him ........... 9 o'clock in the morning .......... almost five hours. 17- I've known her ........... so long that it's hard to remember when I didn't. 18- We've kept in touch ........... we worked together in the Northumbria branch of the company. 19- Mrs. Appen has been riding a horse regularly ........... more than twenty years. 20- Stonehenge, England, has been a place of worship ........... the Stone Age. Exercise 14 1.since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.since 6.for 7.since 8.for 9.since 10.for 11.for 12.since 13.since 14.for 15.since 16.since/for 17.for 18.since 19.for 20.since 1-

EXERCISE

15 : Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous,
Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in parentheses.

12-

The betting office (take) ........................ only four bets so far on the English boxer who (fight) ........................ Mike Tyson tonight. E-mails, faxes and letters (pour) ....................... into the office at the moment. And now, members of several trade unions (complain) ........................ about the decisions the government (take) ........................ about privatisation recently.

49

3-

4-

56-

7-

8910111213-

1415-

Richard (win) ....................... 500,000 pounds in a quiz last week. He (not, receive) ........................ the money yet because of certain official procedures, but he (already, make) ........................ lots of plans about what to do with it. Among other things, he (plan) ........................ to buy a new car. At the moment, the doctor (try) ........................ a new treatment on my mother. We (be) ........................ rather anxious when he (first, mention) ........................ it, but seeing as my mother (make) ........................ significant improvement so far, we (feel) ........................ much better now. The singer Natalie Imbruglia's hair style (be) ........................ very fashionable nowadays and many women (copy) ........................ it already. A: Come here Mum! Look! A reporter (interview) ........................ Dad on the television. B: Oh, he (never, look) ........................ so nervous. A: Oh, I see that you (drive) ........................ a new car. When ........... you (buy) ................. it? B: Actually, I (have) ........................ it since my promotion last month. I (need) ........................ an hour to get ready for the parry. I (not, change) ........................ yet. Seeing as the television and video (work) ........................ now, why ............. we (not, watch) ........................ a good film? The thief (slip) ........................ the camera into his pocket while the security guard (not, look) ........................ . Over the past few weeks, the famous boxer (train) ........................ hard for his fight. She (walk) ........................ around with her head in the clouds ever since she (win) ......................... the award. I (generally, arrive) ........................ at work at nine o'clock, but this morning an accident (happen) ........................ as I (drive) ......................... here, so I (arrive) ........................ about an hour late. Currently, David (drive) ........................ a red sports car, but I (not, think) ........................ the car (belong) ........................ to him. You (smile) ........................ all evening. .............. you (have) ................ some good news?

50

16- While they (fell) ........................ trees from behind the house. Jake (have) ........................ a terrible accident with the chain saw. He (receive)........................ treatment ever since. 17- I (just, cut) ........................ some roses in the garden because we (have) ........................ some guests tonight. 18- You (not, say) ........................ a word about your exam since you (come) ........................ . I (hope) ........................ you (not, worry) ........................ about the results. 19- I (leave) ........................ for my holiday tomorrow morning and I (get) ........................ quite excited about it, but I (not, pack) ........................ my suitcase yet. 20- My brother (collect) ........................ stamps for about five years and, so far, he (collect) ........................ stamps from one hundred different countries.

Exercise 15 1.has taken/is fighting 2.are pouring/are complaining/has taken 3.won/hasn't received/has already made/is planning 4.is trying/were/first mentioned/has made/feel 5.is/have copied 6.is interviewing/has never looked 7.are driving/did...buy/have had 8.need/haven't changed 9.are working (work)/don't...watch 10.slipped/wasn't looking 11.has been training 12.has been walking/won 13.generally arrive/happened/was driving/arrived 14.is driving/don't think/belongs 15.have been smiling/Have...had 16.were felling/had/has been receiving 17.have just cut/are having 18.haven't said/came/hope/are not worrying 19.am leaving/am getting/haven't packed 20.has been collecting/has collected

EXERCISE 16: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in parentheses.

1-

2-

345-

I (not, f eel) ........................ well for four days. I (go) ........................ to The doctor's yesterday and he (give) ........................ me a prescription, but I (not, collect) ........................ the medicine from the chemist yet. My mother is very fond of porcelain. She particularly (love) ........................ blue china, so she usually (buy) ........................ something new for her collection each time she (go) ........................ shopping. Yesterday the government (announce) ........................ a new incentive for the unemployed, but they (not, explain) ........................ the details as yet. The charity (hold) ........................ a ball next Saturday. ............. you (feel) .................... like going? We (have) ........................ our computer system reprogrammed at the moment, so we (write) ........................ invoices by hand for the last few days.

51

678-

My mobile phone (be) ........................ probably fully charged now. It (charge) ........................ since this morning. This time last year, I (look ........................ after a new-born baby and (not, get) ........................ much sleep. I (understand) ........................ that the school concert is very important for you, but you (rehearse) ........................ the music for three hours now and (give) ........................ me a headache. While Lucy and I (gossip) ........................ during our maths lesson, we (notice) ........................ that the teacher (observe) ........................ us. Even though we (still, need) ........................ more volunteers, we (not, want) ........................ to waste any more time, so we (place) ........................ an advertisement about the event in the newspaper tomorrow. We expect enough people to volunteer before the day. As I (promise) ........................ my wife a trip to the seaside for some time now. I (just, book) ........................ a hotel on the coast for the weekend, but I (not, tell) ........................ her any tiling about it yet. As the performance of our vacuum cleaner (deteriorate) ........................ steadily for the last week, I (take) ........................ it to the repairer's tomorrow afternoon. Up to now, as many as twenty people (volunteer) ........................ for the beach clean up campaign. A: Could I speak to the manager, please? B: I'm sorry. He (interview) ........................ someone at the moment. A: Can I wait? I (try) ........................ to sort out this problem for a long time. Jess (lose) ........................ interest in sports lately and generally (spend) ........................ his evenings on his computer. George's grandfather (retire) ........................ from horse racing in 1960 and his father (just, retire) ........................ from the same profession and, although George (work) ........................ as the manager of a big company, which (be) ........................ a very demanding job, he (occasionally, race) ........................ as an amateur.

910-

11-

121314-

1516-

52

17- For more than 20 years, the two great leaders of India, Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, (work) ........................ together to free India from British rule, and they (achieve) .........................their goal in 1947, when India (become) ........................ an independent nation within the British Commonwealth. Nehru (become) ....................... the first prime minister of the new India. 18- The rest of us (think) ........................ that, currently. Andrew (not, do) ........................ enough towards our group project. Normally he (come) ........................ to the meetings late and he (not, do) ........................ much research yet. He (always, have) ........................ bright ideas, but habitually, he (not, follow) ........................ them through. 19- Just as I (be) ........................ about to ring the doorbell, I (hear) ........................ them shouting at each other. Obviously, they (argue) ......................... so I (decide) ........................ not to visit them at such an awkward time. 20- I (think) ........................ I (hide) ........................ your birthday present in the most unexpected place in the house! How ............... you (find) .................... it? I'm sure you (see) ........................ me while I (hide) ........................ the box; otherwise, you couldn't have found it.

Exercise 16 1.haven't been feeling/went/gave/haven't collected 2.loves/buys/goes 3.announced/haven't explained 4.is holding/Do...feel 5.are having/have been writing 6.is/has been charging 7.was looking/was not getting 8.understand/have been rehearsing/have given 9.were gossiping/noticed/was observing 10.still need/don't want/are placing 11.have been promising/have just booked/haven't told 12.has been deteriorating/am taking 13.have volunteered 14.is interviewing/have been trying 15.has lost/spends 16.retired/has just retired/works/is/occasionally races 17.worked/achieved/became/became 18.think/isn't doing/comes/hasn't done/always has/doesn't follow 19.was/heard/were arguing/decided 20.thought/hid/did...find/saw/was hiding

53

TEST YOURSELF
1I ....... Malcolm in his car, but he.. the traffic and didn't see me. A) was seeing/watches B) see/has watched C) have seen/is watching D) saw/was watching E) am seeing/watched 2Tim ........ a master's degree as soon as he ....... to Canada. A) has begun/is returning B) began/returned C) is beginning/returned D) was beginning/returns E) begins/has returned 3Rachel ....... up smoking four years ago and she ....... a cigarette since. A) was giving/doesn't smoke B) has given/wasn't smoking C) gave/hasn't smoked D) has given/didn't smoke E) is giving/isn't smoking C) start/needed D) have started/were needing E) started/need

7-

In 1951, the people of the Gold Coast ....... for their own government and shortly afterwards, they ....... their country as Ghana. A) vote/are renaming B) voted/renamed C) have voted/were renaming D) were voting/have renamed E) are voting/rename

8- As my son ....... down by the river, I ....... his room thoroughly. A) fishes/have cleaned B) is fishing/cleaned C) has fished/clean D) fished/have been cleaning E) was fishing/cleaned

4-

Last year, Sonny ....... four miles each morning before breakfast, but he ....... around the block each morning instead since his heart attack. A) ran/has been walking B) has run/has walked C) runs/was walking D) has been running/walks E) was running/walked

9-

We ....... in Cornwall for two weeks last summer. Since then, we ....... a holiday by the sea. A) stayed /haven't had B) are staying/don't have C) were staying/didn't have D) stay/aren't having E) have stayed/weren't having

5- I ....... a brace on my teeth as a child, but I didn't like it. A) was wearing B) am wearing C) have worn D) wore E) have been wearing 6I ....... an extra part-time job last week as we ....... the money. A) am starting/are needing B) was starting/have needed

10- One of the straps on the baby's pram ..... quite thin, so we ..... to replace it. A) wore/decide B) wears/have decided C) was wearing/decided D) is wearing/were deciding E) has been wearing/ decide 54

11- This time last year, his business ....... a reasonable profit, but now, because of bad management, he ....... to keep it going. A) has made/has struggled B) made/was struggling C) make/has been struggling D) has been making/struggles E) was making/is struggling

B) were shopping/broke C) have shopped/breaks D) are shopping/was breaking E) shop/is breaking

17- When we ....... her, she.... in the wardrobe. A) were finding/hides B) find/has hidden C) are finding/is hiding D) found/was hiding E) have found/hid 18- I never ....... my temper on purpose, of course, but sometimes I just ....... though I always regret it afterwards. A) lose/explode B) lost/am exploding C) have been losing/exploded D) was losing/have exploded E) have lost/was exploding

12- The last time we ....... dinner with them, they ....... for a new house. A) have had/looked B) were having/have been looking C) have been having/look D) had/were looking E) have/are looking

13- The whole family was busy. While the children ....... decorations, their father ....... up the Christmas tree. A) are making/is setting B) made /has been setting C) have been making/has set D) were making/was setting E) have made/set

19- Even though it ....... heavily at the time, they ....... home. A) has snowed/were driving B) snows/have been driving C) was snowing/drove D) has been snowing/drive E) snowed/are driving

14- A: What's on TV tonight? B: Match of the day. Manchester United....... South Melbourne. A) play B) were playing C) are playing D) have played E) played 15- Isn't it strange that you ....... for Mark's surprise party all week, but you ....... him a birthday present yet? A) are preparing/didn't buy B) have been preparing/haven't bought C) prepared/don't buy D) have prepared/aren't buying E) prepare/weren't buying

20- It's been one week since the floods ........ but still aid workers .......people. A) are striking/rescued B) strike/were rescuing C) were striking/have been rescuing D) struck/are rescuing E) have struck/rescue

21- I ....... my book in the launderette while my washing ...... . A) have read/dries B) read/was drying C) was reading/has dried D) have read/is drying E) am reading/has dried

16- While my parents ....... in the shopping centre, a thief ....... into their car for the radio. A) shopped/has broken

55

22- Up to now, the predicted Millennium computer bug ....... very few problems, although many scientists last year ....... a catastrophe. A) has been causing/have predicted B) is causing/predict C) causes/were predicting D) caused/have been predicting E) has caused/predicted

A) made/finished B) was making/was finishing C) has been making/has finished D) is making/finished E) makes/is finishing

28- Because we have a young baby, we ....... the opportunity to go to the cinema any more, but now and again, we ....... a video to play at home. A) didn't have/are buying B) aren't having/were buying C) don't have/buy D) weren't having/bought E) haven't had/have been buying

23- I only ....... the company on Monday for a copy of their magazine and I ....... it already. A) was asking/am receiving B) have been asking/was receiving C) ask/receive D) asked/have received E) have asked/have been receiving

29- This perfume ....... like cheap soap and definitely isn't worth this price. A) is smelling B) smells C) has been smelling D) was smelling E) smelt

24- More and more of my colleagues ....... these days because the new owners of the company have changed a lot of procedures. These changes won't affect me though, because I ....... my job here only recently. A) have left/was starting B) leave/am starting C) were leaving/started D) left/start E) are leaving/have started

30- While I ....... some money from a cash machine, a man ....... it all out of my hand. A) was withdrawing/snatched B) withdrew/snatches C) am withdrawing/has snatched D) have withdrawn/was snatching E) withdrew/has been snatching 31- They ....... to buy a boat for years, and finally they ....... enough money. A) have been hoping/have saved B) hope/saved C) were hoping/are saving D) hoped/have been saving E) are hoping/save 32- As he ....... the party, a strange man ....... him. A) left/has been approaching B) is leaving/has approached C) leaves/was approaching D) has left/approaches E) was leaving/approached 56

25- She ....... onto the train because the station guard ....... his whistle. A) has hurried/blows B) hurries/has been blowing C) hurried/was blowing D) was hurrying/has blown E) is hurrying/blows

26- Peggy's family ....... pedigree dogs for three generations and they regularly ....... their dogs in shows. A) have been breeding/enter B) are breeding/are entering C) were breeding/are entering D) breed/have entered E) bred/were entering 27- Mrs. White ....... her daughter's wedding dress herself since November and ....... it, except for the trimmings.

33- We ....... with the sales staff tomorrow because our sales ....... recently. A) were meeting/declined B) are meeting/have declined C) meet/decline D) met/were declining E) have met/are declining 34- Sally's husband ....... for a new job because his present one ....... no opportunities for advancement. A) was looking/has offered B) looks/was offering C) looked/is offering D) is looking/offers E) has looked/has been offering

A) has shown/use B) is showing/have used C) showed/have been using D) shows/were using E) was showing/are using

39- Mary says she ....... George because he ....... her life miserable. A) has been leaving/makes B) has left/is making C) leaves/was making D) is leaving/has made E) was leaving/has made

40- My brother ....... a new BMW and ever since he ....... about it. A) was buying/bragged B) is buying/is bragging C) has bought/brags D) buys/has bragged E) bought/has been bragging 41- He ....... great, poverty until he . up writing and got a proper job. A) has suffered/gives B) suffered/gave C) is suffering/has given D) has suffered/was giving E) suffers/is giving 42- I ....... a lot of weight since I drinking beer every night. A) have lost/stopped B) lost/am stopping C) lose/have been stopping D) was losing/have stopped E) am losing/stop 43- My son ....... very well at university this term because he ....... out late at night any more. A) does/hasn't stayed B) did/isn't staying C) has done/wasn't staying D) was doing/hasn't been staying E) is doing/doesn't stay 44- Last year he almost ....... because he ....... his social life a little too much. 57

35- I....... you several times last week, but no one ....... in. A) was phoning/has been B) phoned/was C) have phoned/has been D) phone/is being E) am phoning/is

36- My father ....... English at all although he ....... it for three years when he was in high school. A) isn't speaking/has studied B) hasn't been speaking/studies C) doesn't speak/studied D) didn't speak/has been studying E) wasn't speaking/is studying

37- I ....... on this report for more than three weeks now, but I ...... only half of it yet. A) worked/have been completing B) am working/complete C) work/am completing D) was working/completed E) have been working/have completed

38- The archeological evidence ....... clearly that people in ancient Crete ....... flush toilets 4000 years ago.

A) fails/has enjoyed B) was failing/has been enjoying C) failed/was enjoying D) has been failing/enjoyed E) has failed/enjoys 45- Our company's sales ....... since the new management ....... over. A) have been improving/took B) improve/has taken C) improved/has been taking D) are improving/was taking E) were improving/is taking 46- The guards ....... when the enemy .. .

....... a temperature of 100C. A) has changed/reached B) changed/was reaching C) changes/reaches D) has been changing/is reaching E) is changing/reached 51- The phrase "post modernism" ....... about fifty years ago, but most people still ....... what it means. A) was appearing/haven't known B) has appeared/don't know . C) appeared/don't know D) appears/didn't know E) has been appearing/haven't known 52- People who ....... items like bottles and cans ....... the world's resources. A) aren't recycling/wasted B) didn't recycle/waste C) haven't been recycling/were wasting D) don't recycle/are wasting E) haven't recycled/wasted

A) are sleeping/has been attacking B) have slept/was attacking C) slept/has attacked D) were sleeping/attacked E) sleep/is attacking

47- The negotiators ....... to bring the two sides together for months, but so far they ....... . A) try/are failing B) are trying/failed C) tried/fail D) have tried/were failing E) have been trying/have failed

53- The President ....... too hard lately, and as a result, he ....... terrible. A) has been working/looks B) has worked/looked C) worked/is looking D) works/has looked E) is working/was looking

48- The electricity ....... off last night just as the film on TV ....... interesting. A) has gone/got B) was going/has got C) is going/has been getting D) goes/is getting E) went/was getting

54- I ....... to play the lottery about two years ago, but I ....... anything yet. A) was starting/didn't win B) started/haven't won C) start/haven't been winning D) have started/don't win E) am starting/wasn't winning

49- More than a million people ....... the new superstore since it ....... last month. A) are visiting/has been opening B) have visited/opened C) were visiting/opens D) have been visiting/is opening E) visited/has opened

55- I ....... in Istanbul for so long that I ....... the time before the Bosphorus Bridges. A) am living /remembered 58

50- Water ....... from liquid to gas when it

B) lived/am remembering C) was living/have remembered D) live/was remembering E) have lived/remember

56- Two years ago, she ....... English at all, but she ....... hard since then. A) hasn't spoken/is studying B) wasn't speaking/studies C) isn't speaking/studied D) didn't speak/has been studying E) doesn't speak/was studying 57- My brother ....... three years in jail when he was younger, but now he ....... to give up his life of crime. A) spent/has decided B) spends/is deciding C) has spent/has been deciding D) was spending/decides E) has been spending/decided 58- I ....... my boss privately tomorrow and I....... quite nervous about it. A) have seen/am feeling B) see/was feeling C) am seeing/feel D) saw/ felt E) was seeing/have felt

59- The first time I ....... horse riding, I was very nervous and ....... the reins very tightly. A) was going/am holding B) have gone/hold C) am going/have held D) go/was holding E) went/held 60- Life ....... immensely since Thomas Edison ....... the first light bulb in 1879. A) is changing/was Inventing B) has changed/invented C) has been changing/has invented D) changed/has been inventing E) was changing/invents

59

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1Being a doctor is not normally a dangerous ....... but working at the scene of a disaster, such as a mud slide or an earthquake, can be very risky. A) epidemic B) disease C) profession D) vacation E) prescription 7A) intense C) wide E) vigorous B) deep D) anxious

Jeff was experiencing the kind of ....... that only someone who has lost a close friend can know. A) injury C) hope E) surprise B) grief D) jealousy

2-

After the landslide at the primary school, everyone in the village was ....... as they were all related to the victims either closely or distantly.

8-

My sister's treacle tart was so hard that, when I tried to eat it, I ...... my fork.

A) burying C) injuring E) murdering 3-

B) mourning D) celebrating

A) shaped C) bent E) wrinkled

B) folded D) creased

He founded a little business which eventually became quite ....... and, by the time he retired, he was a wealthy man.

9-

A) fruitless C) creative E) logical

B) time-consuming D) prosperous

As there was a sheer drop of 1000 metres on his right, the mountaineer ....... to the side of the mountain with his left hand as if his very life epended on it.

4- The Turkish drink Rak has an aniseed ....... similar to French Pernod or Ricard. A) feel C) liquid E) season B) spice D) flavour

A) rolled C) pulled E) clung

B) spilt D) relaxed

10- Louise and Sophie ....... passed the security guards at the entrance unnoticed and mingled with the celebrity guests at the party.

5-

According to the producer's claim, this emergency earthquake cage can withstand eighty tons of ..... .

A) saluted C) bumped E) pushed

B) crept D) encountered

A) gravity C) speed E) pressure

B) volume D) depth 11- The holiday company ....... the inconvenience the delay had caused us, but it was not very comforting. A) regretted C) applauded E) committed B) rehearsed D) bragged 60

6-

A welder joins two metals by applying ....... heat to them so that the metal melts and, when solidifying, joins together.

12- The shopkeeper only gave me change for a ten pound note, although I'd given him a twenty pound note, but I think it was not a deliberate but a/an ....... mistake.

take the seeds and ....... them into a fine powder using a pestle and ortar. A) grind C) saw E) bind B)bound D) ground

A) Innocent C) violent E) intense

B) false D) cruel

19- For foreign students, the university provides ........ very close to the campus. They charge extra money for this, of course. A) knowledge C) accommodation E) recommendation B) intellect D) intelligence

13- They were completely lost, had no torch and the Sun was sinking ...... behind the hills. A) joyfully C) noisily E) intense B) rapidly D) deeply

20- As I braked to stop at the traffic lights, one of the tyres ...... with a loud noise. A) rushed C) picked E) collided B) grew D) burst

14- An abnormally high body ....... is described as a fever. A) temperament C) climate E) temperature B) atmosphere D) weight

15- Your ....... for the new stadium includes a running track. How many lanes do you want the running track to have? A) objection C) proposal E) accommodation B) election D) survey

21- The Ford company is designing a new small car. This week's issue of Autocar shows a picture of the actual ...... on display at the Frankfurt Motorshow. It will he available in showrooms across the country in four months' time. A) idea C) concept E) promotion B) prototype D) customer

16- As a cabin boy, every day Norman and the others ....... the deck of the ship until it was spotlessly clean.

A) sank C) laid E) scrubbed

B) rowed D) shrank

17- In the fifteenth century, South American Incas ....... many gods. They believed these gods lived high in the Andes mountains and they built their temples on the mountain peaks. A) envied C) polished E) cheated B) worried D) worshipped

22- Because my grandfather is a/an ........ he worries a lot about his bills and, as he only receives a small amount of money, he tries to conserve electricity and water. A) manufacturer C) manager E) pensioner B) criminal D) employer

18- When I make curry, I use coriander. I 61

23- Since police officers in London have cut down on the number of stop and searches they carry out, there has been a ...... increase in crime. Some types of crime have as much as doubled. A) light C) doubtful E) significant B) considerate D) deep

illegal. A) lender C) harsh E) calm B) kind D) immense

29- It's not easy to leave Vickie's farm in a hurry. First you have to unbolt the gate, then drive through and finally ...... the gate behind you. A) shut C) knock E) jump B) crash D) ring

24- Because we haven't sold many vans this month, the manager has offered us an extra ...... . The person who sells the most vans this month will receive a colour TV. A) Incentive C) punishment E) profession B) wage D) fare

30- My son didn't have enough money for Metallica's new compact disc, so I ....... him ten pounds. A) owed C) let E) held B) borrowed D) lent

25- My uncle owns a ........ catering unit. Wherever and whenever there is a large event, he takes it to the spot and sells hamburgers and hot and cold drinks. A) tasty C) favourite E) multi-storey B) mobile D) complicated

31-I didn't have enough money for Metallica's new compact disc, so I ....... ten pounds from my mother. A) owed C) let E) held B) borrowed D) lent

26- The workers at the hospital coffee shop are not paid employees, hut .......; that is, they devote their time free of charge so that hospital visitors can buy refreshments at reasonable prices. A) engineers C) managers E) relatives B) patients D) volunteers

32- Because sugar ....... to the bottom of a tea cup, unless you want the last mouthful to be sickly sweet, it is a good idea to stir your tea well. A) floats C) grinds E) melts B) swings D) sinks

27- When Jean sold her house, she sold half of her garden separately as a building ....... for a new house. A) garage C) field E) plot B) shed D) farm

33- I ....... off the minibus straight into a pile of snow, some of which went inside my boots. A) burst C) stepped E) crept B) swung D) drew

28- When I attended this school, teachers used a cane to punish pupils, but now such ....... treatment of students is 62

34- I often play 'snakes and ladders' with my niece, but due to the fact that she ....... she always wins.

C) swept E) wept

D) dealt

A) defeats C) cheats E) participates

B) bets D) competes

38- After their mother died, the children decided to hold a/an ......... and sell all her possessions to the highest bidder. A) party C) exhibition E) gallery B) funeral D) auction

35- The boys tied a rope between the trees and hung an old tyre from it. They ....... back and forth on this old tyre all afternoon until their mother called them in for dinner. A) spread C) bound E) ground B) fled D) swung

36- We would like to send you some information about our products and services if you have no ....... to us doing so. A) objection C) suggestion E) competition B) fault D) tendency

39- After the pilot made a bumpy landing at Stanstead Airport, a new wheel had to be fitted to the plane. Because of the bad landing, many passengers suspected that it was the pilot's ...... . A) achievement C) result E) calculation B) fault D) cause

40- Before the Industrial Revolution, people in villages ...... most cloth on hand looms in their own homes. A) sewed C) threw E) sawed B) wove D) drew

37- When Peter saw how ill his mother looked, he ...... . A) crept B) kept

63

ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1 (pg. 11) 1. are leaving 2. are selling/normally charge 3.never hear/am 4.is listening/are sitting 5.is tasting/wait/are eating/are going 6.is wearing/aren't collecting/come 7.are mourning 8.wash/am taking/don't have 9.move 10.doesn't taste 11.always see/Doesn't...ever eat/doesn't get 12.is getting/is raising (raises) 13.varies 14.emit 15.fill/put/keep/smells 16.are experiencing 17.feels 18.always taste/remind 19.is sending 20.am using 21.causes/is causing 22.thinks/don't agree 23.usually play/are playing 24.look/hope/am thinking 25.doesn't like/is cooking 26.is feeling 27.are redecorating 28.is smelling/doesn't have/go/tries/leaves 29.am working/are lying 30.isn't providing Exercise 2 (pg. 18)

1.laid 2.lay/saw 3.set 4.sat 5.aroused 6.rose 7.bound 8.found 9.founded 10.wind 11.wound 12.wounded 13.arose 14.bounded 15.felled 16.saw 17.sawed 18.hanged 19.hung 20.raises 21.grounded 22.ground 23.ground 24.raised 25.fell Exercise 3 (pg. 19) 1.led 2.thrust 3.flew 4.swung 5.lit 6.undertook 7.meant 8.wove 9.won 10.wrung 11.kept 12.upset 13.gave 14.shot 15.wept Exercise 4 (pg. 20)

1.fled 2.bore 3.built 4.dug 5.hid 6.held 7.lent 8.put 9.sought 10.slid 11.stole 12.swam 13.withdrew 14.threw 15. taught Exercise 5 (pg. 21)

1.bled 2.broke 3.flung 4.forsook 5.lay 6.froze 7.mislaid 8.saw 9.shrank 10.bent 11.bit 12.burst 13.cast 14.chose 15.fit Exercise 6 (pg. 22)

1.fought 2.quit 3.shed 4.swore 5.bred 6.caught 7.clung 8.drew 9.paid 10.rid 11.rang 12.split 13.strung 14.strove 15.crept Exercise 7 (pg. 22)

1.worried 2.spent 3.shut 4.maintained 5.lost 6.wore 7.climbed 8.ate 9.injured 10.drove 11.grew 12.mistook 13.passed 14.washed 15.borrowed Exercise 8 (pg. 28) 1.was drying/blew 2.was teaching/returned 3.walked/died 4.smelt/rushed/was spreading/dashed/phoned 5.was dusting/knocked/didn't break 6.were decorating 7.shot/shook/fell 8.sat/announced 9.arrived/were beating 10.ripped/was trying 11.was working (worked)/kept 12.stopped/went/had/woke 13.did...take/were kicking 14.was looking/were having (looked/had) 15.saw/was walking 16.ran/were going/was going/changed/joined 17.burst/were exchanging 18.arrived/were feeding 19.found/was researching 20.was worrying 21.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 22.was pouring/spilt 23.injured/was cutting 24.played 25.banged/was going Exercise 9 (pg. 30) 1.was bleeding 2.were throwing 3.arranged 4.allowed 5.sank 6.was dreaming 7.was wrapping 8.was feeding 9.stepped 10.was cheating 11.paid 12.enjoyed 13.designed 14.was rising 15.moved Exercise 10 (pg. 31) 64

1.attended 2.fell 3.was worrying 4.knelt 5.was sipping 6.cost 7.rose 8.was baking (baked) 9.telephoned 10.was finding 11.signed 12.was defending 13.was polishing 14.were singing 15.contained

Exercise 11 (pg. 39) 1.have never tried 2.Have...seen/saw/looked 3.has just arrived 4.have managed/have tried/has been 5.has fallen 6.won/was/ran/has won 7.Have...styled/have just been/encouraged/let/liked 8.haven't visited/sold 9.broke/haven't felt 10.has often thought 11.has sent/hasn't had 12.heard/grabbed/mounted/set/has been/left/still hasn't returned 13.left/has seen 14.have enjoyed/have served 15.gave/coached/retired 16.has been/was 17.raised/have just increased 18.sold/has ever raised 19.Has...delivered 20.sang/haven't heard Exercise 12 (pg. 44) 1.has been acting/haven't offered 2.have been peeling/ has dyed 3.have been scrubbing 4.Have...been sitting 5.have eaten/hasn't come/have been keeping 6.have been running/have gained 7.have thought/have been living (have lived) 8.has been rising/has burst 9.has left 10.has been training/has lost 11.has replaced/have been hoping 12.has only just inspected/has been leaking 13.have become/have been looking 14.has promised/haven't heard 15.have wanted (have been wanting)/have resisted 16.have received/have been considering/have chosen 17.have been considering/has been trying 18.hasn't come/has gone/has been working/hasn't been eating 19.have been saving/haven't even bought 20.have known/has been learning Exercise 13 (pg. 46) 1. took/went/were approaching/heard 2.have seen/have visited 3.have been playing 4.was giving/shot 5.was running (ran)/lost/has been working 6.hung/whipped/bled 7.won/has had 8.struck/were sleeping 9.came/was receiving/asked/waited/decided 10.was living/discovered/was 11.appeared/have been receiving 12.saw/were picnicking/has been begging 13.married/travelled/settled/hasn't seen 14.died/had to/married/has been looking (has looked) 15.had/have been working/have just completed 16.paid/have changed 17.was still studying/woke/has worked (has been working)/has done 18.has been/have been producing/have sold 19.bought/have been striving (have striven)/have already made 20.was cleaning/delivered/ stopped/opened Exercise 14 (pg. 48) 1.since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.since 6.for 7.since 8.for 9.since 10.for 11.for 12.since 13.since 14.for 15.since 16.since/for 17.for 18.since 19.for 20.since Exercise 15 (pg. 48) 1.has taken/is fighting 2.are pouring/are complaining/has taken 3.won/hasn't received/has already made/is planning 4.is trying/were/first mentioned/has made/feel 5.is/have copied 6.is interviewing/has never looked 7.are driving/did...buy/have had 8.need/haven't changed 9.are working (work)/don't...watch 10.slipped/wasn't looking 11.has been training 12.has been walking/won 13.generally arrive/happened/was driving/arrived 14.is driving/don't think/belongs 15.have been smiling/Have...had 16.were felling/had/has been receiving 17.have just cut/are having 18.haven't said/came/hope/are not worrying 19.am leaving/am getting/haven't packed 20.has been collecting/has collected Exercise 16 (pg. 50) 1.haven't been feeling/went/gave/haven't collected 2.loves/buys/goes 3.announced/haven't explained 4.is holding/Do...feel 5.are having/have been writing 6.is/has been charging 7.was looking/was not getting 8.understand/have been rehearsing/have given 9.were gossiping/noticed/was observing 10.still need/don't want/are placing 11.have been promising/have just booked/haven't told 12.has been deteriorating/am taking 13.have volunteered 14.is interviewing/have been trying 15.has lost/spends 16.retired/has just retired/works/is/occasionally races 17.worked/achieved/became/became 18.think/isn't doing/comes/hasn't done/always has/doesn't follow 19.was/heard/were arguing/decided 20.thought/hid/did...find/saw/was hiding

65

TEST YOURSELF
1.D 11.E 21.B 31.A 41.B 51.C 2.B 12.D 22.E 32.E 42.A 52.D 3.C 13.D 23.D 33.B 43.E 53.A 4.A 14.C 24.E 34.D 44.C 54.B 5.D 15.B 25.C 35.B 45.A 55.E 6.E 16.B 26.A 36.C 46.D 56.D 7.B 17.D 27.C 37.E 47.E 57.A 8.E 18.A 28.C 38.D 48.E 58.C 9.A 19.C 29.B 39.D 49.B 59.E 10.C 20.D 30.A 40.E 50.C 60.B

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1.C 11.A 21.B 31.B 2.B 12.A 22.E 32.D 3.D 13.B 23.E 33.C 4.D 14.E 24.A 34.C 5.E 15.C 25.B 35.D 6.A 16.E 26.D 36.A 7.B 17.D 27.E 37.E 8.C 18.A 28.C 38.D 9.E 19.C 29.A 39.B 10.B 20.D 30.D 40.B

66